US3653891A - Forms overlay technique using tesi - Google Patents

Forms overlay technique using tesi Download PDF

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Publication number
US3653891A
US3653891A US889430A US3653891DA US3653891A US 3653891 A US3653891 A US 3653891A US 889430 A US889430 A US 889430A US 3653891D A US3653891D A US 3653891DA US 3653891 A US3653891 A US 3653891A
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United States
Prior art keywords
positive
charge
negative
information
image
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Expired - Lifetime
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US889430A
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English (en)
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Thomas L Thourson
Oscar G Hauser
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/04—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for exposing, i.e. imagewise exposure by optically projecting the original image on a photoconductive recording material
    • G03G15/04018—Image composition, e.g. adding or superposing informations on the original image
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/05—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for imagewise charging, e.g. photoconductive control screen, optically activated charging means

Definitions

  • any ['56] References Cited optical input may be used to deposit a positive electrostatic latent image on a suitable receiver to provide a composite MTE S A S PATENTS image.
  • This method of forming a composite image from optically positive and negative information may be used in a forms 2,937,943 5/1960 Walkup ..96/l overlay fashion where it is desired to have ready access to 2,825,814 3/1958 Walkup "250/495 tain forms for printout with information complimentary 3240596 3/1966 Medley et aL "96/1 thereto or in any other electrophotographic image application 3,147,679 9/1964 f 95/1-7 where it is desired to employ one developer to develop comgemck l posite images prepared from such information.
  • 2,297,691 there is provided a process and apparatus for electrophotography or xerography wherein an electrostatic charge is applied to the surface of a photoconductive insulating layer, and this charge is selectively dissipated by exposure to a pattern of light and shadow to be recorded. This selective charge dissipation results in an electrostatic latent image corresponding in its charge pattern to the pattern of light and shadow to which the photoconductive insulating layer was exposed.
  • an electrostatic image may be formed in this manner and may be utilized as desired, for example, by development or deposition of finely divided material in conformity with the charge pattern, optionally, together with the transfer of the developed image to a print receiving surface.
  • the development process may be effected by employing well-known techniques in the art such as powder cloud development as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,725,305 and 2,9 l 8,910, magnetic brush development disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,791,949 and 3,015,305, and cascade development as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,618,551 and 2,618,552.
  • cascade development a developer which may consist of a carrier'in a toner material is caused to flow or cascade onto a latent electrostatic image to be developed.
  • the carrier and toners generally used possess triboelectric properties, that is the ability of the carrier and toner to assume charges opposite to one another, upon contact with one another or certain other materials, the toner assuming a charge opposite to the charge of the latent electrostatic image so as to be attracted by and affixed to the electrostatic charge pattern.
  • the carrier particles may comprise any suitable solid material, provided that the carrier particles as stated above acquire a charge having an opposite polarity to that of the toner particles when brought in close contact with the toner particles so that the toner particles may cling to and surround the carrier particles.
  • the carrier particle is selected so that the toner particles acquire a charge having a polarity opposite to that of the electrostatic image.
  • the carrier is selected so that the toner particles acquire a charge having the same polarity as that of the electrostatic image.
  • the materials for the carrier particles are selected in accordance with their triboelectric properties in respect to the electroscopic toner so that when mixed or brought into mutual contact, one component of the developer is charged positively if the other component is below the first component in the triboelectric series and negatively if the other component is above the first component in the triboelectric series.
  • the polarities of their charge when mixed are such that the electroscopic toner particles adhere to and are coated on the surface of carrier particles and also adhere to that portion of the electrostatic image bearing surface having a greater attraction for the toner than the carrier particles.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide a method and apparatus which form a positive image from either optically positive or optically negative information.
  • Yet another object of this invention is to provide a novel method and apparatus which eliminate the requirement for more than one developer in developing electrostatic images from either optically positive or optically negative input.
  • Still another object of this invention is to provide a novel method of transfer for electrostatic images.
  • Yet another object of this invention is to provide a novel apparatus for the transfer of latent electrostatic images.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide method and apparatus for the transfer of one electrostatic image over which may be superimposed in an overlay fashion another electrostatic image.
  • Still another object of this invention is to provide a method wherein information in the configuration of a form may be made readily available in order to be printed out along with information complimentary to such form.
  • Still another object of this invention is to provide a versatile method and means of transferring latent electrostatic images which provide for remote development eliminating contact of the photoreceptor surface with toner and the consequential cleaning thereof.
  • An electric field is imposed through a photoconductive layer and to a contiguous insulating receiver while the photoconductive layer is subject to the action of a pattern of light and shadow of visible light or other activating radiation.
  • the contiguous insulating surface is positioned adjacent the surface of the photoconductive layer and is spaced therefrom by an extremely minute distance such as, for example, the small gas or air gap existent in a condition of virtual contact of one surface with another.
  • an insulating receiver sheet is placed so as to be in virtual contact with a conductive roller and a photoconductor supported by a suitable grounded support substrate. While the photoconductor is uniformly exposed to illumination, a voltage, for example a negative voltage, of about -750 volts with respect to the photoconductor support substrate is applied to the roller as the roller passes across the receiver sheet. An electric breakdown occurs in the gap between the receiver sheet and the photoconductor surface as the receiver sheet approaches the photoconductor surface resulting in the deposition of a more or less uniform positive charge on the surface of the receiver sheet.
  • a voltage for example a negative voltage
  • the photoconductor surface is then exposed to information which, for example, may be optically positive while at the same time a positive voltage for example about +750 volts is applied to the roller.
  • a positive voltage for example about +750 volts
  • a second electric breakdown of the air in the gap again occurs between the photoconductor and receiver sheet.
  • a deposition of a more or less negative charge occurs which tends to cancel out the original uniformly deposited positive charge forming a positive latent electrostatic image in the unilluminated regions of the receiver sheet.
  • the photoconductor surface is then exposed to optically negative information while a negative potential of, for example, about 750 volts is applied to the roller.
  • the receiver sheet is then again rolled into contact with the photoconductor surface resulting in another electric breakdown of the air in the gap which deposits a more or less positive charge on the receiver sheet in those regions which are illuminated.
  • the image support receiver may then be removed and developed using one developer at a remote station.
  • the voltage of the charge transferred to thepaper or V is about +170 volts, for about a +1 ,000 volt bias on about a 50 micron selenium layer while V, is about -119 volts for about a 1,000 volt bias on the same layer. If the velocity of the contact area across the photoconductor surface or V, is changed to about inches per second, then V, is about +140 volts for about a +l,000 volt bias on about a 50 micron selenium layer. Thus a higher velocity, V, or alternatively a shorter contact time, produces a lower transferred charge density on the paper.
  • the transferred charge density has also been shown to be dependent on the photoconductor thickness. Varying V, and the thickness of the selenium photoconductive layer while other parameters are held constant, it has been found that V, is about +170 volts when about a 50 micron selenium layer plate is used and about +140 volts when about a 100 micron selenium layer is used.
  • the process may be somewhat optimized generally by the use of thin photoconductors, preferred polarity of applied voltages, low velocities and/or long contact times (in the order of about 50 milliseconds) when an applied voltage of about 5001,200 volts is used and the insulator has a low dielectric thickness (in the order of about 1 micron).
  • FIG. 1 illustrates charging of the dielectric receiver sheet.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates imaging of the dielectric receiver sheet from an optically positive source.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates imaging of the dielectric receiver sheet from an optically negative source.
  • FIG. 4 is illustrative of one embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 is seen the method of charging a dielectric sheet employed by the process of the present invention by passing a dielectric receiver sheet 4 between a conducting roller 3 and a photoconductive surface 2 afiixed to a conductive electrode 1.
  • Uniform illumination is radiated through the electrode 1 while a negative charge is applied to the conductive roller 3 causing charge induced in the electrode to migrate from the electrode to the photoconductor surface resulting in an electric breakdown in the gap depositing a uniform positive charge on the surface of the dielectric receiver sheet 4 as shown.
  • FIG. 2 the schematic of FIG. 1 is first repeated and then an optically positive image is exposed to the electrode surface while a positive charge is applied to the conductive roller 3.
  • Exposure of an optically positive image to the electrode surface 1 causes light to strike the electrode surface 1 in nonimage areas resulting in charge migrating from the electrode 1 through the photoconductor 2 causing an electric breakdown in the gap and deposition of a negative charge in nonimage areas on the surface of the dielectric receiver sheet 4 tending to cancel out the formerly deposited positive charge in the same nonimage areas.
  • optically positive input is converted to a positive electrostatic image on the surface of the dielectric receiver sheet 4.
  • FIG. 3 the same schematic structure as shown in FIG. 2 is illustrated with the exception that the dielectric receiver sheet 4 having been imaged as described in FIG. 2 is now exposed to optically negative information with a charge applied to the conductive roller 3 negative with respect to the conductive electrode 1. Light now strikes the surface of the electrode 1 and charge migrates through the photoconductor 2 resulting in an electric breakdown in the gap depositing a positive charge in image areas on the dielectric receiver sheet 4.
  • FIG. 4 is seen one embodiment of an apparatus employing the process of the present invention wherein a source of flood illumination 21 is exposed to the backside of a transparent plate 10 having a conductive coating 11 thereon over which is located a photoconductive material 12.
  • a dielectric web or insulating receiver usually dielectric coated paper 13 is brought into contact with the photoconductive surface 12 while the conductive coating of the glass plate is held at a positive potential of for example about +1,000 volts.
  • the rolling motion of the conductive rubber roller 15 which is pressed against the backside of the dielectric web applies the charge to photoconductive surface 12 being pressed into contact with photoconductive surface 12 by spring assembly 17. Delrin, guiding, fingers l4 prevent premature contact between the paper 13 and the photoconductive surface 12.
  • the dielectric web is wound on a roll 16.
  • Plate 10 is then imagewise exposed to an object 19 illuminated by light source 20 passing through a lens 22.
  • the polarity of the conductive coating 11 is reversed by activating a suitable reversing mechanism to about l,250 volts and the direction of the roller 15 is also reversed.
  • the dielectric web is then released and advanced to the development station where the latent electrostatic image deposited on the surface may be developed.
  • imaging in the positive mode is accomplished from an optically positive image source.
  • imagewise illumination is provided by light source 20 illuminating the subject 19 which is focused onto the plane of the conducting coating 11 by a lens 22.
  • the conducting coating of the glass plate 11 is held at a positive voltage, for example +1 ,000 volts, while the conductive roller 15 brings the dielectric web 13 into contact with the photoconductor surface 12.
  • This procedure is identical to the procedure as set out above in the positive to positive mode, however, there is no second pass in this mode so that the dielectric web is now released in order to be advanced to a development station where the electrostatic image deposited thereon may be developed.
  • Typical sources and systems of illumination include tungsten filaments, quartz-iodine sources, carbon arc lamps and mercury vapor lamps.
  • conductive electrodes include NESA glass, tin oxide coated glass, aluminized Mylar (polyethyleneterephthalate), conductive polymers, metals such as chromium, aluminum, brass, stainless steel, copper, zinc, and alloys thereof.
  • a conductive NESA glass electrode is preferred because it is not restricted in view of its transparency to the direction of exposure that may be utilized.
  • Any suitable photoconductive material may be used in utilizing the system of the present invention.
  • the photoconductive composition utilized may be coated on a substrate or may be dispersed in a binder.
  • Any suitable organic or inorganic photoconductor may be used in the system of the present invention.
  • Typical inorganic photoconductive materials include: sulfur, selenium, zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, zinc cadmium sulfide, zinc magnesium oxide, cadmium selenide, zinc silicate, calcium strontium sulfide, cadmium sulfide, mercuric iodide, mercuric oxide, mercuric sulfide, indium trisulfide, gallium triselenide, arsenic disulfide, arsenic trisulfide, arsenic triselenide, antimony trisulfide, cadmium sulfo-selenide and mixtures thereof.
  • Typical organic photoconductors include: triphenylamine; 2,4-bis(4,4-diethyl-amino-phenyl)- l ,3,4oxadiazol; N-isopropylcarbazole triphenylpyrrol; 4,5-diphenylimidazolidinone; 4,5diphenylimidazolidinelthione; 4,5-bis-(4 -arnino-phenyl )-imidazolidinone; 1,5-dicyanonaphthalene; 1,4-dicyanonaphthalene, nitrophthalodinitrile; l ,2,5 ,6-tetraazacyclooctatetraene- (2,4,6,8 2-mercapto-benzthiazole-2-phenyl-4diphenylideneoxazolone; 6-hydroxy-2,3-di(p-methoxy-phenyl)-benzofurane; 4-dimethylamino-benzylidene-benzhydrazide; 3-
  • dielectric receiver sheet Any suitable dielectric receiver sheet may be employed in utilizing the system of the present invention.
  • Typical dielectric receiver sheets include non-conductive paper, polyurethane, polyvinylchloride, polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyvinylfluoride, polypropylene, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate and polyvinylbutyral.
  • Typical conducting rollers include conductive rubber, chromium, aluminum, brass, and aluminized polyesters.
  • Any suitable method of development may be employed in utilizing the system of the present invention.
  • Typical methods of development include powder cloud development more fully described in US. Pat. Nos. 2,725,305 and 2,918,910, cascade development more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,618,551 and 2,618,552, brush development more fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,791,949 and 3,015,305 and touchdown development.
  • Any suitable fixing means may be used in the course of the present invention to fix the transferred image to the surface of aminophthalodinitrile,
  • Typical fixing methods include heat-pressure fusing, radiant fusing, combination radiant, conductive and convection fusing, cold pressure fixing and flash fusing.
  • a dielectric paper, PS 66-629, manufactured by Plastic Coating Corp. is passed between a conductive rubber roller charged to about 1 ,000 volts so as to come into intimate contact with about a 50 micron layer of selenium having a NESA glass support substrate.
  • a Watt lamp is used to illuminate the NESA glass causing positive charge induced by the negatively charged conductive rubber roller to migrate from the NESA glass electrode to the photoconductive surface causing electric breakdown in the gap.
  • An optically positive print is then flood exposed by a 150 Watt lamp in position over the surface of the NESA glass causing the surface of the N ESA to be illuminated imagewise while a positive charge of about +750 volts is applied to the conductive rubber roller.
  • Positive charge induced by the negatively charged conductive rubber roller is caused to migrate to image areas from the conductive NESA electrode to the photoconductive surface causing breakdown in the gap and deposition of positive charge imagewise on the paper.
  • the receiver sheet is removed and developed by a magnetic brush.
  • the brush is formed by dipping a magnet, contained in a testing tube, into a mixture of iron fillings and Xerox toner.
  • a dielectric coated paper, PS 66-629, is passed between a conductive roller charged to about +750 volts so as to come into intimate contact with about a 50 micron layer of selenium having a NESA glass support substrate.
  • a 150 Watt lamp is used to illuminate the NESA glass causing electric breakdown in the gap.
  • An optically positive print is then flood exposed by a 150 Watt lamp positioned over the surface of the NESA glass causing the surface of the NESA to be illuminated imagewise while a negative charge of about 750 volts is applied to the conductive rubber roller.
  • Negative charge induced by the positively charged conductive rubber roller is caused to migrate in image areas from the conductive NESA electrode to the photoconductive surface causing breakdown in the gap and deposition of positive charge imagewise on the paper.
  • the receiver sheet is then removed and developed by a magnetic brush.
  • any of the above listed typical materials may be substituted when suitable in the above examples with similar results.
  • steps used to carry out the process of the present invention other steps or modifications may be used, if desirable.
  • optically negative information may be superimposed on optically negative information resulting in a positive electrostatic latent image or any one of a number of combinations involving more than two imaging steps may be employed as desired.
  • sequential techniques more fully described in US. Pat. No. 2,825,814 may be employed in connection with the process of the present invention.
  • other materials may be incorporated in the system of the present invention which will enhance, synergize or otherwise desirably effect the properties of the systems for their present use.
  • a smooth thin coating of a dielectric material for example Tedlar (polyvinylfluoride film), may be applied to the surface of the photoconductor in order to avoid irregularities in the gap between the photoconductor and the dielectric receiver sheet.
  • Tedlar polyvinylfluoride film
  • a method of forming a composite electrostatic image on an insulating receiver sheet from optically positive and optically negative information comprising providing a grounded photoconductive layer, uniformly applying a positive charge to an insulating receiver sheet, placing the charged surface of said receiver sheet into virtual contact with said photoconductive layer, placing a positively charged conductive member adapted to move the receiver sheet into and out of virtual contact with said photoconductive layer adjacent the free surface of said receiver sheet, exposing said receiver sheet to a first pattern of radiation through said photoconductive layer while moving said conductive member to move the receiver out of contact with said photoconductive layer causing negative charges to deposit on said receiver by electrical breakdown of the air in the immediate vicinity of said receiver in conformance with said information, reversing the polarity of said conductive member, and exposing said receiver to a second pattern of radiation opposite in optical sense from said first pattern through said photoconductive layer while moving said conductive member to move the receiver back into virtual contact with said photoconductive layer causing positive electrical charges to deposit on said receiver by electrical breakdown in conformity with said second pattern.
US889430A 1969-12-31 1969-12-31 Forms overlay technique using tesi Expired - Lifetime US3653891A (en)

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JP (1) JPS4946945B1 (ja)
BE (1) BE761030A (ja)
CA (1) CA946912A (ja)
DE (1) DE2064651A1 (ja)
FR (1) FR2072160B1 (ja)
GB (1) GB1339714A (ja)
NL (1) NL7018822A (ja)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3827800A (en) * 1972-03-15 1974-08-06 Minolta Camera Kk Apparatus for transferring electrostatic latent images in electrophotographic copiers of image transfer type
US3841750A (en) * 1972-05-23 1974-10-15 Ricoh Kk Electrophotographic transfer-printing device
US3871878A (en) * 1972-05-25 1975-03-18 Minolta Camera Kk Electrophotographic or xerographic method for treating a picture image
US4182266A (en) * 1976-07-21 1980-01-08 Research Laboratories Of Australia Pty. Limited Means for the production of lithographic printing plates
US4245555A (en) * 1978-09-11 1981-01-20 Research Laboratories Of Australia Pty Limited Electrostatic transfer process for producing lithographic printing plates
US4556309A (en) * 1982-12-29 1985-12-03 Coulter Systems Corporation Electrophotographic imaging apparatus, particularly for color proofing and method
US4557583A (en) * 1981-12-16 1985-12-10 Coulter Stork Patents B.V. Apparatus for transferring a toner image from a photoconductive coating to a print sheet
US4628017A (en) * 1984-11-02 1986-12-09 Ricoh Company, Limited Electrostatic image forming method
US5665497A (en) * 1989-03-16 1997-09-09 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Image recording method
US10646831B2 (en) * 2015-10-28 2020-05-12 Cnm Technologies Gmbh Method for manufacturing of a carbon nanomembrane

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2825814A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-03-04 Haloid Co Xerographic image formation
US2833648A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-05-06 Haloid Co Transfer of electrostatic charge pattern
US2937943A (en) * 1957-01-09 1960-05-24 Haloid Xerox Inc Transfer of electrostatic charge pattern
US2975052A (en) * 1956-03-19 1961-03-14 Gen Dynamics Corp Electrostatic printing
US3057719A (en) * 1958-07-09 1962-10-09 Xerox Corp Process for forming electrostatic images
US3147679A (en) * 1961-12-18 1964-09-08 Ibm Electrostatic image transfer processes and apparatus therefor
US3240596A (en) * 1961-07-28 1966-03-15 Ibm Electrophotographic processes and apparatus
US3545969A (en) * 1965-07-26 1970-12-08 Ibm Method of inducing an electrostatic charge pattern on an insulating surface

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2825814A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-03-04 Haloid Co Xerographic image formation
US2833648A (en) * 1953-07-16 1958-05-06 Haloid Co Transfer of electrostatic charge pattern
US2975052A (en) * 1956-03-19 1961-03-14 Gen Dynamics Corp Electrostatic printing
US2937943A (en) * 1957-01-09 1960-05-24 Haloid Xerox Inc Transfer of electrostatic charge pattern
US3057719A (en) * 1958-07-09 1962-10-09 Xerox Corp Process for forming electrostatic images
US3240596A (en) * 1961-07-28 1966-03-15 Ibm Electrophotographic processes and apparatus
US3147679A (en) * 1961-12-18 1964-09-08 Ibm Electrostatic image transfer processes and apparatus therefor
US3545969A (en) * 1965-07-26 1970-12-08 Ibm Method of inducing an electrostatic charge pattern on an insulating surface

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3827800A (en) * 1972-03-15 1974-08-06 Minolta Camera Kk Apparatus for transferring electrostatic latent images in electrophotographic copiers of image transfer type
US3841750A (en) * 1972-05-23 1974-10-15 Ricoh Kk Electrophotographic transfer-printing device
US3871878A (en) * 1972-05-25 1975-03-18 Minolta Camera Kk Electrophotographic or xerographic method for treating a picture image
US4182266A (en) * 1976-07-21 1980-01-08 Research Laboratories Of Australia Pty. Limited Means for the production of lithographic printing plates
US4245555A (en) * 1978-09-11 1981-01-20 Research Laboratories Of Australia Pty Limited Electrostatic transfer process for producing lithographic printing plates
US4557583A (en) * 1981-12-16 1985-12-10 Coulter Stork Patents B.V. Apparatus for transferring a toner image from a photoconductive coating to a print sheet
US4556309A (en) * 1982-12-29 1985-12-03 Coulter Systems Corporation Electrophotographic imaging apparatus, particularly for color proofing and method
US4628017A (en) * 1984-11-02 1986-12-09 Ricoh Company, Limited Electrostatic image forming method
US5665497A (en) * 1989-03-16 1997-09-09 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Image recording method
US5981122A (en) * 1989-03-16 1999-11-09 Dai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd. Image recording method
US10646831B2 (en) * 2015-10-28 2020-05-12 Cnm Technologies Gmbh Method for manufacturing of a carbon nanomembrane

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DE2064651A1 (de) 1971-07-15
CA946912A (en) 1974-05-07
JPS4946945B1 (ja) 1974-12-12
BE761030A (fr) 1971-06-30
FR2072160B1 (ja) 1973-02-02
GB1339714A (en) 1973-12-05
NL7018822A (ja) 1971-07-02
FR2072160A1 (ja) 1971-09-24

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