US3639672A - Electrical conductor - Google Patents

Electrical conductor Download PDF

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Publication number
US3639672A
US3639672A US13123A US3639672DA US3639672A US 3639672 A US3639672 A US 3639672A US 13123 A US13123 A US 13123A US 3639672D A US3639672D A US 3639672DA US 3639672 A US3639672 A US 3639672A
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United States
Prior art keywords
wires
conductor
sheath
electric conductor
cryogenic
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Expired - Lifetime
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US13123A
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English (en)
Inventor
Wilhelm Kafka
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Institut fuer Plasmaphysik GmbH
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Institut fuer Plasmaphysik GmbH
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Priority claimed from DE19691908885 external-priority patent/DE1908885C/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
    • H01B12/16—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by cooling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
    • H10N60/20—Permanent superconducting devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N60/00—Superconducting devices
    • H10N60/30—Devices switchable between superconducting and normal states
    • H10N60/35—Cryotrons
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S505/00—Superconductor technology: apparatus, material, process
    • Y10S505/825—Apparatus per se, device per se, or process of making or operating same
    • Y10S505/884—Conductor
    • Y10S505/887—Conductor structure

Definitions

  • the conductor is enclosed in a vacuumtight sheath and the gaps between conductor and the sheath and between the individual wires are filled with a low-temperature cooling medium, preferably helium.
  • a low-temperature cooling medium preferably helium.
  • Each of the wires has one or more supcrconducting cores surrounded by a metal e.g. copper, in efficient heat-conducting contact therewith.
  • the sheaths may be formed of a low-conducting metal or from a plastic.
  • the present invention relates to cryogenic electric conductors for superconducting windings or switching paths (cryotrons). More particularly this invention relates to cryogenic electric conductors having a plurality of superconductor wires which are arranged alongside one another in a twisted configuration.
  • a tube of this kind naturally has a diameter of several millimeters, since otherwise the cooling medium required for cooling purposes can not flow through the center thereof.
  • conductors for current intensities of more than 100 a. and in windings for magnetic field intensities of more than 1,000 Oe such dimensions result in appreciable losses upon changes in current andfield, that is, for example, in windings for alternating current.
  • windings for direct current which are energized and deenergized within a limited time.
  • the resulting eddy-current and hysteresis losses increase with the square of the diameter and the intensity of the magnetic field. Accordingly with a high field intensity, these losses may play a decisive part in the designing of the cooling system for the windings.
  • the superconductor in order to fully utilize the superconducting material, the superconductor should be fully stabilized. This is effected by combining the superconductor with highly pure copper or aluminum having a cross section which is several times larger than that of the superconductor. The effect of this combination is that in the event of surges of flux in the superconductor, the local losses remain small because the current can pass from the superconductor into a sufficiently large cross section of the stabilizing metal, the losses of which can be carried off continuously by the cooling medium.
  • a cryogenic electric conductor having a plurality of superconductor wires which are arranged alongside one another in a twisted configuration and enclosed in a vacuum-tight sheath, and the gaps between the individual wires and between the bundle of wires and the sheath is filled with a low-temperature cooling medium, which may be, for example, liquid or above-critical helium.
  • the conductor in the form of a large number of individual wires which are separated from one another and twisted avoids appreciable eddy-current and hysteresis losses and permits large-area contact with the cooling medium. Furthermore, a readily flexible conductor which can also be used for windings of small bending radius is obtained.
  • the cross section of the wires is preferably so reduced that the eddy-current losses are negligible.
  • Hysteresis losses are avoided for all practical purposes by utilizing superconductor cores for the wires which are very thin, insulated from one another and twisted. If a wire contains a plurality of superconducting cores, these cores are also twisted, but are only separated from one another by the normally conducting stabilizing metal.
  • the wires are surrounded by a heat-storing agent which can absorb these localized amounts of heat without any increase in temperature worth mentioning.
  • Liquid or above-critical helium is particularly suitable as such a heat-storing agent since in the temperature range of 4-5 K. its heat-storing capacity, referred to the unit of volume, is more than 1,000 times greater than that of the metals copper and aluminum heretofore generally employed. These metals are not able to absorb any amount of heat worth mentioning and accordingly must transfer this heat immediately to the cooling medium in order that their temperature not rise to a value which is detrimental to the superconductivity.
  • superconductor wires of small diameter are accordingly brought into efficiently heat-conducting contact with a certain amount of metal, so that the area of the wires is increased relative to the area of the superconducting cores of the wires.
  • the major portion of the wire surface is in direct contact with the cooling medium, and accordingly the insulation for the wires does not therefore form a continuous covering. Separation or insulation is effected most simply by covering the wires quite loosely with insulating threads.
  • glass fiber thread of at least 50 pm. in diameter may be wound helically around the wire, with the pitch of the helix being several times as large as the thickness of the thread.
  • the wires are then wound into a conductor, the successive or adjacent layers of which are twisted in opposite directions.
  • the layers may be wound on an insulating helium-permeable core, for instance a coil spring made from a plastic filament.
  • an insulating helium-permeable core for instance a coil spring made from a plastic filament.
  • the conductor can nevertheless be supported in all four directions.
  • the result of the design of the conductor according to the invention is that the internal space of the sheath is filled by the cooling medium to the extent of at least one quarter, but preferably to the extent of more than one half of its cross-sectional area. With this construction favorable effective current densities are nevertheless obtained. This is true even in the case of direct-current windings, wherein the effective current densities are more favorable than in fully stabilized windings of conventional type.
  • the vacuumtight sheaths are advantageously extruded over the finished conductor. With fairly short lengths of conductor, the wires may alternatively be drawn into the sheath.
  • Extruded plastic sheaths can be rendered vacuumtight by a metal coating.
  • a vacuumtight sheath may be formed by extruding a thin supplementary coverin'g consisting of a plastic over the conductor coating the plastic covering with a firmly adhering nickel layer by means of currentless reduction, and thereafter applying another pore-free coating of metal, for example nickel or chromium afew urn. thick, thereto by electrodeposi- ,tion..
  • the cooling medium inside the sheath does-not have to be circulated and serves only to-absorb, by reason of itshigh specific heat storing capacity,
  • the conductor according to the invention is employed for alternating current, for direct current whose magnitude varies frequently or as a magnetically controlled switching path (cryotron), i.e., of appreciable losses are to be expected during operation, it is not sufficient merely to prevent the heat flowing in from the outside from reaching the surface of the entire winding by means of a cooled shield.
  • every conductor inside the sheath must be cooled continuously, and accordingly the cooling medium inside the sheath is continuously replaced by freshly cooled cooling medium.
  • the fresh cooling medium is supplied to the conductor sheath at suitable intervals along the length thereof and then flows through the conductor sheath and out again after covering a certain desired distance.
  • the supply and removal of cooling medium may be effected by means of metal tubes inside the surrounding heat in- I sulation. If metallic conductor sheaths are in electrical contact with the bundle of wires of the conductor, the repeated supply and removal of cooling medium is carried out by. way of insu- Iating tubes or metal tubes with an insulating intermediate piece. The conductor sheath of eachturn'must then also be electrically insulated from the other turns.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a cryogenic electric conductor according to the invention for direct current of great intensity
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a wire of the conductor according to FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a direct current winding composed of conductors according to FIGJI;
  • FIG. 4- is a diagrammatic representation of a winding 'according to FIG. 3, including the cooling system;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a conductor according to the invention for an alternating-current winding
  • FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a wire for a conductor according to FIGS; I I
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a cryotronconductor according to the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional view illustrating a connecting piece for two conductors according to FIGS. 1 and 7;
  • FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a conductor according to the invention having a plurality of wire bundles
  • FIG. 10 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 8 illustrating a conductor according to the invention and a schematic view of an associate cryogenic cooling system.
  • FIG. 2 Ba cross-sectional view of a wire of the conductor according to FIG. 1, wherein 6 represents the superconducting core,
  • the core 6 consists, for example, of the hard superconductor niobium-titanium.
  • the core 6 is surrounded by a shell or jacket 7 of highly pure copper which may be given a sufficiently large cross section that complete stabilization occurs. In order to achieve high effective current densities, however, the cross section may be substantially reduced without suffering a decrease in the reliability of operation.
  • the winding current must be reduced rapidly in order to prevent all the magnetic energy of the winding from being converted into heat within the conductor.
  • To insulate the individual wires from one another they are provided with a loose covering consisting of a helically wound insulating thread 8, whereby the cooling medium can contact the major portion of the surface of the wire.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross section of a winding which is built up from conductors according to FIG. 1 and serves, for example, to energize a turbogenerator.
  • the reference 10 designates a turn formed by a conductor according to FIG. 1. Due to the presence of the insulating layer 3 within the sheaths, the turns are wound side by side and one over the other and mutually support each other.
  • the turns of the winding are enclosed by a copper shield 12 which, however, does not have to be vacuumtight and advantageously has longitudinal and transverse slots formed therein to reduce eddy-current losses.
  • One such longitudinal slot is designated by the reference numeral 16.
  • the shield 12 is in heat-conducting contact with a flat cooling tube 13 carrying liquid or above-critical helium inside it.
  • the shield 12 and the cooling tube 13 are at ground potential, and are held in position within a vacuum vessel 14 by means of lateral supports 15.
  • the vacuum vessel 14 is formed of metal which is a poor conductor, for example stainless steel, and is also maintained at ground potential.
  • the lateral supports 15 may be so constructed from pressure-resistant ceramic discs that there are always only a few points of contact between the individual parts thereof so that the transfer of heat remains slight.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates diagrammatically a winding such as shown in FIG. 3 including the cooling system therefor.
  • a winding 21 composed of conductors according to FIG. 1, is enclosed within a shield 22, which in turn is enclosed within the outer vacuum vessel 28 of the heat insulation.
  • the lateral support pieces between the vacuum vessel 28 and the shield 22 are not shownQ
  • the gap between the shield and the vacuum vessel is advantageously filled with superinsulation, that is reflecting foils, so that heat absorption is reduced.
  • the cooling medium is introduced into the structure by means of inlets 23 extending from a reflux condenser 24.
  • Connected to the direct current terminals 27 are the current leads 25 of the winding.
  • Pressure bottles 26, preferably for gaseous helium are connected to the current leads 25 in order to maintain the cooling medium within the sheath of the conductor.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross section through a conductor which is also suitable for alternating current.
  • the conductor consists of a plurality of wires 31 which are placed around a central wire 33 in a plurality of layers, adjacent ones of which are twisted in opposite directions.
  • the conductor which is. circular, is placed in an extruded plastic sheath 32 of rectangular cross section, thus again providing free flow cross sections at the corners of the sheath.
  • the sheath 32 may be made vacuumtight by coating the outer surface thereof with a metal coating 34 in a manner known in the art. Due to the fact that the illustrated sheath 32 is made of a plastic material no insulation around the entire conductor is required.
  • each wire 31 contains a large number of superconducting cores 41 which are embedded in a metal 42, e.g., pure copper.
  • a metal 42 e.g., pure copper.
  • Each wire 31 is twisted about its own axis, so that the individual cores 41 extend helically around the axis of the wire.
  • Insulation between the adjacent wires of the cable is provided by means of an insulating thread 43 wound helically round the wire with the pitch of the helix being several times as large as the'thickness of the thread, whereby the cooling medium can easily contact the surface of the wires.
  • FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view through a conductor which can be used for a cryotron in machines or switches.
  • the con ductor consists in this case of two layers of wires 51 which are twisted in opposite directions, and wound on a coil spring 52 made from a plastic filament.
  • a loose or open covering 53 is disposed around the conductor as insulation and the entire arrangement is surrounded by a sheath 54. If a metal is used for this sheath, it should have a relatively poor conductivity.
  • the wires of the cable of FIG. 7 are constructed similarly to the wire shown in FIG. 6, but the embedding metal 42 must not have a cross section substantially larger than the sum of the cross section of the superconducting cores 41.
  • the cores 41 consist of a soft superconductor, forexample niobium, or a hard superconductor, such as lead-bismuth eutectic with a critical field strength of about 13.8 K gauss that is below the saturation of iron.
  • the embedding metal should have as high a specific resistance as possible. Alloys of nickel with copper, iron or chromium, for example, are suitable therefore.
  • wires 51 are produced by providing a block of the embedding metal with holes into which the superconductor rods are insorted and, if necessary, soldered. The complete assembly is then worked down by hammering, rolling or drawing to a cross section so small that the individual cores are only a few microns ([1.) thick. Where soft superconductors are employed, it is particularly important to achieve as small a thickness as possible for the cores, because in this way the critical current density j and, as a result of the path-length effect, the specific resistance p are increased. To reduce the blocking losses of a cryotron, it is important to make the product j -p as large as possible. Because the critical field intensity increases with decreasing thickness of the superconducting core, there is moreover a lower limit for the thickness. In this embodiment, the twisting of the wire about its longitudinal axis is also advantageous.
  • FIG. 8 is a longitudinal section through a connecting piece between a conductor according to FIG. 1 and a conductor according to FIG. 7.
  • the reference 61 designates the conductor according to FIG. 1 and the reference 62 designates the conductor according to FIG. 7.
  • the wires 63 of the conductor 61 and the wires 64 of the conductor 62 are then inserted into each other, enclosed by a copper bushing 65, squeezed together and soldered. At this point, therefore, the wires are not insulated from one another and increased eddy-current losses are to be feared.
  • FIG. 8 also shows the supply" of the cooling medium, which is advantageously effected at such connecting pieces so as to remove the heat produced here in a reliable manner.
  • a pipe coupling 67 is soldered in vacuumtight fashion to a resilient intermediate metal piece 68 and thus secured to a ceramic tube 69.
  • the tube 69 is also secured in the same manner to a feed pipe 70 for the cooling medium. In this manner, an insulation is interposed between the grounded feed pipe 70 and the metal sheath 66, which is important in cases where there is contact between the conductor and the sheath of the conductor. 7
  • FIG. 9 shows a conductor with a plurality of wire bundles which is suitable for alternating current or a cryotron.
  • the individual wires are constructed, for example, as in FIG. 6. They form six single-layer bundle of wires 72 which are wound on coil springs 73 of plastic material. The bundles of wires rest in common on a coil spring 74 of plastic material.
  • the plurality of wire bundles are enclosed in vacuumtight fashion by a sheath 75. In this case, the major portion of the internal space of the sheath is available for the flow of cooling medium.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates in section a length of a conductor according to the invention.
  • Conductor 80 may be similar as shown in FIG. 9 and has a sheath 82 of an electrically conducting material and an inner braided multiple conductor 84 which is shown only schematically and may comprise elements 71 to 74 shown in FIG. 9. No insulation is provided between sheath 82 and conductor 84.
  • Sheath 82 is provided with pipe couplings 67a, 67b and 67c at spaced locations along the conductor 80.
  • Each of pipe couplings 67a to 670 is connected to an individual feed pipe 70a to 700, respectively, by connecting systems as described with reference to FIG.
  • Feed pipes 70a and 700 are connected to outlet means 85 of a cryogenic cooling and circulat- 7 ing system 86 which may comprise a source and supply of liquid helium, and a circulation pump, as known in the cryogenic art.
  • Feed pipe 70b is connected to an inlet connection 88 of system 86 which in operation provides circulation of ,a:cryogenic cooling medium, e.g., liquid helium through perconductive windings and magnetically controlled switching paths comprising a bundle of wires formed from a plurality of 8 11.
  • each wire includes at least one core formed of superconducting material and a metal surrounding said core in effiv ciently heat-conducting contact therewith.
  • each of said wires is twisted about its own axis so that said plurality of cores extend helically around saidaxis.
  • each of said wires is covered with insulating threads which are sufficiently loosely wound thereabout so that said. cooling medium comes into direct contact with the ma or portion of the surface of the said metal.
  • a cryogenic electric conductor as defined in claim 5 wherein the end of said conductor is connected to the end of another similar conductor, the ends of each conductor having their-sheaths and insulations removed for a distance of several centimeters, and the uninsulated portions of the wires of the two conductors being axially intermeshed with one another, squeezed together and soldered to form said connection.
  • wires are wound about a nonconductive support, said support being provided with openings so that said cooling medium may freely flow within the center of said bundle of.
  • each of said wires includes a plurality of cores of superconducting material.

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US13123A 1969-02-21 1970-02-20 Electrical conductor Expired - Lifetime US3639672A (en)

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DE19691908885 DE1908885C (de) 1969-02-21 Elektrischer Leiter mit mehreren verseilten Supraleiteradern für supraleitende Wicklungen oder Schaltstrecken

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CH (1) CH513535A (US08017720-20110913-C00001.png)
FR (1) FR2030901A5 (US08017720-20110913-C00001.png)
GB (1) GB1296968A (US08017720-20110913-C00001.png)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3764725A (en) * 1971-02-01 1973-10-09 Max Planck Gesellschaft Electrical conductor for superconductive windings or switching paths
US3800414A (en) * 1970-05-13 1974-04-02 Air Reduction Method of fabricating a hollow composite superconducting structure
US4079192A (en) * 1973-06-12 1978-03-14 Bernard Josse Conductor for reducing leakage at high frequencies
US4242534A (en) * 1978-03-06 1980-12-30 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Superconductor structure and method for manufacturing same
US4254299A (en) * 1976-08-31 1981-03-03 Bbc Brown, Boveri & Company, Limited Electrical superconductor
US4327244A (en) * 1979-02-09 1982-04-27 Bbc Brown, Boveri & Company, Limited Superconductive cable
US4394534A (en) * 1980-01-14 1983-07-19 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Cryogenic cable and method of making same
US4397807A (en) * 1980-01-14 1983-08-09 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Method of making cryogenic cable
US4617789A (en) * 1985-04-01 1986-10-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Apparatus and method for fabricating multi-strand superconducting cable
US4883922A (en) * 1987-05-13 1989-11-28 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Composite superconductor and method of the production thereof
US5122772A (en) * 1987-12-26 1992-06-16 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Superconductive coil assembly
US5672921A (en) * 1995-03-13 1997-09-30 General Electric Company Superconducting field winding assemblage for an electrical machine
US6622494B1 (en) * 1998-09-14 2003-09-23 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Superconducting apparatus and cooling methods
US6795460B1 (en) * 1999-03-17 2004-09-21 Katsuhisa Itoh Laser device and an optical signal amplifier using thereof
EP1860667A1 (en) * 2005-03-14 2007-11-28 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Superconductive cable and dc power transmission using the superconductive cable
US20160152196A1 (en) * 2013-07-12 2016-06-02 Yazaki Corporation Wire Harness
EP3514801A1 (en) * 2018-01-17 2019-07-24 Lockheed Martin Corporation Passive magnetic shielding of structures immersed in plasma using semiconductors
US20230170641A1 (en) * 2021-11-29 2023-06-01 International Business Machines Corporation Cryogenic chamber connector
US12051870B2 (en) * 2021-11-29 2024-07-30 International Business Machines Corporation Cryogenic chamber connector

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US3440376A (en) * 1966-03-14 1969-04-22 Westinghouse Electric Corp Low-temperature or superconducting vacuum circuit interrupter
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US3502789A (en) * 1966-12-02 1970-03-24 Imp Metal Ind Kynoch Ltd Superconductor cable

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FR750623A (fr) * 1932-04-28 1933-08-14 Aluminium Ltd Perfectionnements aux fils et câbles
US2344501A (en) * 1942-07-03 1944-03-21 Okonite Co Electric cable
US3218693A (en) * 1962-07-03 1965-11-23 Nat Res Corp Process of making niobium stannide superconductors
US3366728A (en) * 1962-09-10 1968-01-30 Ibm Superconductor wires
US3343035A (en) * 1963-03-08 1967-09-19 Ibm Superconducting electrical power transmission systems
US3291898A (en) * 1964-01-21 1966-12-13 Aluminum Co Of America High voltage expanded electrical conductors
AT257719B (de) * 1965-07-23 1967-10-25 Peter Dipl Ing Dr Techn Klaudy Supraleitendes Kabel
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US3428926A (en) * 1966-02-18 1969-02-18 Siemens Ag Superconductor cable surrounded by a plurality of aluminum wires
US3440376A (en) * 1966-03-14 1969-04-22 Westinghouse Electric Corp Low-temperature or superconducting vacuum circuit interrupter
US3444307A (en) * 1966-03-23 1969-05-13 Siemens Ag Cooling system for superconductive or cryogenic structures
US3431347A (en) * 1966-06-24 1969-03-04 Siemens Ag Cryostats for low-temperature cables
GB1118570A (en) * 1966-07-13 1968-07-03 Licentia Gmbh Improvements relating to low temperature cables
US3502789A (en) * 1966-12-02 1970-03-24 Imp Metal Ind Kynoch Ltd Superconductor cable
US3474187A (en) * 1967-01-06 1969-10-21 Comp Generale Electricite Superconductive cable construction

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3800414A (en) * 1970-05-13 1974-04-02 Air Reduction Method of fabricating a hollow composite superconducting structure
US3764725A (en) * 1971-02-01 1973-10-09 Max Planck Gesellschaft Electrical conductor for superconductive windings or switching paths
US4079192A (en) * 1973-06-12 1978-03-14 Bernard Josse Conductor for reducing leakage at high frequencies
US4254299A (en) * 1976-08-31 1981-03-03 Bbc Brown, Boveri & Company, Limited Electrical superconductor
US4242534A (en) * 1978-03-06 1980-12-30 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Superconductor structure and method for manufacturing same
US4327244A (en) * 1979-02-09 1982-04-27 Bbc Brown, Boveri & Company, Limited Superconductive cable
US4394534A (en) * 1980-01-14 1983-07-19 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Cryogenic cable and method of making same
US4397807A (en) * 1980-01-14 1983-08-09 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Method of making cryogenic cable
US4617789A (en) * 1985-04-01 1986-10-21 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Apparatus and method for fabricating multi-strand superconducting cable
US4883922A (en) * 1987-05-13 1989-11-28 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Composite superconductor and method of the production thereof
US5122772A (en) * 1987-12-26 1992-06-16 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute Superconductive coil assembly
US5672921A (en) * 1995-03-13 1997-09-30 General Electric Company Superconducting field winding assemblage for an electrical machine
US6622494B1 (en) * 1998-09-14 2003-09-23 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Superconducting apparatus and cooling methods
US6795460B1 (en) * 1999-03-17 2004-09-21 Katsuhisa Itoh Laser device and an optical signal amplifier using thereof
EP1860667A1 (en) * 2005-03-14 2007-11-28 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Superconductive cable and dc power transmission using the superconductive cable
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1908885B2 (de) 1971-08-19
GB1296968A (US08017720-20110913-C00001.png) 1972-11-22
FR2030901A5 (US08017720-20110913-C00001.png) 1970-11-13
DE1908885A1 (de) 1970-08-27
CH513535A (de) 1971-09-30

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