US3659203A - Balanced radiator system - Google Patents

Balanced radiator system Download PDF

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Publication number
US3659203A
US3659203A US46079A US3659203DA US3659203A US 3659203 A US3659203 A US 3659203A US 46079 A US46079 A US 46079A US 3659203D A US3659203D A US 3659203DA US 3659203 A US3659203 A US 3659203A
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Prior art keywords
transmission line
antenna
switching circuit
resistance
impedance
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US46079A
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English (en)
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Gerald F Ross
David Lamensdorf
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Unisys Corp
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Sperry Rand Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/08—Radiating ends of two-conductor microwave transmission lines, e.g. of coaxial lines, of microstrip lines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/005—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements for radiating non-sinusoidal waves

Definitions

  • the log-periodic array, the log-spiral antenna, and many of the known guided or surface wave antenna structures lack suitable properties for the purpose, since they present dispersive impedance discontinuities and because propagation of wave energy on or within the antenna structure is characterized by dispersive TE, TM, or other such propagation modes.
  • dispersive TE, TM, or other such propagation modes are characterized by dispersive TE, TM, or other such propagation modes.
  • the phase characteristic of the response of such antennas is not linear.
  • baluns of various degrees of complexity are often used in the interface between unbalanced transmission lines and balanced antenna radiators, but known designs do not meet band width requirements, produce severe distortions, and often do not representuseful transitions at even moderate power levels. Many forms of such baluns do not fully prevent generation of undesirable unbalanced current fiow.
  • the present invention relates to an improved transmitter antenna configuration employing an electrically smooth, constant impedance transmission line system for propagating TEM mode waves.
  • the transmission line system is employed cyclically for the cooperative storage of energy on the transmission line and for its release by propagation along the transmission line for radiation at the end of a section of the transmission line formed as a flared directive antenna.
  • cooperative use is made of the transmission line system both for signal generation by cyclically charging the transmission line at a first rate of charging and for signal radiation into space by discharge of the line in a much shorter time than for charging.
  • Discharge of the transmission line causes a voltage wave to travel toward the open end or radiating aperture of the structure. The process operates to produce, by differentiation, an impulse that is radiated into space.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the antenna used in the present invention.
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are respectively top and side views of the antenna of FIG. 1 and are useful in explaining its properties.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic side view of the antenna of FIG. 1 showing circuit elements for exciting the antenna.
  • FIGS. 5a to 8b are graphs for explaining the operation of the embodiment of F IG. 4.
  • FIG. 9 is a circuit arrangement alternative to that of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 10 is an improved embodiment of the circuit of FIGS. 4 and 9.
  • FIGS. 11, 12, and 13 are graphs used in explaining the operation of the embodiments of FIG. 10.
  • FIG. 14 is an embodiment of the invention whose operation is self-synchronized.
  • -A suitable antenna for the purpose has a wide instantaneous band width, so that it may radiate a sharp pulse or stepped signal with low distortion of the signal envelope. Further, a suitable antenna for use in the invention has an energy focusing characteristic such that energy radiated in a predetermined direction is maximum.
  • the modified horn antenna of FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 is a preferred form of an antenna having such desired characteristics.
  • the antenna 3 comprises a structure having mirror image symmetry about a median plane at right angles to the direction of the vector of the electric field propagating within the antenna.
  • the transmission line 1 which comprises parallel plate or slab transmission line conductors 4 and 4a of similar shape.
  • Conductors 4 and 4a are spaced planar conductors constructed of a material capable. of conducting high frequency currents with substantially no ohmic loss.
  • conductors 4 and 4a are so constructed and arranged as to support TEM mode propagation of high frequency energy, with the major portion of the electric field lying between conductors 4 and 4a and with the field substantially perpendicular to the major interior surfaces thereof.
  • TEM mode of wave propagation is that commonly used in the high frequency literature to specify a conventional mode of electromagnetic energy propagation.
  • both the electric and magnetic field components of the wave are everywhere transverse to the direction of wave propagation.
  • TE and TM modes are dispersive modes, while the TEM mode employed in the present invention is desirably non-dispersive.
  • the TEM modified horn antenna 3 consists of a pair flared
  • members 2 and 2a are generally triangular in shape, member 2 being bounded by flared edges 6 and 6a and an aperture edge 8. Similarly, member 2a is bounded by flaring edges 7 and 7a and an aperture edge 80. Edges 8 and 8a may be straight or arcuate as shown at 18 and 18a of FIGS. 2 and 3. Each triangular member 2 and 2a is slightly truncated at its apex, the trim cation being so constructed and arranged that conductor 4 is smoothly joined without overlap at junction 9 to antenna member 2. Likewise, conductor 4a is smoothly joined without overlap at junction 9a to antenna member 2:1. It is to be understood that the respective junctions 9 and 9a are formed using conventionally available techniques for minimizing any impedance discontinuity corresponding to the junctions 9 and 9a.
  • the flared members 2 and 2a of antenna 3 are constructed of material highly conductive to high frequency currents. It is further to be understood that the interior volume of antenna 3 may be filled with an air-foamed dielectric material exhibiting low loss in the presence of high frequency fields.
  • Transmission line 1 may be similarly filled with dielectric material, such material acting to support conductor 4 in fixed relation to conductor 4a and, likewise, the flared member 2 relative to member 2a.
  • the conductive elements of transmission line 1 and antenna 3 may be fixed in spaced relation by dielectric spacers such as represented by spacers l and a seen located adjacent the aperture edges 8 and 8a of antenna 3.
  • the form of the transmission line-l and the antenna 3 as illustrated in FIG. 1 is preferredgin part, because TEM mode propagation therein is readily established.
  • the TEM propagation mode ispreferred, since it is the substantially non-dispersive propagation mode and its use therefore minimizes distortion of the propagating signal.
  • the simple, balanced transmission line structure permits construction of the invention with minimum impedance discontinuities.
  • the antenna 3 is made compatible with transmission line 1 by using the same value of the ratio b/h for both elements.
  • the characteristic impedance of antenna 3 will be constant along its length Land may readily be made equal to that of line 1.
  • FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 triangular flaring and planar configurations for elements 2 and 20. It should be evident, however, that other configurations may readily be realized which maintain a constant characteristic impedance according tothe above rule, and that such configurations may also be used within the scope of the present invention.
  • the length Lof the flared members 2 and 2a must be large relative to the width of the antenna driving pulse (or to the rise time of a stepped driving excitation) or the antenna may lose directivity in azimuth'angle I .”
  • a system for exciting the inventive antenna of FIGS. 1,2, and 3 should have compatible properties, such as being balanced in nature and avoiding the complicating deficiencies of an interface balun or other similar transition element.
  • FIG. 4 is intended schematically to indicate antenna conductor elements 2 and 2a of FIG..1 as respe'ctive'single wire transmission lines 12 and 12a having the same effective electrical characteristics as elements 2 and 2a of FIG. .1 and the same radiating characteristics.
  • junctions 9 and 9a in FIG. 1 are represented by junctions l9 and-19a in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 4 are represented in FIG. 4 by symbols l4 and 14a and identify the opposed conductors of transmission line 1. Dimensions in FIG. 4 are grossly exaggerated, such as the spacing h between conductors 14 and 14a of line 1, as a matter of convenience.
  • conductors 14 and 14a are joined by a series circuit comprising battery 21 coupled between resistors 20 and 20a each having a resistance value of R/2 ohms.
  • the conductors 14 and 140 are joined by a series circuit comprising an electrically actuatable .switch 23; the blade terminal 27 of switch 23 is coupled by resistor 22a to conductor 14a, while the contact 26 of the switch is connected through resistor 22 to conductor 14.
  • Resistors 22 and 22a each have a resistance value r/2 ohms, where r is equal to the characteristic impedance of line 1 (or antenna 3) in ohms.
  • Square wave pulse generator 24 which produces the balanced square pulse wave form 24a, is provided for actuation of switch 23.
  • Switch 23 may take the form of a single pole single throw mercury-wettedreed switch, several varieties of which are readily available on the market. Such reed switches may be closed and opened according to the presence or absence of a static magnetic field in the vicinity of the switch capsule.
  • pulse generator 24 is adapted to open and close switch 23 by the agency represented by dotted line 25, which may be a magnetic field excited by a solenoid (not shown) by pulse wave 240.
  • square wave generator 24 may be replaced by a generator of pulse width modulated waves carrying an intelligence modulation such as voice or code modulation.
  • switch 23 is first separated from contact 26' by generator 24 for a time sufficient for the entire structure including the conductors of line 1 and antenna 3 to become charged to a potential difference V equal to that supplied by battery 21.
  • switch 23 closes with contact 26, forming a conducting circuit path through resistors 22 and 22a. The effect is that of putting a second source B in series with the effective source A of battery 21, but reversed in polarity relative to the polarity of source A.
  • FIGS. 50, 6a, 7a, and 8a show the positive voltage V, contributed by the source A or battery 21, as a positive constant voltage at successive intervals in the system cycle.
  • the same set of figures shows the progress of the negative wave due to the effective source B at the same successive intervals.
  • FIG. 5a shows the situation at the instant switch 23 is closed; note that the wave due to the effective second source B has not started to flow.
  • FIGS. 5b, 6b, 7b, and 8b the total potential difference seen across the aperture 8, 8a of antenna 3, for the same successive instants of time as described above, may be illustratedas in the respective FIGS. 5b, 6b, 7b, and 8b. It is seen that the potential at the antenna aperture due to source A (battery 21) is progressively eaten away by the travel of the wave due to the effective source B started toward the aperture 8, 811 when switch 23 is closed and then reflected at the aperture ultimately to effect substantial discharge of the line formed by conductors 12 and 12a, the wave having returned to the source resistances 22, 221
  • N 0 further radiation can obtain until after switch 23 is recycled and conductors 12 and 12a are recharged.
  • the reflected wave front terminates in resistors 22, 22a and the potential difference across the entire line drops to substantially zero and begins to recharge to approximately rv/R volts. If the value of r is reduced toward zero, the potential across aperture 8, 8a tends to increase, but the response of the system may be ringing or oscillation for an extended time.
  • a moderate length of transmission line added between the series circuits 22, 22a, 23, and junctions l9 and 19a m ay'then be used to delay the instant of time at which radiation occurs.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a form of the invention employing many of the same elements as used inFIG. 4 and they are therefore identified with similar reference numerals, including transmission line conductors 14, 14a, antenna conductors 12', 12a, battery 21, terminals 19, 19a, mercury reed switch elements 23, 26, 27, source resistors 22, 22a, and means 25 for actuation of switch blade 23.
  • a moderate length of transmission line has been added between the series circuit 22, 22a, 23 and the respectivejunction points 19, 19a.
  • the added line comprises a first inner conductor 31 connecting resistor 22 to junction 19, and a second inner conductor 31a connecting resistor 22a to junction 19a, and an outer tubular conductor 30 surrounding and shielding conductors 31 and 31a.
  • shielding conductor 30 For the purpose of ensuring that shielding conductor 30 is at the mid-potential between conductors 31, 31a, fixed capacitors 33, 33a are placed in series across battery 21, being mutually coupled at a mid-terminal 36 which is also connected to mid-terminal 37 between adjustable trimming capacitors 34 and 34a also placed across battery 21.
  • the mid-terminal 37 is coupled by balanced leads 38, 38a in a balanced manner to the shield conductor 30.
  • a far field receiver used with the impulse transmitter of FIG. 9 receives a signal very closely approximately an impulse with a rise time and duration less than 200 picoseconds.
  • FIG. 10 A preferred method of employing the invention is shown in FIG. wherein a further advantageous arrangement for connecting the mercury reed switch is disclosed.
  • actuation means 25 which may be a magnetic field supplied by a solenoid (not shown) excited by a pulse generator similar to pulse generator 24 of FIG. 4 or by a pulse width modulated generator, is adapted to move switch blade 123 cyclically between terminals 126 and 127. Blade 123 is coupled through r/2 resistor 122b to conductor 14. Terminal 127 of the switch is coupled through r/2 resistor 122 to conductor 14a. Likewise, terminal 126 is coupled through r/2 resistor 122a to conductor 14a.
  • switch blade 123 spends the major part of its operating time in contact either with switch terminal 126 or switch terminal 127 as shown especially in FIG. 11; blade 123 is at terminal 126 in the time interval a-b and is at terminal 127 in time interval c-d, for example.
  • the conductors 12 and 12a of the antenna recharge from battery 21 through resistors and 20a.
  • the blade 123 touches switch contact 126 or switch contact 127 the potential between conductors 14, 14a, drops virtually to zero.
  • FIG. 10 to 13 switch blade 123 spends the major part of its operating time in contact either with switch terminal 126 or switch terminal 127 as shown especially in FIG. 11; blade 123 is at terminal 126 in the time interval a-b and is at terminal 127 in time interval c-d, for example.
  • the conductors 12 and 12a of the antenna recharge from battery 21 through resistors and 20a.
  • the line conductors 14, 14a, and antenna conductors 12, 12a charge in the interval ending at a, when discharge is brought about substantially instantaneously in a time on the order of 100 picoseconds.
  • the cycle represented in FIGS. 11 and 12 repeats at each switch closure at terminal 126 or 127.
  • the far field signal of the antenna is a function of the time derivative of 'the collapsing voltage at time a, being seen by the receiver primarily as a series of sharp impulses of brief duration, as in FIG. 13.
  • the sharp pulse series is scarcely modified because of the slowly varying voltage-change during the-period b-c, for example. From the foregoing, it is evident that the possibility of a higher repetition rate is characteristic of the apparatus of FIG. 10. Also, operation at reduced average potentials on conductors 14, 14a is possible.
  • the mercury-wetted reed switch because of its compactness and other advantageous properties, is a practicalexternally controlled switch for employment in the invention.
  • Other types of switches may also readily be employed in the apparatus of FIGS. 4, 9, and 10, such as semiconductor switches of well known types whose state of conductivity may be controlled by external pulse generators, such as generator 24 of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 14 Other semiconductor switching arrangements may be employed, including the inventive system shown in FIG. 14; in this figure, elements common to those in FIG. 4 are identified by the same reference numerals, including the balanced r/2 resistors 22 and 22a in series connection across conductors 14, 14a, of transmission line 1. Between resistors 22 and 22a, are placed series connected transistors 50 and 500, the total series circuit including resistor 22, the collector and emitter of transistor 50, the collector and emitter of transistor 50a, and resistor 22a. Between the baseand emitter of transistor 50 is connected a resistor 51; between the base and emitter of transistor 50a is similarly connected a resistor 51a.
  • Resistors 22 and 22a are in balanced configuration and are selected 'so that when the transistors are conducting, the total resistance in series with transistors 50, 50a is equal to r, the characteristic impedance of line 1 and antenna 3. Resistors 51, 51a serve to provide a direct current path between the respective bases and .emitters of transistors 50, 50a; their resistance values must be great enough to permit avalanche operation of transistors 50, 50a.
  • Transistors 50, 50a are avalanche mode devices which break down into avalanche conduction when the voltage between terminals 19, 19a reaches an appropriate value. In practice, one or more suchtransistors may be employed, depending upon the desired charging level for line 1 and antenna 3.
  • the abrupt discharge of current through transistors 50, 50a starts a voltage wave propagating along conductors 12, 12a toward the aperture 8, 8a of the antenna 3. Upon reversal of the voltage wave at the aperture 8, 8a, a differentiated impulse is radiated toward the far field of antenna 3.
  • the voltage wave reflected at the instant of reversal ultimately drops the potential difference between terminals 19, 19a to the point of extinction of current flow through transistors 50, 50a.
  • the circuit is then in condition for recharging from battery 21 and automatically continues to recycle unless the voltage from battery 21 is removed.
  • the natural storage capacitance of the transmission line system may be augmented or that other electrical storage means may be employed.
  • other transmission lines propagating the non-dispersive TEM mode may be employed according to the invention. It is also clear that no discrete physical transition such as junctions 19, 19a need appear in the structure, and that the transmission line system may employ a continuous system without a recognizable discontinuity between the functional sections of the line.
  • Apparatus for radiating impulses of electromagnetic energy comprising: 7
  • balanced conductor high frequency transmission line means having a substantially constant characteristic impedance between first and second ends thereof, current source means adjacent said first end having a first time constant for uniformly charging said transmission line means, and
  • switching circuit means having conducting and non-conducting states adjacent said first end and having when in said conducting state a second time constant substantially shorter than said first time constant for causing a field collapsing wave to propagate on said transmission line means to said second end thereof for partially discharging said transmission line means
  • said second end of said transmission line means being adapted to reflect said field collapsing wave to propagate on said transmission line means toward said first end for substantially totally discharging said transmission line means into said switching circuit means,
  • said second end of said transmission line means being further adapted to serve as an antenna aperture for radiating an impulse of electromagnetic energy into space at the instant of reversal of propagation of said field collapsing wave.
  • said balanced conductor transmission line means has first and second planar conductors with opposed major conducting surfaces.
  • planar conductors are adapted to propagate traveling electromagnetic waves in the transverse electromagnetic mode.
  • planar conducting surfaces have a region adjacent said second end in which b progressively expands for the purpose of forming said electromagnetic radiating antenna aperture.
  • said first planar conductor has substantially the shape of a truncated equilateral triangle, the base of which forms the said second end of said first planar conductor.
  • first and second resistance means of substantially equal resistance, said potential means being connected through said resistance means to said transmission line means.
  • said switching circuit means for discharging said line comprises:
  • first and second resistance means of substantially equal resistance, said switching means being connected through said resistance means to said transmission line means.
  • said switching circuit means comprises first and second substantially equal impedance means and switch means, said switch means being connected in series relation between said first and second impedance means, the total impedance of said switching circuit means being substantially equal to the characteristic impedance of said transmission line means.
  • said switching circuit means for discharging said transmission line comprises switch means adapted to be switched by a pulsed electrical signal.
  • said switching circuit means for discharging said transmission line comprises semiconductor switch means adapted to initiate discharge when the potential across said transmission line means reaches a predetermined value.

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US46079A 1970-06-15 1970-06-15 Balanced radiator system Expired - Lifetime US3659203A (en)

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Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3750025A (en) * 1971-04-26 1973-07-31 Sperry Rand Corp Energy amplifying selector gate for base-band signals
US3792358A (en) * 1972-12-15 1974-02-12 Us Air Force Single cycle transmitter
US3794996A (en) * 1972-07-12 1974-02-26 Sperry Rand Corp Stable base-band superregenerative selective receiver
US3848914A (en) * 1971-12-15 1974-11-19 Sperry Rand Corp Motor shiftable shock absorbing bumper
US3858205A (en) * 1972-10-06 1974-12-31 Sperry Rand Corp Base-band precollision sensor with time domain gating for preventing false responses
US5150067A (en) * 1990-04-16 1992-09-22 Mcmillan Michael R Electromagnetic pulse generator using an electron beam produced with an electron multiplier
WO1995032529A1 (en) * 1994-05-20 1995-11-30 The Secretary Of State For Defence Ultrawideband antenna
US5952956A (en) * 1984-12-03 1999-09-14 Time Domain Corporation Time domain radio transmission system
US5960031A (en) * 1994-09-20 1999-09-28 Time Domain Corporation Ultrawide-band communication system and method
US6351246B1 (en) 1999-05-03 2002-02-26 Xtremespectrum, Inc. Planar ultra wide band antenna with integrated electronics
US20030053554A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2003-03-20 Xtreme Spectrum, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US6549567B1 (en) 1994-09-20 2003-04-15 Time Domain Corporation Full duplex ultrawide-band communication system and method
US20030095063A1 (en) * 1986-06-03 2003-05-22 Fullerton Larry W. Time domain radio transmission system
US6590545B2 (en) 2000-08-07 2003-07-08 Xtreme Spectrum, Inc. Electrically small planar UWB antenna apparatus and related system
US6606051B1 (en) 1984-12-03 2003-08-12 Time Domain Corporation Pulse-responsive dipole antenna
US6882301B2 (en) 1986-06-03 2005-04-19 Time Domain Corporation Time domain radio transmission system
US20070153873A1 (en) * 1996-12-06 2007-07-05 Fullerton Larry W Fast locking mechanism for channelized ultrawide-band communications
USRE39759E1 (en) 1984-12-03 2007-08-07 Time Domain Corporation Time domain radio transmission system
US7321611B2 (en) 1994-09-20 2008-01-22 Alereen, Inc. Method and transceiver for full duplex communication of ultra wideband signals
US20080136644A1 (en) * 1998-12-11 2008-06-12 Freescale Semiconductor Inc. Method and system for performing distance measuring and direction finding using ultrawide bandwitdh transmissions
US20100109840A1 (en) * 2008-10-31 2010-05-06 Robert Schilling Radio Frequency Identification Read Antenna
USRE41479E1 (en) 1984-12-03 2010-08-10 Time Domain Corporation Time domain radio transmission system
US8901818B2 (en) 2012-03-26 2014-12-02 Agency For Defense Development Spark gap switch for high power ultra-wideband electromagnetic wave radiation for stabilized discharge
DE102014017621A1 (de) * 2014-05-22 2015-11-26 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Elektronisch schaltbares Reflektorelement für Parallelplatten- oder Oberflächenwellen und dessen Anwendung

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US3662316A (en) * 1971-03-12 1972-05-09 Sperry Rand Corp Short base-band pulse receiver
DE2921856C2 (de) * 1979-05-30 1985-09-12 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Richtantenne aus zwei eine strahlende Doppelleitung bildenden Streifenleitern und Gruppenantenne unter Verwendung mehrerer derartiger Richtantennen
US4698633A (en) * 1982-05-19 1987-10-06 Sperry Corporation Antennas for wide bandwidth signals
GB2265759B (en) * 1992-04-04 1995-09-27 Marconi Gec Ltd Antenna
US7009570B2 (en) * 2003-08-04 2006-03-07 Harris Corporation Phased array antenna absorber and associated methods

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US3317839A (en) * 1963-03-20 1967-05-02 Research Corp Closed-circular annular tank circuit for spark gap transmitter
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US2422176A (en) * 1941-04-30 1947-06-17 Submarine Signal Co Spark gap oscillation generator with radiator
US3317839A (en) * 1963-03-20 1967-05-02 Research Corp Closed-circular annular tank circuit for spark gap transmitter
US3405287A (en) * 1965-11-02 1968-10-08 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Avalanche transistor pulse generator

Cited By (41)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3750025A (en) * 1971-04-26 1973-07-31 Sperry Rand Corp Energy amplifying selector gate for base-band signals
US3848914A (en) * 1971-12-15 1974-11-19 Sperry Rand Corp Motor shiftable shock absorbing bumper
US3794996A (en) * 1972-07-12 1974-02-26 Sperry Rand Corp Stable base-band superregenerative selective receiver
US3858205A (en) * 1972-10-06 1974-12-31 Sperry Rand Corp Base-band precollision sensor with time domain gating for preventing false responses
US3792358A (en) * 1972-12-15 1974-02-12 Us Air Force Single cycle transmitter
USRE39759E1 (en) 1984-12-03 2007-08-07 Time Domain Corporation Time domain radio transmission system
US5952956A (en) * 1984-12-03 1999-09-14 Time Domain Corporation Time domain radio transmission system
USRE41479E1 (en) 1984-12-03 2010-08-10 Time Domain Corporation Time domain radio transmission system
US6606051B1 (en) 1984-12-03 2003-08-12 Time Domain Corporation Pulse-responsive dipole antenna
US20030095063A1 (en) * 1986-06-03 2003-05-22 Fullerton Larry W. Time domain radio transmission system
US6933882B2 (en) 1986-06-03 2005-08-23 Time Domain Corporation Time domain radio transmission system
US6882301B2 (en) 1986-06-03 2005-04-19 Time Domain Corporation Time domain radio transmission system
US5150067A (en) * 1990-04-16 1992-09-22 Mcmillan Michael R Electromagnetic pulse generator using an electron beam produced with an electron multiplier
WO1995032529A1 (en) * 1994-05-20 1995-11-30 The Secretary Of State For Defence Ultrawideband antenna
GB2302449B (en) * 1994-05-20 1998-12-09 Secr Defence Ultrawideband antenna
US5889497A (en) * 1994-05-20 1999-03-30 The Secretary Of State For Defence In Her Britannic Majesty's Government Of The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland Ultrawideband transverse electromagnetic mode horn transmitter and antenna
US7321611B2 (en) 1994-09-20 2008-01-22 Alereen, Inc. Method and transceiver for full duplex communication of ultra wideband signals
US5995534A (en) * 1994-09-20 1999-11-30 Time Domain Corporation Ultrawide-band communication system and method
US6549567B1 (en) 1994-09-20 2003-04-15 Time Domain Corporation Full duplex ultrawide-band communication system and method
US5963581A (en) * 1994-09-20 1999-10-05 Time Domain Corporation Ultrawide-band communication system and method
US5960031A (en) * 1994-09-20 1999-09-28 Time Domain Corporation Ultrawide-band communication system and method
US6430208B1 (en) 1994-09-20 2002-08-06 Time Domain Corporation Ultrawide-band communication system and method
US6031862A (en) * 1994-09-20 2000-02-29 Time Domain Corporation Ultrawide-band communication system and method
US20070153873A1 (en) * 1996-12-06 2007-07-05 Fullerton Larry W Fast locking mechanism for channelized ultrawide-band communications
US7539237B2 (en) 1996-12-06 2009-05-26 Alereon, Inc. Fast locking mechanism for channelized ultrawide-band communications
US20030053555A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2003-03-20 Xtreme Spectrum, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US6901112B2 (en) 1997-12-12 2005-05-31 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US6931078B2 (en) 1997-12-12 2005-08-16 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications systems
US6700939B1 (en) 1997-12-12 2004-03-02 Xtremespectrum, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US20050259720A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2005-11-24 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US20030053554A1 (en) * 1997-12-12 2003-03-20 Xtreme Spectrum, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US7408973B2 (en) 1997-12-12 2008-08-05 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Ultra wide bandwidth spread-spectrum communications system
US8451936B2 (en) 1998-12-11 2013-05-28 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Method and system for performing distance measuring and direction finding using ultrawide bandwidth transmissions
US20080136644A1 (en) * 1998-12-11 2008-06-12 Freescale Semiconductor Inc. Method and system for performing distance measuring and direction finding using ultrawide bandwitdh transmissions
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2129700A1 (de) 1971-12-16
FR2095256B1 (OSRAM) 1976-09-17
JPS5121538B1 (OSRAM) 1976-07-03
FR2095256A1 (OSRAM) 1972-02-11
GB1293737A (en) 1972-10-25

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