US3654162A - Ferrimagnetic iron garnet having large faraday effect - Google Patents
Ferrimagnetic iron garnet having large faraday effect Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3654162A US3654162A US77346A US3654162DA US3654162A US 3654162 A US3654162 A US 3654162A US 77346 A US77346 A US 77346A US 3654162D A US3654162D A US 3654162DA US 3654162 A US3654162 A US 3654162A
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- garnet
- rare earth
- iron garnet
- iron
- faraday effect
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 54
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 25
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 title abstract description 20
- 230000005293 ferrimagnetic effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 title description 10
- 230000005291 magnetic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 16
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 16
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 19
- 230000005415 magnetization Effects 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000015654 memory Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 3
- ZSOJHTHUCUGDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N gadolinium iron Chemical compound [Fe].[Gd] ZSOJHTHUCUGDHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- -1 rare earth ion Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000237502 Ostreidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001451 bismuth ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005347 demagnetization Effects 0.000 description 1
- CPBQJMYROZQQJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium neon Chemical compound [He].[Ne] CPBQJMYROZQQJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000382 optic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020636 oyster Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/01—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics
- C04B35/26—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on ferrites
- C04B35/2641—Compositions containing one or more ferrites of the group comprising rare earth metals and one or more ferrites of the group comprising alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or lead
Definitions
- This invention relates to a ferrimagnetic iron garnet containing in combination a trivalent bismuth ion and a magnetic rare earth ion.
- the new garnet has a large Faraday effect and a thermally sensitive magnetic compensation point making it particularly useful as a component in magneto-optical variable memories.
- Magneto-optical memories have been devised which make use of the optical Faraday effect and temperature compensation properties of certain rare earth iron garnets to achieve a memory in which both the read-in and readout processes are optically controlled.
- Such materials have magnetic sublattice magnetizations with different temperature characteristics and each becomes magnetically compensated only at a specific temperature. For example, Gd Fe O Tb Fe O Dy Fe O and several of the heavier rare earth iron garnets become magnetically compensated at approximately 290 K., 250 K., 220 K. and lower temperatures respectively.
- a typical magneto-optical memory consists of a closely packed mosaic of small thin rare earth iron garnet crystals mounted on a transparent, high thermal conductivity, sub- 3,654,162 Patented Apr. 4, 1972 ICC strate maintained at the compensation temperature.
- Each crystal comprises a single domain in which the net magnetization is zero, the zero magnetization resulting from the rare earth and iron sublattices being in either of the two remanent opposing magnetization directions normal to the crystal surface.
- a low-intensity beam of linearly polarized light is incident on a selected crystal, its axis of polarization is rotated clockwise or counter-clockwise depending on which of the two remanent iron sublattice magnetization directions was previously established in the crystal.
- a polarization analyzer samples the light emerging from the crystal and, by sensing the direction of the Faraday rotation, produces an output corresponding to the specific magnetization direction of the iron sublattice in the selected crystal.
- this rotation is about 1000 degrees per centimeter for a beam of linearly polarized light having a wavelength of 6328 angstroms.
- a substantially monochromatic beam at this wavelength may be obtained for a commercially available helium-neon gas laser.
- Information is read-in to a selected crystal of the mosaic by focusing a pulsed high-intensity beam on the crystal thereby raising its temperature locally by a few degrees. This produces a large temporary reduction of its coercivity relative to the remainder of the crystals in the mosaic. Consequently, a magnetic field of appropriate direction applied to the entire array can be used to reverse the magnetization of the addressed crystal Without disturbing the other crystals in the mosaic which are maintained at the compensation temperature. The magnetic field is turned off once the crystal has cooled to a point where demagnetization cannot occur.
- Magnetooptical memories of this type are described in the paper Magneto-Optical Variable Memory Based Upon the Properties of a Transparent Ferrirnagnetic Garnet at Its Compensation Temperature, Chang et al., Journal of Applied Physics, volume 36, No. 3, March 1965.
- compositions of matter which have thermally induced magnetic compensation points together with unusually large Faraday effects.
- These compositions consist essentially of a ternary system having the general formula ⁇ Bi Ln Ca ⁇ [Fe ](Fe V )O where the rare earth Ln is selected from a first group consisting of Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er or a second group consisting of Pr and Nd. In this formula 0gx 1.4 and 0.05 y 2.9.
- a thermally induced magnetic compensation point exists only at one specific temperature below the Curie temperature for values of x equal to and greater than zero and less than unity, and for rare earths of the second group the compensation point exists for values of x greater than unity and less than approximately 1.4.
- the magnetic moments of the heavier rare earth couple opposite that of the tetrahedral iron sublattice which remains dominant.
- thermally compensated compositions can be obtained for the specified Values of x because for these values the rare earth moment orders parallel to the tetrahedral iron moments.
- the mixture was heated in a covered platinum crucible to 1200 C. to form a melt and then allowed to slowly cool at a rate of about 4 degrees per hour to 950 C. to form crystals of a garnet having the approximate formula o.s o .a 1.s 4.2 o .8 12
- the crystals grown in this way had a magnetic compensation temperature of 237 K. and exhibited a Faraday rotation of 7000 to 8000 degrees per centimeter when exposed to a linearly polarized light beam at 6328 angstroms. This rotation occurred in the temperature range 200 to 300 K. with the sign of the Faraday effect changing from positive above the compensation temperature to negative below this temperature.
- the Faraday effect for the preferred material is several times larger than and has an opposite sign from that found in gadolinium iron garnet.
- compositions can be obtained by a similar flux growth method, as is well known in the art, and other rare earth oxides can be substituted for Gd O Also, additional flux forming compounds, such as PbO, PbF and B 0 can be added to achieve optimum compositions.
Abstract
A FERRIMAGNETIC IRON GARNET HAVING THE GENERAL FORMULA
(BI3-2X-YLNYCA2X)(FE2)(FE3-XVX)O12
WHERE LN IS A TRIVALENT RARE EARTH ELEMENTF AND X AN Y ARE SELECTED TO PROVIDE BOTH A LARGE FARADY ROTATION AND A THERMALLY INDUCED MAGNETIC COMPENSATION POINT. THE GARNET IS PARTICULARLY APPLICABLE TO MAGNETO-OPTICAL MEMORIES IN WHICH BOTH THE READ-IN AND READ-OUT PROCESSES ARE OPTICALLY CONTROLLED.
(BI3-2X-YLNYCA2X)(FE2)(FE3-XVX)O12
WHERE LN IS A TRIVALENT RARE EARTH ELEMENTF AND X AN Y ARE SELECTED TO PROVIDE BOTH A LARGE FARADY ROTATION AND A THERMALLY INDUCED MAGNETIC COMPENSATION POINT. THE GARNET IS PARTICULARLY APPLICABLE TO MAGNETO-OPTICAL MEMORIES IN WHICH BOTH THE READ-IN AND READ-OUT PROCESSES ARE OPTICALLY CONTROLLED.
Description
United States Patent 3,654,162 FERRIIVIAGNETIC IRON GARNET HAVING LARGE FARADAY EFFECT Carl F. Buhrer, Oyster Bay, N.Y., assignor to GTE Laboratories Incorporated N Drawing. Filed Oct. 1, H70, Ser. No. 77,346 Int. Cl. C04b 35/00; G02f 1/22 US. Cl. 252-6257 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A ferrimagnetic iron garnet having the general formula Where Ln is a trivalent rare earth element and x and y are selected to provide both a large Faraday rotation and a thermally induced magnetic compensation point. The garnet is particularly applicable to magneto-optical memories in which both the read-in and read-out processes are optically controlled.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a ferrimagnetic iron garnet containing in combination a trivalent bismuth ion and a magnetic rare earth ion. The new garnet has a large Faraday effect and a thermally sensitive magnetic compensation point making it particularly useful as a component in magneto-optical variable memories.
Magneto-optical memories have been devised which make use of the optical Faraday effect and temperature compensation properties of certain rare earth iron garnets to achieve a memory in which both the read-in and readout processes are optically controlled. Such materials have magnetic sublattice magnetizations with different temperature characteristics and each becomes magnetically compensated only at a specific temperature. For example, Gd Fe O Tb Fe O Dy Fe O and several of the heavier rare earth iron garnets become magnetically compensated at approximately 290 K., 250 K., 220 K. and lower temperatures respectively.
In these materials there are three magnetic sublattices containing two octahedral Fe ions with a moment of Bohr magnetons, three tetrahedral Fe ions with a moment of 15 Bohr magnetons and three rare earth ions per formula unit. The net iron moment of 5 Bohr magnetons is opposed by the rare earth moments in the case of Gd Tb and Dy and, at a sufficiently low temperature, these rare earth moments reach the net iron moment and the material becomes compensated. A crystal maintained at the compensation temperature requires a relatively large coercive magnetic field to reverse the magnetization directions of the rare earth and iron sublattices; however, a small temperature excursion (about 3 C. for gadolinium iron garnet) from the compensation temperature results in a large reduction in the magnitude of the required coercive field.
When a beam of linearly polarized light is transmitted through a thin section of a rare earth iron garnet in the same direction as an applied magnetic field, it undergoes a Faraday rotation in a first direction. The sense of rotation reverses when the direction of magnetization of the iron sublattice is reversed. The rotation depends essentially on the magnetization of the iron sublattice and therefore the rotation occurs over a range of temperatures including the compensation point where the net magnetization of the crystal is zero.
A typical magneto-optical memory consists of a closely packed mosaic of small thin rare earth iron garnet crystals mounted on a transparent, high thermal conductivity, sub- 3,654,162 Patented Apr. 4, 1972 ICC strate maintained at the compensation temperature. Each crystal comprises a single domain in which the net magnetization is zero, the zero magnetization resulting from the rare earth and iron sublattices being in either of the two remanent opposing magnetization directions normal to the crystal surface. When a low-intensity beam of linearly polarized light is incident on a selected crystal, its axis of polarization is rotated clockwise or counter-clockwise depending on which of the two remanent iron sublattice magnetization directions was previously established in the crystal. A polarization analyzer samples the light emerging from the crystal and, by sensing the direction of the Faraday rotation, produces an output corresponding to the specific magnetization direction of the iron sublattice in the selected crystal. In gadolinium iron garnet, for example, this rotation is about 1000 degrees per centimeter for a beam of linearly polarized light having a wavelength of 6328 angstroms. A substantially monochromatic beam at this wavelength may be obtained for a commercially available helium-neon gas laser.
Information is read-in to a selected crystal of the mosaic by focusing a pulsed high-intensity beam on the crystal thereby raising its temperature locally by a few degrees. This produces a large temporary reduction of its coercivity relative to the remainder of the crystals in the mosaic. Consequently, a magnetic field of appropriate direction applied to the entire array can be used to reverse the magnetization of the addressed crystal Without disturbing the other crystals in the mosaic which are maintained at the compensation temperature. The magnetic field is turned off once the crystal has cooled to a point where demagnetization cannot occur. Magnetooptical memories of this type are described in the paper Magneto-Optical Variable Memory Based Upon the Properties of a Transparent Ferrirnagnetic Garnet at Its Compensation Temperature, Chang et al., Journal of Applied Physics, volume 36, No. 3, March 1965.
It can be seen that the magnitude of the Faraday effect governs the reliability of the read-out process and therefore it is desirable to use magneto-optic materials having Faraday rotations which are as large as possible. Accordingly, I have invented a material which yields a significantly larger Faraday effect than previously known rare earth iron garnets and which has a thermally sensitive magnetic compensation.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention I have discovered a series of compositions of matter which have thermally induced magnetic compensation points together with unusually large Faraday effects. These compositions consist essentially of a ternary system having the general formula {Bi Ln Ca }[Fe ](Fe V )O where the rare earth Ln is selected from a first group consisting of Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er or a second group consisting of Pr and Nd. In this formula 0gx 1.4 and 0.05 y 2.9.
For the rare earths of the first group, a thermally induced magnetic compensation point exists only at one specific temperature below the Curie temperature for values of x equal to and greater than zero and less than unity, and for rare earths of the second group the compensation point exists for values of x greater than unity and less than approximately 1.4. In the case of the rare earths of the first group, the magnetic moments of the heavier rare earth couple opposite that of the tetrahedral iron sublattice which remains dominant. In the case of the second group, Pr and Nd, thermally compensated compositions can be obtained for the specified Values of x because for these values the rare earth moment orders parallel to the tetrahedral iron moments.
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The specific values of x and y in the general formula determine several factors including (1) the magnitude of the Faraday effect, (2) the compensation temperature, (3) the rate of change of magnetization with tem perature at the compensation point, and (4) the phase stability. A preferred composition was synthesized by mixing the following compounds in the indicated proportions:
Parts by Compound: Weight CaCO 12.8 F6203 V 6.2 Bi O 49.7 Gd O 10.8
The mixture was heated in a covered platinum crucible to 1200 C. to form a melt and then allowed to slowly cool at a rate of about 4 degrees per hour to 950 C. to form crystals of a garnet having the approximate formula o.s o .a 1.s 4.2 o .8 12
These crystals were then separated by washing the mixture in dilute nitric acid which dissolve the solidified flux leaving the desired crystals relatively unaffected.
The crystals grown in this way had a magnetic compensation temperature of 237 K. and exhibited a Faraday rotation of 7000 to 8000 degrees per centimeter when exposed to a linearly polarized light beam at 6328 angstroms. This rotation occurred in the temperature range 200 to 300 K. with the sign of the Faraday effect changing from positive above the compensation temperature to negative below this temperature. The Faraday effect for the preferred material is several times larger than and has an opposite sign from that found in gadolinium iron garnet.
Other compositions can be obtained by a similar flux growth method, as is well known in the art, and other rare earth oxides can be substituted for Gd O Also, additional flux forming compounds, such as PbO, PbF and B 0 can be added to achieve optimum compositions.
What is claimed is: 1. A ferrimagnetic iron garnet having the general formula 3-2xy y 2x) 2) 3x x) 012 wherein y is greater than 0.05 and less than 2.9 and x is equal to or greater than 0 and less than 1.4 but not equal to 1 and wherein Ln is selected from the group consisting of Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho and Er when x is equal to or greater than 0 and less than 1 and Ln is selected from the group consisting of Pr and Nd when x is greater than 1 and less than 1.4, said garnet having a thermally induced magnetic compensation point and a Faraday rotation larger than the corresponding rotation of Ln Fe O 2. A ferrimagnetic iron garnet as defined by claim 1 and wherein Ln is selected from the group consisting of Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er.
3. A ferrimagnetic iron garnet as defined by claim 1 and wherein Ln is selected from the group consisting of Pr and Nd.
4. A ferrimagnetic iron garnet as defined by claim 1 wherein Ln is Gd.
5. A ferrimagnetic iron garnet as defined by claim 4 wherein x and y are each approximately 0.8.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,156,651 11/1964 Geller 25262.57 3,268,452 8/1966 Geller 25262.57 X 3,281,363 10/1966 Geller et al 25262.57 3,291,740 12/1966 Espinosa et al. 25262.57 X
JAMES E. POER, Primary Examiner J. COOPER, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 25262.56, 62.63
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US7734670A | 1970-10-01 | 1970-10-01 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3654162A true US3654162A (en) | 1972-04-04 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US77346A Expired - Lifetime US3654162A (en) | 1970-10-01 | 1970-10-01 | Ferrimagnetic iron garnet having large faraday effect |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3763045A (en) * | 1970-04-03 | 1973-10-02 | Nippon Electric Co | Calcium-vanadium ferrimagnetic garnets |
| DE2349348A1 (en) * | 1972-10-07 | 1974-04-11 | Philips Nv | MAGNETIC DEVICE WITH A MAGNETO-OPTICAL MEDIUM AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING IT |
| DE2643793A1 (en) * | 1975-10-07 | 1977-05-12 | Philips Nv | PROCESS FOR GROWING MONOCRYSTALLINE EPITACTIC LAYERS FROM RARE EARTH IRON GARNET MATERIALS |
| US4333991A (en) * | 1980-05-01 | 1982-06-08 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Magnetic garnet film and manufacturing method therefor |
| US4434212A (en) | 1980-07-11 | 1984-02-28 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Device for propagating magnetic domains |
| US5709811A (en) * | 1995-04-11 | 1998-01-20 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Magnetic material for microwave and high-frequency circuit component using the same |
| GB2600860A (en) * | 2015-06-15 | 2022-05-11 | Skyworks Solutions Inc | Ultra-high dielectric constant garnet |
-
1970
- 1970-10-01 US US77346A patent/US3654162A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3763045A (en) * | 1970-04-03 | 1973-10-02 | Nippon Electric Co | Calcium-vanadium ferrimagnetic garnets |
| DE2349348A1 (en) * | 1972-10-07 | 1974-04-11 | Philips Nv | MAGNETIC DEVICE WITH A MAGNETO-OPTICAL MEDIUM AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING IT |
| DE2643793A1 (en) * | 1975-10-07 | 1977-05-12 | Philips Nv | PROCESS FOR GROWING MONOCRYSTALLINE EPITACTIC LAYERS FROM RARE EARTH IRON GARNET MATERIALS |
| US4077832A (en) * | 1975-10-07 | 1978-03-07 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Epitaxial growth of bismuth rare earth iron garnet from a flux of bismuth oxide and alkali metal oxide |
| US4333991A (en) * | 1980-05-01 | 1982-06-08 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Magnetic garnet film and manufacturing method therefor |
| US4434212A (en) | 1980-07-11 | 1984-02-28 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Device for propagating magnetic domains |
| US5709811A (en) * | 1995-04-11 | 1998-01-20 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Magnetic material for microwave and high-frequency circuit component using the same |
| GB2600860A (en) * | 2015-06-15 | 2022-05-11 | Skyworks Solutions Inc | Ultra-high dielectric constant garnet |
| GB2600860B (en) * | 2015-06-15 | 2022-08-17 | Skyworks Solutions Inc | Ultra-high dielectric constant garnet |
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