US3663204A - Method of measuring the thickness of a slag layer on metal baths - Google Patents

Method of measuring the thickness of a slag layer on metal baths Download PDF

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US3663204A
US3663204A US25992A US3663204DA US3663204A US 3663204 A US3663204 A US 3663204A US 25992 A US25992 A US 25992A US 3663204D A US3663204D A US 3663204DA US 3663204 A US3663204 A US 3663204A
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slag
metal
probe
slag layer
lowered
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Adalbert Jungwirth
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Voestalpine AG
Voest AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/24—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of resistance of resistors due to contact with conductor fluid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/10—Handling in a vacuum
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
    • G01B7/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques
    • G01B7/02—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness
    • G01B7/06—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of electric or magnetic techniques for measuring length, width or thickness for measuring thickness
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F23/00—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm
    • G01F23/22—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water
    • G01F23/24—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of resistance of resistors due to contact with conductor fluid
    • G01F23/241—Indicating or measuring liquid level or level of fluent solid material, e.g. indicating in terms of volume or indicating by means of an alarm by measuring physical variables, other than linear dimensions, pressure or weight, dependent on the level to be measured, e.g. by difference of heat transfer of steam or water by measuring variations of resistance of resistors due to contact with conductor fluid for discrete levels

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for measuring the thickness Foreign Application pnomy Data of a slag layer on metal baths in which a probe connected to an Apr. 15, 1969 Austria ..A 3609/69 electrical circuit and whose front surface is electrically conductive is lowered with constant speed through the slag layer 52 U.S. c1 ..75/49,266/34.2, 75/60, into the metal bath, the electrical conductivities 9f the Slag 324/65, 73/304 and the bath, or their electrical resistances respectively, being 51 1111. C1. ..C21c 7/10, G01f23/26, GOlr 27/26 recorded in dependence Oh the Speed with Which the probe is 58 Field ofSearch.
  • PATEMTEDMAY 16 I972 3,663 204 sum 2 or 2 INVENTOR.
  • ADALBERT JUNGWIRTH M 226 M g M A T TORNE Y5 METHOD OF MEASURING THE THICKNESS OF A SLAG LAYER N METAL BATHS The invention relates to a method for measuring the thickness of a slag layer on metal baths.
  • the liquid steel to be treated is periodically sucked through the tube of a degassing vessel from a stationary ladle into said vessel to be degassed there whereupon it flows back into the ladle, said degassing vessel being capable of moving up and down.
  • the ladle content is degassed in portions, the individual portions being the greater, the greater the lift of the degassing vessel may be adjusted to be at a given ladle height. It is advantageous to provide for a quicker throughput of the steel content of the ladle because apart from saving time in the treatment, it is above all possible to reduce the invariable temperature loss which amounts to about 13 to 1.7 C. per lift.
  • the upper dead point has to be chosen at a point where it is absolutely guaranteed that no liquid slag is sucked into the tube which would lead to the destruction of the refractory lining of the degassing vessel and would supply oxygen from the slag into the steel to be degassed which is highly undesired.
  • the invention is aimed at avoiding the described disadvantages and difficulties and in a method described in the introduction, resides in that a probe connected to an electrical circuit and whose front surface is electrically conductive is lowered with constant speed through the slag layer into the metal bath, the electrical conductivities of the slag and the bath, or their electrical resistances respectively, being recorded in dependence on the speed with which the probe is lowered.
  • the method according to the invention thus utilizes the different electrical conductivities of slag and metal.
  • the electrical conductivity of the slags normally encountered in iron metallurgy thus amounts to about 0.2 Siemens, while the conductivity of the liquid iron amounts to 0.8 Siemens.
  • the method according to the invention is particularly useful for controlling degassing processes in which a degassing vessel immersing with a tube into a slag-covered metal bath is periodically lifted and lowered.
  • a measuring arrangement is used in which the measuring probe is fixed to the bottom of the degassing vessel and has a length that the electrically conductive front surface of the probe is situated at the same height as the mouth of the tube.
  • FIG. 1 serves to illustrate how the method according to the invention works in a siphon degassing process
  • FIG. 2 shows how the slag layer may be measured in any vessel.
  • numeral 1 denotes a steel ladle filled with liquid metal 2 which is covered by a slag layer 3.
  • a degassing vessel 4 Above the ladle a degassing vessel 4 is arranged which is liftable and lowerable in the direction indicated by the double arrow 5.
  • This degassing vessel is provided with a tube 6 projecting into the interior of the ladle.
  • a measuring probe 7 At the bottom of the degassing vessel a measuring probe 7 is releasably attached by means of a flange 8 which is screwed to the part 10 of the jacket of the degassing vessel by means of screws 9.
  • An electrical insulation 11 is provided between the flange 8 and the part 10.
  • the probe itself comprises an electrical conductor 12 and a refractory electrical insulating sheath 13.
  • the length of the probe is such that its front surface is situated at the same height as the mouth of the tube 6.
  • the probe is connected via the electrical conductor l4 fixed to a base 15, 16, with a current source 17.
  • a current source 17 For the measurement direct current or alternating current with a voltage of 2-10 Volt is used.
  • the circuit is formed from one pole of the current source to the electrode 12 and on the other side by a connection to the rails 18 on which a vehicle 19 stands with its wheels 20, which vehicle carries the refractorily lined ladle 1.
  • FIG. 1 the front surface of the probe and thus the electrode just contacts the surface of the slag layer 3.
  • a current flows through the continuously conductive ladle wall 21, the ladle vehicle 19, the wheels 20 and the rails 18, and via the recording instrument 22 and/or a relay coil 23 to the second pole of the current source 17.
  • the recording instrument 22 comprises a recorder and a paper tape 25 which is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow 24.
  • the recorder will strike, indicating the intensity of current of the thus closed circuit.
  • the current intensity thus increases from the value 0, indicated on the paper tape 25 by the broken line 26, to a value 27.
  • the electrode When the electrode is lowered and touches the better conductive metal this current intensity changes to the value indicated schematically by the line 28.
  • the length of the line 27 When the tape feed of the recording instrument is adjusted to run synchronous with the lowering movement of the electrode, the length of the line 27 will be equal to the thickness of the slag layer D.
  • the relay contact 23 interrupts the downward movement of the degassing vessel at the moment when the change in the conductivity between the two media occurs, i.e. when the probe reaches the metal bath surface.
  • the probe heads position when it reaches the metal bath surface is denoted with 7'.
  • the tube 6 of the degassing vessel 4, which at its bottom end is provided with a slag fender 31, should be lowered below the metal bath level by a safety distance S before the degassing process starts.
  • FIG. 2 a ladle l is shown which is positioned on a ladle vehicle 19 exactly as in FIG. 1 and connected via the wheels 20 and the rails 18 by means of a similar switching arrangement as described in connection with FIG. 1, via the recording device 22 and the relay contact 23 with one pole of the current source 17.
  • the ladle contains a metal bath 2 covered by a slag layer 3. The thickness of the slag layer is to be measured.
  • a probe 7 formed exactly as described in FIG. 1 is suspended on a rope 32 which leads via electrically insulated rolls 33, 34
  • the rope 32 is electrically conductive and the winch 35 is connected via the conductor 14 with the second pole of the current source 17.
  • the probe In order to measure the slag thickness the probe is vertically or, in the case of shortage of space, slantingly introduced into the ladle or into another metallurgical vessel with constant speed and the current throughout is recorded on the recording device 22 on a paper tape 25, The feed speed of the recorder tape and the speed with which the probe is lowered are adjusted relative to each other in a manner that the slag thickness may be read directly from the device.
  • the weight 36 is suspended above the probe 7 on the rope 32 so that the probe may easily penetrate the slag layer and no mechanical resistance has to be overcome.
  • a method for ascertaining the upper dead point in a degassing process of a melt by vacuum treatment wherein a degassing vessel having a tube projecting with its lower end into a ladle containing said melt covered by a slag layer is periodically lifted and lowered comprising providing an electrical circuit including said ladle, a probe having an electrically conductive front surface and fixed to the degassing vessel in a manner that said electrically conductive front surface of said probe is situated at the same level as the lower end of the tube, and means for recording the electrical conductivities of said slag and said melt, lowering said degassing vessel together with said probe with constant speed through the slag layer into said melt, recording the electrical conductivities of said slag and said melt in dependence on the speed with which said probe is lowered into said melt, and interrupting lowering of the degassing vessel as soon as the probe reaches the melt, whereupon the degassing process is started.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for measuring the thickness of a slag layer on metal baths in which a probe connected to an electrical circuit and whose front surface is electrically conductive is lowered with constant speed through the slag layer into the metal bath, the electrical conductivities of the slag and the bath, or their electrical resistances respectively, being recorded in dependence on the speed with which the probe is lowered. Thus, when e.g. melts are to be degassed by vacuum treatment by means of a degassing vessel immersing with a tube into the slag-covered bath and which is periodically lifted and lowered, it is no longer necessary to maintain a great safety distance between the upper dead point and the metal surface. It is advantageous to provide for the upper dead point close to the metal surface because thus the lift height is increased which in turn affords a more rapid throughput of the metal.

Description

United States Patent Jungwirth 1 51 May 16, 1972 54] METHOD OF MEASURING THE 3,396,960 8/1968 Maatsch ..75/60 x THICKNESS OF A SLAG LAYER 0 3,485,619 12/1969 Maatsch et al. ...75/60 3,505,062 4/1970 WOOdCOCk ..75/60 [72] Inventor: Adalbert Jungwirth, Linz Austria FOREIGN PATENTS 0R APPLICATIONS [73] Assignee; vel-einigte Osterreichische Eisemund 635,307 7/1963 Belgium ....75/6O Stah'werke Aktiengeseuschafl Linz, 800,177 8/1958 Great Br1ta1n ..75/49 tria Primary Examiner-Henry W. Tarring, ll Filed: P 6, 1970 AttorneyBrumbaugh. Graves, Donohue & Raymond [21] Appl. No.: 25,992 ABSTRACT The invention relates to a method for measuring the thickness Foreign Application pnomy Data of a slag layer on metal baths in which a probe connected to an Apr. 15, 1969 Austria ..A 3609/69 electrical circuit and whose front surface is electrically conductive is lowered with constant speed through the slag layer 52 U.S. c1 ..75/49,266/34.2, 75/60, into the metal bath, the electrical conductivities 9f the Slag 324/65, 73/304 and the bath, or their electrical resistances respectively, being 51 1111. C1. ..C21c 7/10, G01f23/26, GOlr 27/26 recorded in dependence Oh the Speed with Which the probe is 58 Field ofSearch. ..266/34 v, 34.2; 75/49, 60; icwctcd- Thus, when -12- mclts arc to bc degassed y vacuum 73/304; 324/ treatment by means of a degassing vessel immersing with a tube into the slag-covered bath and which is periodically lifted [56] References Cited and lowered, it is no longer necessary to maintain a great safety distance between the upper dead point and the metal UNITED STATES PATENTS surface. it is advantageous to provide for the upper dead point close to the metal surface because thus the lift height is in- 2,851,404 9/1958 Jackson BI al ..75/304 X creased which i turn affords a more rapid throughput of the 2,977,217 3/1961 Graef et al. ..75/60 metaL 3,062,994 11/1962 Mesh 75/304 UX 3,378,366 4/1968 Borowski et al. ..75/60 1 Claim, 2 Drawing Figures i 4 5 11 1 x x a 11 1 1 9 1 '1 #121 7 l 1 14 .i I
I ,11 1 1 1 5+ 11 1 1 17 t 111 l l 1 1 1 1 t 1 H 1 3 11 1 4 7: Gh'LnLn. 'LJ 5 if h n H 1 11 1 1 1 l t r 1 1i i i 1 l 6 ll .L..|
PATEMTEDMAY 16 I972 3,663 204 sum 2 or 2 INVENTOR. ADALBERT JUNGWIRTH M 226 M g M A T TORNE Y5 METHOD OF MEASURING THE THICKNESS OF A SLAG LAYER N METAL BATHS The invention relates to a method for measuring the thickness of a slag layer on metal baths. The establishment of the thickness of a slag layer in pig iron ladles, steel casting ladles, pig iron mixers and other metallurgical vessels is of great importance in metallurgy, on the one hand to afford the determination of the metal content of a vessel by ascertaining the exact position of the border surface between metal and slag and on the other hand for carrying out various metallurgical operations.
In steel degassing according to the siphon process the liquid steel to be treated is periodically sucked through the tube of a degassing vessel from a stationary ladle into said vessel to be degassed there whereupon it flows back into the ladle, said degassing vessel being capable of moving up and down. This means that the ladle content is degassed in portions, the individual portions being the greater, the greater the lift of the degassing vessel may be adjusted to be at a given ladle height. It is advantageous to provide for a quicker throughput of the steel content of the ladle because apart from saving time in the treatment, it is above all possible to reduce the invariable temperature loss which amounts to about 13 to 1.7 C. per lift. Thus it is attempted to fully make use of the possible lift height in order to shorten the time of treatment and it will be attempted to fix the upper dead point of the lifting movement as close as possible below the border surface between metal and slag. The upper dead point has to be chosen at a point where it is absolutely guaranteed that no liquid slag is sucked into the tube which would lead to the destruction of the refractory lining of the degassing vessel and would supply oxygen from the slag into the steel to be degassed which is highly undesired.
As up to now there was no way of determining the exact thickness of the slag layer which varies from ladle to ladle and it has been necessary to maintain a large safety distance between the upper dead point and the metal surface. Thus, the work was uneconomical.
The invention is aimed at avoiding the described disadvantages and difficulties and in a method described in the introduction, resides in that a probe connected to an electrical circuit and whose front surface is electrically conductive is lowered with constant speed through the slag layer into the metal bath, the electrical conductivities of the slag and the bath, or their electrical resistances respectively, being recorded in dependence on the speed with which the probe is lowered.
The method according to the invention thus utilizes the different electrical conductivities of slag and metal. At a temperature of e.g. about l,550 C. the electrical conductivity of the slags normally encountered in iron metallurgy thus amounts to about 0.2 Siemens, while the conductivity of the liquid iron amounts to 0.8 Siemens.
The method according to the invention is particularly useful for controlling degassing processes in which a degassing vessel immersing with a tube into a slag-covered metal bath is periodically lifted and lowered. In such method a measuring arrangement is used in which the measuring probe is fixed to the bottom of the degassing vessel and has a length that the electrically conductive front surface of the probe is situated at the same height as the mouth of the tube. By means of an appropriate switching, particularly a delay switching, it then becomes possible to interrupt the downward movement of the degassing vessel by a contact, such as a relay contact, as soon as the front surface of the probe reaches the metal bath surface.
In order that the method according to the invention may be more fully understood an embodiment thereof shall now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which FIG. 1 serves to illustrate how the method according to the invention works in a siphon degassing process, and
FIG. 2 shows how the slag layer may be measured in any vessel.
In FIG. 1 numeral 1 denotes a steel ladle filled with liquid metal 2 which is covered by a slag layer 3. Above the ladle a degassing vessel 4 is arranged which is liftable and lowerable in the direction indicated by the double arrow 5. This degassing vessel is provided with a tube 6 projecting into the interior of the ladle. At the bottom of the degassing vessel a measuring probe 7 is releasably attached by means of a flange 8 which is screwed to the part 10 of the jacket of the degassing vessel by means of screws 9. An electrical insulation 11 is provided between the flange 8 and the part 10. The probe itself comprises an electrical conductor 12 and a refractory electrical insulating sheath 13. The length of the probe is such that its front surface is situated at the same height as the mouth of the tube 6. The probe is connected via the electrical conductor l4 fixed to a base 15, 16, with a current source 17. For the measurement direct current or alternating current with a voltage of 2-10 Volt is used. The circuit is formed from one pole of the current source to the electrode 12 and on the other side by a connection to the rails 18 on which a vehicle 19 stands with its wheels 20, which vehicle carries the refractorily lined ladle 1.
In FIG. 1 the front surface of the probe and thus the electrode just contacts the surface of the slag layer 3. When the probe 7 touches the slag a current flows through the continuously conductive ladle wall 21, the ladle vehicle 19, the wheels 20 and the rails 18, and via the recording instrument 22 and/or a relay coil 23 to the second pole of the current source 17. The recording instrument 22 comprises a recorder and a paper tape 25 which is moved in the direction indicated by the arrow 24. As soon as the measuring probe 7 touches the surface of the slag 3 the recorder will strike, indicating the intensity of current of the thus closed circuit. The current intensity thus increases from the value 0, indicated on the paper tape 25 by the broken line 26, to a value 27. When the electrode is lowered and touches the better conductive metal this current intensity changes to the value indicated schematically by the line 28. When the tape feed of the recording instrument is adjusted to run synchronous with the lowering movement of the electrode, the length of the line 27 will be equal to the thickness of the slag layer D. The length of the recorded line on the tape 25, which length corresponds to the depth of the slag layer, is illustrated by the borderlines 29, 30. The relay contact 23 interrupts the downward movement of the degassing vessel at the moment when the change in the conductivity between the two media occurs, i.e. when the probe reaches the metal bath surface. The probe heads position when it reaches the metal bath surface is denoted with 7'.
The tube 6 of the degassing vessel 4, which at its bottom end is provided with a slag fender 31, should be lowered below the metal bath level by a safety distance S before the degassing process starts.
When as has been described above the probe reaches the metal bath surface and the downward movement of the degassing vessel is stopped this movement is not immediately halted and a certain after running takes place. This fact may be considered when the length of the probe and the relative position of its bottom edge to the bottom edge of the tube is decided upon. In FIG. 1 the bottom edge of the measuring probe 7 and the bottom edge of the tube 6 are at the same level and the length of the after running corresponds to the desired safety distance S; thus, when the downward movement is stopped the tube will come to a standstill in the position 6 indicated by a broken line. When the downward movement is stopped the degassing process as well as the lifting and lower ing movement of the degassing vessel is started automatically, said latter movement commencing with the lift H. The positions of the tube and the measuring probe at the lower dead point are denoted with 6" and 7" respectively. The stroke movement is illustrated by the double arrow 5.
In FIG. 2 a ladle l is shown which is positioned on a ladle vehicle 19 exactly as in FIG. 1 and connected via the wheels 20 and the rails 18 by means of a similar switching arrangement as described in connection with FIG. 1, via the recording device 22 and the relay contact 23 with one pole of the current source 17. The ladle contains a metal bath 2 covered by a slag layer 3. The thickness of the slag layer is to be measured. A probe 7 formed exactly as described in FIG. 1 is suspended on a rope 32 which leads via electrically insulated rolls 33, 34
to the winch 35. The rope 32 is electrically conductive and the winch 35 is connected via the conductor 14 with the second pole of the current source 17. In order to measure the slag thickness the probe is vertically or, in the case of shortage of space, slantingly introduced into the ladle or into another metallurgical vessel with constant speed and the current throughout is recorded on the recording device 22 on a paper tape 25, The feed speed of the recorder tape and the speed with which the probe is lowered are adjusted relative to each other in a manner that the slag thickness may be read directly from the device. The weight 36 is suspended above the probe 7 on the rope 32 so that the probe may easily penetrate the slag layer and no mechanical resistance has to be overcome.
What I claim is:
1. A method for ascertaining the upper dead point in a degassing process of a melt by vacuum treatment wherein a degassing vessel having a tube projecting with its lower end into a ladle containing said melt covered by a slag layer is periodically lifted and lowered, comprising providing an electrical circuit including said ladle, a probe having an electrically conductive front surface and fixed to the degassing vessel in a manner that said electrically conductive front surface of said probe is situated at the same level as the lower end of the tube, and means for recording the electrical conductivities of said slag and said melt, lowering said degassing vessel together with said probe with constant speed through the slag layer into said melt, recording the electrical conductivities of said slag and said melt in dependence on the speed with which said probe is lowered into said melt, and interrupting lowering of the degassing vessel as soon as the probe reaches the melt, whereupon the degassing process is started.
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US3850416A (en) * 1974-01-04 1974-11-26 Ford Motor Co Slag depth indicator
US4043800A (en) * 1973-10-27 1977-08-23 Stahlwerke Peine-Salzgitter Ag Method for monitoring and controlling the refining of crude iron
US4150974A (en) * 1977-07-19 1979-04-24 The Broken Hill Proprietary Company, Limited Indication of levels in receptacles
US4235423A (en) * 1979-02-06 1980-11-25 The Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited Indication of levels in receptacles
US4325730A (en) * 1979-11-07 1982-04-20 Arbed S.A. Process for conditioning slag during the refining of a metal bath
US4334922A (en) * 1980-01-09 1982-06-15 Arbed S.A. Process for metal-bath refining
US4368877A (en) * 1979-09-28 1983-01-18 Arbed S.A. System for monitoring slag thickness and consistency in refining crucible
US4398948A (en) * 1978-12-05 1983-08-16 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Methods for controlling blowing, controlling the slag formation and predicting slopping in the blowing of molten pig iron in LD converter
US4504311A (en) * 1981-09-12 1985-03-12 Arbed S.A. Process and apparatus for a direct formation of molten iron
FR2596416A1 (en) * 1986-03-27 1987-10-02 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE POSITIONING OF AN INJECTION LANCE IN A METALLURGICAL CONTAINER
US4739975A (en) * 1985-11-05 1988-04-26 Foseco International Limited Continuous casting device
US4880212A (en) * 1987-09-28 1989-11-14 Geotronics Metaltech Ab Device for detecting the level of the slag in a metal pool
WO1995016056A1 (en) * 1993-12-06 1995-06-15 Aktsionernoe Obschestvo 'nizhnetagilsky Metallurgichesky Kombinat' Method of monitoring the state of the surface of molten metal and a device for carrying out said method
US5827474A (en) * 1997-01-02 1998-10-27 Vesuvius Crucible Company Apparatus and method for measuring the depth of molten steel and slag
US6130637A (en) * 1998-08-18 2000-10-10 Usx Corporation Measuring the thickness of hot slag in steelmaking
US6166681A (en) * 1998-08-18 2000-12-26 Usx Corporation Measuring the thickness of materials
US6309442B1 (en) 2000-02-25 2001-10-30 John D. Usher Refractory material sensor for determining level of molten metal and slag and method of using
US6440355B1 (en) 2000-09-06 2002-08-27 Bethlehem Steel Corporation Apparatus for measuring bath level in a basic oxygen furnace to determine lance height adjustment
WO2010048751A1 (en) * 2008-10-28 2010-05-06 东北大学 Device for measuring level of molten metal and method thereof
TWI382159B (en) * 2009-01-22 2013-01-11
US20130038337A1 (en) * 2010-04-30 2013-02-14 Agellis Group Ab Measurements in metallurgical vessels
US20130197885A1 (en) * 2010-08-30 2013-08-01 Hyundai Steel Company Method for predicting degree of contamination of molten steel during ladle exchange
CN104236444A (en) * 2013-06-18 2014-12-24 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 Metal film thickness measuring method
US20170074816A1 (en) * 2015-09-11 2017-03-16 Baylor University Electromagnetic steam energy/quality, flow, and fluid property sensor and method
CN109238122A (en) * 2018-08-28 2019-01-18 江苏天楹环保能源成套设备有限公司 A method of for measuring plasma melting furnace slag layer thickness
CN109283212A (en) * 2018-11-29 2019-01-29 安徽工业大学 A kind of detection method of Iron Ore Powder anabolic reaction temperature and anabolic reaction speed

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US4078911A (en) * 1977-02-07 1978-03-14 Libbey-Owens-Ford Company Measurement of elevations in a float glass facility
US4470446A (en) * 1980-07-09 1984-09-11 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho Method and apparatus for detecting molten metal surface level in a mold

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US20110063628A1 (en) * 2008-10-28 2011-03-17 Zhi Xie Apparatus and method for measuring the liquid level of molten metal
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US8661891B2 (en) 2008-10-28 2014-03-04 Northeastern University Apparatus and method for measuring the liquid level of molten metal
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US9063110B2 (en) * 2010-04-30 2015-06-23 Agellis Group Ab Measurements in metallurgical vessels
US20130038337A1 (en) * 2010-04-30 2013-02-14 Agellis Group Ab Measurements in metallurgical vessels
US20130197885A1 (en) * 2010-08-30 2013-08-01 Hyundai Steel Company Method for predicting degree of contamination of molten steel during ladle exchange
US9460248B2 (en) * 2010-08-30 2016-10-04 Hyundai Steel Company Method for predicting degree of contamination of molten steel during ladle exchange
CN104236444A (en) * 2013-06-18 2014-12-24 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 Metal film thickness measuring method
CN104236444B (en) * 2013-06-18 2017-08-04 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 A kind of thickness of metal film measuring method
US20170074816A1 (en) * 2015-09-11 2017-03-16 Baylor University Electromagnetic steam energy/quality, flow, and fluid property sensor and method
US9964498B2 (en) * 2015-09-11 2018-05-08 Baylor University Electromagnetic steam energy/quality, flow, and fluid property sensor and method
CN109238122A (en) * 2018-08-28 2019-01-18 江苏天楹环保能源成套设备有限公司 A method of for measuring plasma melting furnace slag layer thickness
CN109283212A (en) * 2018-11-29 2019-01-29 安徽工业大学 A kind of detection method of Iron Ore Powder anabolic reaction temperature and anabolic reaction speed
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