US3655384A - Anti-static coating for photographic emulsion layers - Google Patents
Anti-static coating for photographic emulsion layers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3655384A US3655384A US60100A US3655384DA US3655384A US 3655384 A US3655384 A US 3655384A US 60100 A US60100 A US 60100A US 3655384D A US3655384D A US 3655384DA US 3655384 A US3655384 A US 3655384A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- carrageenan
- kappa
- layer
- photographic material
- photographic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims description 14
- ZNOZWUKQPJXOIG-XSBHQQIPSA-L [(2r,3s,4r,5r,6s)-6-[[(1r,3s,4r,5r,8s)-3,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-8-yl]oxy]-4-[[(1r,3r,4r,5r,8s)-8-[(2s,3r,4r,5r,6r)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-5-sulfonatooxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-2,6-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl]oxy]-5-hydroxy-2-( Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](OS([O-])(=O)=O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H]2OC[C@H]1O[C@H](O[C@H]1[C@H]([C@@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]3[C@@H]4OC[C@H]3O[C@H](O)[C@@H]4O)[C@@H]1O)OS([O-])(=O)=O)[C@@H]2O ZNOZWUKQPJXOIG-XSBHQQIPSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- -1 silver halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229920001525 carrageenan Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000679 carrageenan Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229940113118 carrageenan Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 235000010418 carrageenan Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 5
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 241001474374 Blennius Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001206 natural gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000499 poly(galactose) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 159000000001 potassium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
- G03C1/85—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers characterised by antistatic additives or coatings
- G03C1/89—Macromolecular substances therefor
Definitions
- This invention relates to colloid silver halide photographic film material provided with an antistatic layer and to the production of such film material.
- photographic film material exhibits a tendency to pick up electrostatic charges during the course of its manufacture and also during its use.
- static marks are produced. These marks show as areas of local over-exposure on the developed film. It is possible to reduce the tendency of photographic film to pick up electrostatic charges by the provision of a layer which has a relatively high electroconductivity. Any electrostatic charge picked up by a film having such a layer rapidly leaks to earth without causing a discharge.
- a method of improving the surface electrical conductivity of photographic film material which comprises coating on to a surface of the photographic material an aqueous solution of kappa-carrageenan and a sufficient amount of a salt of potassium or ammonium to cause the kappa-carrageenan to gel, allowing the coated layer to gel and then drying the photographic material.
- Carrageenan is a natural gum derived from seaweed. It usually exists as a mixture of kappaand lambda-carrageenan sometimes together with minor proportions of other carrageenans. Carrageenan is a polygalactose and the difference between the kappa and lambda varieties lies in structural differences in the complex chains. However kappaand lambdacarrageenan can readily be distingrished by the fact that kappa-carrageenan is precipitated from an aqueous solution by potassium salts while lambda-carrageenan is not so precipitated.
- kappa-carrageenan used need not be pure kappa-carrageenan and a proportion of lambda-carrageenan and possibly minor amounts of other carrageenans may also be present. Therefore the term kappa-carrageenan as used herein refers to carrageenan which comprises from 70 to 100 percent kappa-carrageenan.
- kappa-carrageenan solutions are more viscous than gelatin solutions and thus aqueous solutions of kappa-carrageenan stronger than 1 percent by weight tend to give rise to difficulty in coating.
- an aqueous solution of kappa-carrageenan which is weaker than 0.2 percent by weight tends to be difficult to gel.
- the preferred concentration of kappa-carrageenan for use in the present invention is 0.2 to 1 percent by weight and preferably 0.4 to 0.6 percent by weight.
- the minimum amount of a salt of potassium or ammonium required to cause the kappa-carrageenan to gel is approximately 0.05 percent in the aqueous coating solution.
- a too strong concentration of the salt in the coating solution causes precipitation of the carrageenan (as hereinbefore mentioned).
- a layer is formed which has a relatively low conductivity.
- 0.5 percent by weight of potassium chloride in an aqueous kappa-carrageenan solution causes precipitation of the kappa-carrageenan.
- the concentration of potassium or ammonium salt present the higher the setting temperature of the gel. in every case the coating solution should be such that it may be coated at a temperature below the melting point of the colloid of the photographic emulsion while itself remaining ungelled.
- the preferred concentration of a salt of potassium or ammonium in the coating solution used in the process of the present invention is from 0.05 to 0.2 percent by weight.
- the present invention includes photographic material which comprises a support base having on one side a colloid silver halide layer and on the other side a layer of gelled kappa-carrageenan, or photographic material wherein the layer of gelled kappa-carrageenan is on the same side as the colloid silver halide layer either coated on a supercoat layer on the colloid silver halide layer or preferably, coated directly as a supercoat layer on the colloid silver halide layer.
- X-ray film material which comprises a colloid silver halide layer on each side of the support base there is present a gelled kappa-carrageenan layer on each colloid silver halide layer as the supercoat layer.
- EXAMPLE strips of X-ray film emulsion coated on each side of a base support were coated on each emulsion layer by the process of the present invention. There was formed a supercoat layer on each side of the photographic material which comprised a gelled layer of kappa-carrageenan. The actual coating solutions used in each case are shown in the table which follows. These strips were compared to a similar strip of X-ray film material which had on each side a gelatin supercoat.
- the kappa-carrageenan used in the foregoing example was supplied by Marine Colloids lnc., and comprises 83 percent kappa and 17 percent lambda forms.
- the new supercoats have substantially no effect on the initial photographic properties of the emulsion.
- a method of improving the surface electrical conductivity of photographic material comprising a film base and at least one silver halide emulsion layer, said method comprising the steps of: coating on to the surface of the photographic material an aqueous solution of kappa-carrageenan and at least 0.05 percent by weight, based on the weight of said solution, of a chloride of potassium or ammonium, the amount of said chloride being sufficient to cause the kappa-carrageenan to gel, allowing the coated layer to gel and drying the photographic material so as to provide thereon an antistatic coating consisting essentially of the gelled kappa-carrageenan and said chloride.
- the photographic material comprises a film base carrying on one side only thereof at least one photographic silver halide emulsion layer and the said aqueous solution is applied to the other side of the film base.
- Photographic material comprising a film base, at least one silver halide emulsion layer and a dried layer of a gelled kappa-carrageenan and potassium or ammonium chloride.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
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Abstract
This application describes a method of improving the surface electrical conductivity of photographic material which is characterized in that it comprises coating on to the surface of the photographic material an aqueous solution of kappacarrageenan and a sufficient amount of a salt of potassium or ammonium to cause the kappa-carrageenan to gel, allowing the coated layer to gel and drying the photographic material.
Description
United States Patent Wood [151 3,655,384 5] Apr.1l, 1972 [54] ANTI-STATIC COATING FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSION LAYERS [72] Inventor: Henry Walter Wood, Ilford, England [73] Assignee: Ilford Limited, llford, Essex, England 22 Filed: July 31, 1970 [21] Appl. No.: 60,100
[52] US. Cl. ..96/67, 96/87 A, 96/114.2,
117/201 [51] Int. Cl ..G03c H76 [58] Field ofSear-ch ......96/1 14.2, 87 A; 117/201 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,772,165 11/1956 Moede ..96/114 2,863,769 12/1958 Moede ..96/1 14 3,184,311 5/1965 Salminen ..96/87 A 3,250,620 5/1966 Lovett Primary Examiner-Nonnan G. Torchin Assistant Examiner-J. R. Hightower Attorney-Cushman, Darby & Cushman [57] ABSTRACT 6 Claims, No Drawings ANTI-STATIC COATING FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSION LAYERS This invention relates to colloid silver halide photographic film material provided with an antistatic layer and to the production of such film material.
It is known that photographic film material exhibits a tendency to pick up electrostatic charges during the course of its manufacture and also during its use. When an electrostatically charged film is discharged so called static marks are produced. These marks show as areas of local over-exposure on the developed film. It is possible to reduce the tendency of photographic film to pick up electrostatic charges by the provision of a layer which has a relatively high electroconductivity. Any electrostatic charge picked up by a film having such a layer rapidly leaks to earth without causing a discharge.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a method of improving the surface conductivity of photographic material.
According to the present invention there is provided a method of improving the surface electrical conductivity of photographic film material which comprises coating on to a surface of the photographic material an aqueous solution of kappa-carrageenan and a sufficient amount of a salt of potassium or ammonium to cause the kappa-carrageenan to gel, allowing the coated layer to gel and then drying the photographic material.
Carrageenan is a natural gum derived from seaweed. It usually exists as a mixture of kappaand lambda-carrageenan sometimes together with minor proportions of other carrageenans. Carrageenan is a polygalactose and the difference between the kappa and lambda varieties lies in structural differences in the complex chains. However kappaand lambdacarrageenan can readily be distingrished by the fact that kappa-carrageenan is precipitated from an aqueous solution by potassium salts while lambda-carrageenan is not so precipitated. However in the process of the present invention the kappa-carrageenan used need not be pure kappa-carrageenan and a proportion of lambda-carrageenan and possibly minor amounts of other carrageenans may also be present. Therefore the term kappa-carrageenan as used herein refers to carrageenan which comprises from 70 to 100 percent kappa-carrageenan.
For the same strength of solution in water kappa-carrageenan solutions are more viscous than gelatin solutions and thus aqueous solutions of kappa-carrageenan stronger than 1 percent by weight tend to give rise to difficulty in coating. On the other hand an aqueous solution of kappa-carrageenan which is weaker than 0.2 percent by weight tends to be difficult to gel. Thus the preferred concentration of kappa-carrageenan for use in the present invention is 0.2 to 1 percent by weight and preferably 0.4 to 0.6 percent by weight.
The minimum amount of a salt of potassium or ammonium required to cause the kappa-carrageenan to gel is approximately 0.05 percent in the aqueous coating solution. However a too strong concentration of the salt in the coating solution causes precipitation of the carrageenan (as hereinbefore mentioned). In such cases, on drying, a layer is formed which has a relatively low conductivity. For example 0.5 percent by weight of potassium chloride in an aqueous kappa-carrageenan solution causes precipitation of the kappa-carrageenan.
Furthermore the higher the concentration of potassium or ammonium salt present the higher the setting temperature of the gel. in every case the coating solution should be such that it may be coated at a temperature below the melting point of the colloid of the photographic emulsion while itself remaining ungelled. Thus the preferred concentration of a salt of potassium or ammonium in the coating solution used in the process of the present invention is from 0.05 to 0.2 percent by weight.
The present invention includes photographic material which comprises a support base having on one side a colloid silver halide layer and on the other side a layer of gelled kappa-carrageenan, or photographic material wherein the layer of gelled kappa-carrageenan is on the same side as the colloid silver halide layer either coated on a supercoat layer on the colloid silver halide layer or preferably, coated directly as a supercoat layer on the colloid silver halide layer. Preferably, in the case of X-ray film material which comprises a colloid silver halide layer on each side of the support base there is present a gelled kappa-carrageenan layer on each colloid silver halide layer as the supercoat layer.
The following example will serve to illustrate the invention.
EXAMPLE Strips of X-ray film emulsion coated on each side of a base support were coated on each emulsion layer by the process of the present invention. There was formed a supercoat layer on each side of the photographic material which comprised a gelled layer of kappa-carrageenan. The actual coating solutions used in each case are shown in the table which follows. These strips were compared to a similar strip of X-ray film material which had on each side a gelatin supercoat.
Two tests were carried out on each of the strips. In one test the film strips were brought to equilibrium at a relative humidity of 20 percent and their resistivities at this humidity were measured under an applied potential of l0kV. The results of this test are shown in the table as set forth below under the heading Log R.
In another test, also carried out at 20 percent R.H. the propensity of the film strips to static formation was assessed. Strips were charged by being passed between rubber rollers to create a static charge which was measured by a juxtaposed field meter. An indication of how quickly the applied charge was dissipated was obtained by measuring the field again after 20 seconds. The results are shown also in the table which follows.
The kappa-carrageenan used in the foregoing example was supplied by Marine Colloids lnc., and comprises 83 percent kappa and 17 percent lambda forms.
Reduction of propensity to static and decreased resistivity is thus in evidence with all the mixtures of salt and carrageenan. The potassium salt however, is especially efficacious, and at the 0.2 percent level has substantially inhibited formation of static.
The new supercoats have substantially no effect on the initial photographic properties of the emulsion.
I claim as my invention:
1. A method of improving the surface electrical conductivity of photographic material comprising a film base and at least one silver halide emulsion layer, said method comprising the steps of: coating on to the surface of the photographic material an aqueous solution of kappa-carrageenan and at least 0.05 percent by weight, based on the weight of said solution, of a chloride of potassium or ammonium, the amount of said chloride being sufficient to cause the kappa-carrageenan to gel, allowing the coated layer to gel and drying the photographic material so as to provide thereon an antistatic coating consisting essentially of the gelled kappa-carrageenan and said chloride.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the photographic material comprises a film base carrying on one side only thereof at least one photographic silver halide emulsion layer and the said aqueous solution is applied to the other side of the film base.
6. Photographic material comprising a film base, at least one silver halide emulsion layer and a dried layer of a gelled kappa-carrageenan and potassium or ammonium chloride.
Claims (5)
- 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein concentration of kappa-carrageenan in the aqueous solution is from 0.2 to 1 percent by weight of said solution.
- 3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the concentration of chloride of potassium or ammonium in the coating solution is from 0.05 to 0.2 percent by weight.
- 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the photographic material comprises a film base carrying at least one photographic silver halide emulsion layer and the said aqueous solution is applied to the surface of the outermost emulsion layer.
- 5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the photographic material comprises a film base carrying on one side only thereof at least one photographic silver halide emulsion layer and the said aqueous solution is applied to the other side of the film base.
- 6. Photographic material comprising a film base, at least one silver halide emulsion layer and a dried layer of a gelled kappa-carrageenan and potassium or ammonium chloride.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US6010070A | 1970-07-31 | 1970-07-31 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3655384A true US3655384A (en) | 1972-04-11 |
Family
ID=22027356
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US60100A Expired - Lifetime US3655384A (en) | 1970-07-31 | 1970-07-31 | Anti-static coating for photographic emulsion layers |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3655384A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1991007972A1 (en) * | 1989-11-29 | 1991-06-13 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Gelled aqueous insect bait |
| EP2385425A1 (en) | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-09 | Fujifilm Corporation | Silver halide photographic light-sensitive material for movie |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2772165A (en) * | 1953-05-11 | 1956-11-27 | Du Pont | Method of making a silver halide emulsion |
| US2863769A (en) * | 1954-09-03 | 1958-12-09 | Du Pont | Process of preparing silver halide dispersions |
| US3184311A (en) * | 1962-03-09 | 1965-05-18 | Eastman Kodak Co | Furcellaran as an antistatic agent for photographic film |
| US3250620A (en) * | 1962-01-18 | 1966-05-10 | Eastman Kodak Co | Silver halide emulsions having chill-setting properties |
-
1970
- 1970-07-31 US US60100A patent/US3655384A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2772165A (en) * | 1953-05-11 | 1956-11-27 | Du Pont | Method of making a silver halide emulsion |
| US2863769A (en) * | 1954-09-03 | 1958-12-09 | Du Pont | Process of preparing silver halide dispersions |
| US3250620A (en) * | 1962-01-18 | 1966-05-10 | Eastman Kodak Co | Silver halide emulsions having chill-setting properties |
| US3184311A (en) * | 1962-03-09 | 1965-05-18 | Eastman Kodak Co | Furcellaran as an antistatic agent for photographic film |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1991007972A1 (en) * | 1989-11-29 | 1991-06-13 | S.C. Johnson & Son, Inc. | Gelled aqueous insect bait |
| EP2385425A1 (en) | 2010-05-07 | 2011-11-09 | Fujifilm Corporation | Silver halide photographic light-sensitive material for movie |
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