US3650594A - Method and apparatus for increasing the information transmitting capabilities of image forming systems - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for increasing the information transmitting capabilities of image forming systems Download PDF

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Publication number
US3650594A
US3650594A US14477A US3650594DA US3650594A US 3650594 A US3650594 A US 3650594A US 14477 A US14477 A US 14477A US 3650594D A US3650594D A US 3650594DA US 3650594 A US3650594 A US 3650594A
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waves
homogeneous
wave number
frequency spectrum
spatial frequency
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Heinrich Nassenstein
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Bayer AG
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Bayer AG
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/56—Optics using evanescent waves, i.e. inhomogeneous waves
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03H—HOLOGRAPHIC PROCESSES OR APPARATUS
    • G03H1/00—Holographic processes or apparatus using light, infrared or ultraviolet waves for obtaining holograms or for obtaining an image from them; Details peculiar thereto

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  • ABSTRACT A process for increasing the transmitting information possibilities in connection with image-mapping systems, in which the information is transmitted from the object space to the image space by waves.
  • the process is characterized in that The spacial frequencies of the structure to be examined are transformed into the range of smaller spacial frequency by the diffraction of evanesent waves it becomes possible for hitherto inaccessible spacial frequencies to be transformed into the conventional range.
  • This invention relates to a process for increasing the possibility of transmitting information in connection with imagemapping systems, in which the information is transmitted from the object space to the image space by waves.
  • the resolving. power is limited by diffraction effect.
  • the main limit of the resolving power is of the order of 2/) where A is the wavelength of the radiation being used. Even recent activities have not provided any decisive advances.
  • An increase in the resolving power beyond the value 4/) is very difficult using conventional procedures (W. Lukosz, Phys.Blatt er 24 (I968) 554).
  • Sub-waves are formed, for example, when total reflection occurs at the boundary surface of two media I and 2 with refractive indices n, and '1 where n is to be greater than n
  • the incidence angle (1:, ofa plane wave in the medium 1 is larger than the critical angle of the total reflection qS,,(sin
  • Il /Il a wave is developed in the optically thinner medium 2 in the vicinity of the boundary surface, said wave progressing along the boundary surface and being strongly damped perpendicularly of the latter.
  • the wavelength of this subwave is A, M/sindz where A, is the wavelength of progressing waves in the medium I. It is thus apparent that the wavelength at the critical angle o, ofthis wave is equal to A With increasing incidence angle 41, the wavelength becomes smaller and finally, with grazing incidence, A i.e., is equal to the wavelength in the denser medium I.
  • Subwaves of very much smaller wavelength can for example be produced by passing light perpendicular through a grating, sinusoidal amplitude transmissivity and having a grating constant a, which is small compared with the wavelength of the radiation. Sub-waves are then formed, which progress in the plane of the grating and are strongly damped perpendicularly of the said plane. The wavelength of these sub-waves is equal to the grating constant a of the irradiated grating.
  • An object of this invention is to develop a process which permits the possibility of transmitting information to be increased when forming images by means of waves.
  • image formations there are to be understood here not only geometrically similar image formations. In particular, optical systems are to be found, the resolving powers of which exceed the limits initially indicated.
  • the spatial or local frequencies of the structure to be examined which frequencies are of the order of size of the reciprocal sub-wave length, are transformed into a range of smaller spatial frequency.
  • FIGS. 10, lb, and 1c are frequency spectra for, respectively, an object spatial frequency, the transformed spatial frequency of the object, and the transformed and magnified spatial frequency of the object;
  • FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 are diagrammatic showings of embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows a reconstruction of a double hologram containing positive and negative diffraction orders produced by the method of FIG. 3.
  • sub-structure a structure, the dimensions of which are smaller than the wavelength of the radiation being used, is briefly designated as sub-structure" relative to this radiation. It was found that by diffraction of a sub-wave on a sub-structure, normal waves are once again obtained. It is of particular importance that a transformation of the spatial frequencies occurs here.
  • the wave number of the sub-wave must be suitably chosen: lmkq lk,.
  • a conventional image-forming system e.g., a lens
  • sential information of an object is contained in a spatial frequency spectrum of width 2k, (see FIG. 1). It is then immediately to be indicated in the spatial frequency space how k, is obtained from k,,. I
  • the diffracted progressing waves are used for producing an image which is magnified M times by modulation to a carrier spatial frequency k,/M by known methods, there is finally formed an image of the structure which is magnified M times, but in which the details corresponding to the spatial frequencies k are resolved.
  • (l)-the shorter wavelength of the sub-waves is equivalent, as regards the resolution to be produced, to an irradiationwith shorter wavelengths (e.g., short-wave ultraviolet or X-rays) which usually are difficult to handle and for which no satisfactory image-forming systems exist.
  • shorter wavelengths e.g., short-wave ultraviolet or X-rays
  • a sub-wave with the wave number k is produced on a generator grating with grating constants, for example, by diffraction of a progressing wave, which is preferably produced with a laser. Disposed in immediate contact with the grating is the structure k, to be examined. With a conventional optical system, e.g., a microscope objective, an image of the structure, magnified M times, is produced. This is transformed into the final image k 2.
  • the sequence indicated above can also be reversed: in-
  • an analyzer grating k is used for analyzing the sub-waves with the wave numbers k, which are fonned by diffraction of a normal wave on the structure k to be investigated.
  • FIG. 2 An arrangement for carrying out the process mentioned under (I), which enables the individual steps to be clearly recognized, is shown in FIG. 2: a laser beam 1 falls on a generator grating 2 and produces thereon sub-waves of the wave number k,. These are diffracted by the object structure 3 (spatial frequency k and produce normal waves of wave number k,,. A lens 4 produces in its focal plane 5 the Fourier spectrum of k, and, in the image plane 6, an image of the structure k, which is distorted and magnified M times and corresponds to the local frequency spectrum k By a lens 7, the local frequency spectrum corresponding to this magnified structure is produced in the plane 8.
  • a laser beam 1 falls on a generator grating 2 and produces thereon sub-waves of the wave number k,. These are diffracted by the object structure 3 (spatial frequency k and produce normal waves of wave number k,,.
  • a lens 4 produces in its focal plane 5 the Fourier spectrum of k, and, in the image plane 6, an image
  • a displaced zero order 13 is introduced by way of a prism 11 and a lens 12 at the angle (sin k,/M.
  • absorption plates and phase plates can be introduced into the side path of rays.
  • a lens produces in its rear focal plane an image of the structure which is magnified M times and which is comparable as regards its quality to an image which is obtained with oblique illumination with a conventional microscope. since here, as with the microscope. only the zero diffraction order and a first diffraction order contribute to the image.
  • FIG. 3 corresponds largely to the arrangement according to FIG. 2.
  • the hologram is formed on a photographic plate l5 by superimposition of the first diffraction order and the displaced zero order with the coherent reference beam 16. If this hologram is reconstructed with the arrangement according to FIG. 4, then there is obtained in the image plane 14 ofa lens 17, the same image as with direct observation in the arrangement according to FIG. 2.
  • holography offers the possibility of several wave fields, which have been exposed successively, to be coherently superimposed simultaneously.
  • the generator or analyzer grating the grating constant of which is substantially smaller than the wavelength of visible light, can for example be produced by electron-optical methods (R. Speidel Optik 23 (1965) page 125) as amplitude or phase gratings.
  • the objective 4 acts as if the short-wave light of the wavelength of the subwave had been used for forming the image.
  • the process according to the invention can also be transferred to the image formation of two-dimensional structures. Corresponding cross-gratings are then used as gratings.
  • the information contained in the sub-waves concerning the object is first of all recorded holographically and thereafter is transferred bydiffraction of sub-waves on the hologram structure to normal waves.
  • Amplitude structures and also phase structures are suitable as sub-structures.
  • a laser is very suitable as a radiation source in the optical field.
  • the process described is advantageously used in the optical wavelength range (ultraviolet, visible, infra-red). However, it can also be used for electromagnetic waves of other wavelengths, or for radiations of a different nature, which can be presented as waves (for example, electrons, sonic waves or ultra-sonic waves).
  • waves for example, electrons, sonic waves or ultra-sonic waves.
  • One particular case where it can be used is, for example, X-ray structure analysis. 1
  • Apparatus for mapping images of objects having a high spatial frequency spectrum k comprising:
  • Apparatus according to claim 13 and means for producing the subwaves by total refraction.
  • Apparatus according to claim 13 and a grating having a grating constant smaller than the wave length of the homogeneous waves associated with the illuminating means for producing the subwaves by diffraction of homogeneous waves.
  • Apparatus according to claim phase structure 17.
  • Apparatus according to claim 13 and an optical image forming system for transmission therethrough of said homogeneous wave of number k 19.
  • Apparatus according to claim 18, the optical image forming system having the magnification M, and means for modulating the homogeneous waves on a carrier frequency k,/M to receive a final undistorted image, wherein the details of the object according to the high spatial frequency spectrum k,, are resolved.
  • said grating having a 20.
  • Apparatus for mapping images of objects having a high spatial frequency spectrum k comprising:
  • Apparatus according to claim 22 and an optical image forming system for transmission therethrough of said homogeneous waves ofwave number k,.
  • Apparatus according to claim 23 said image forming system having the magnification M, and means for modulating the homogeneous waves on a carrier frequency k,/M to receive a mal undistorted image, wherein the details of the object according to the high spatial frequency spectrum k,, are resolved.
  • Apparatus for mapping images of objects having a high spatial frequency spectrum k comprising:
  • Apparatus according to claim 26 said image forming I system having the magnification M, and means for modulating the homogeneous waves on a carrier frequency k,/M to receive a final undistorted image, wherein the details of the object according to the high spatial frequency spectrum k are resolved.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Holo Graphy (AREA)
  • Microscoopes, Condenser (AREA)
US14477A 1969-03-08 1970-02-26 Method and apparatus for increasing the information transmitting capabilities of image forming systems Expired - Lifetime US3650594A (en)

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DE19691911801 DE1911801C3 (de) 1969-03-08 Verfahren zur Erweiterung der Informationsübertragungsmöglichkeit bei Abbildungen mittels Wellen

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JP (1) JPS4927460B1 (en:Method)
CH (1) CH506082A (en:Method)
FR (1) FR2037781A5 (en:Method)
GB (1) GB1307894A (en:Method)
SU (1) SU523649A3 (en:Method)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3788728A (en) * 1970-10-22 1974-01-29 Bayer Ag Increase in the transmitting information capabilities of wave image-forming systems
US4568147A (en) * 1983-11-17 1986-02-04 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Flat profile grating coupler
US5307183A (en) * 1992-11-12 1994-04-26 Hughes Aircraft Company Apparatus and method for fabricating a curved grating in a surface emitting distributed feedback semiconductor laser diode device

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS52147456U (en:Method) * 1976-05-05 1977-11-08
US4622206A (en) * 1983-11-21 1986-11-11 University Of Pittsburgh Membrane oxygenator and method and apparatus for making the same

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3516721A (en) * 1968-03-13 1970-06-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Sampling techniques for holograms
US3532407A (en) * 1967-06-07 1970-10-06 Battelle Development Corp Spatial frequency reduction in holography

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3532407A (en) * 1967-06-07 1970-10-06 Battelle Development Corp Spatial frequency reduction in holography
US3516721A (en) * 1968-03-13 1970-06-23 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Sampling techniques for holograms

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Morgenstern et al., J. Opt. Soc y AM., Vol. 54, No. 10, pp. 1282 1283 (10/1964). *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3788728A (en) * 1970-10-22 1974-01-29 Bayer Ag Increase in the transmitting information capabilities of wave image-forming systems
US4568147A (en) * 1983-11-17 1986-02-04 Gte Laboratories Incorporated Flat profile grating coupler
US5307183A (en) * 1992-11-12 1994-04-26 Hughes Aircraft Company Apparatus and method for fabricating a curved grating in a surface emitting distributed feedback semiconductor laser diode device

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Publication number Publication date
CH506082A (de) 1971-04-15
JPS4927460B1 (en:Method) 1974-07-18
SU523649A3 (ru) 1976-07-30
GB1307894A (en) 1973-02-21
FR2037781A5 (en:Method) 1970-12-31
DE1911801A1 (de) 1970-09-24
DE1911801B2 (de) 1975-11-20

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