US3634789A - Geometrically dependent distributed-section transmission line attenuator - Google Patents

Geometrically dependent distributed-section transmission line attenuator Download PDF

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Publication number
US3634789A
US3634789A US837740A US3634789DA US3634789A US 3634789 A US3634789 A US 3634789A US 837740 A US837740 A US 837740A US 3634789D A US3634789D A US 3634789DA US 3634789 A US3634789 A US 3634789A
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section
transmission line
attenuator
characteristic impedance
distributed
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US837740A
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English (en)
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Paul E Stuckert
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P3/00—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type
    • H01P3/02—Waveguides; Transmission lines of the waveguide type with two longitudinal conductors
    • H01P3/08—Microstrips; Strip lines
    • H01P3/081—Microstriplines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/22—Attenuating devices
    • H01P1/227—Strip line attenuators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03H—IMPEDANCE NETWORKS, e.g. RESONANT CIRCUITS; RESONATORS
    • H03H7/00—Multiple-port networks comprising only passive electrical elements as network components
    • H03H7/24—Frequency- independent attenuators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B3/00—Line transmission systems

Definitions

  • the attenuators include distributed series and distributed shunt resistance sections which attenuate signals propagating in one direction with minimal distortion and reflection, and attenuate signals propagating in a second direction with equivalent minimal distortion but with significant reflection.
  • Examiner-Saxfield Chatmon .lr. Attorneys-Hanifin and Jancin and John E. Dougherty, Jr.
  • the distributed series resistance is a resistive section in the UNITED STATES PATENTS signal line and the distributed shunt resistance is a section of 2,529,436 11/1950 Weber et 333/81 A lossy dielectric between and interconnecting the signal line 2,725,535 ll/l955 Griegetal.
  • This invention relates to transmission line attenuators, symmetrical or unsymmetrical, designed for use in balanced or unbalanced transmission lines, which may be constructed in a variety of geometries (e.g. microstrip, stripline, coaxial, etc.), wherein attenuation is produced by distributed series and shunt resistive sections in which the characteristic impedance along these distributed sections is varied so that signals propagate in one direction with minimal distortion and reflection.
  • improved transmission line attenuators which equally attenuate signals propagating in either direction, but which accomplish the attenuation for signals propagating in one direction with minimal distortion and reflection.
  • the attenuators include distributed series and shunt resistance sections which can be of any desired length so that the power dissipation attendant to the attenuation process can be distributed.
  • the characteristic impedance along the sections varies, decreasing along the series resistance section and increasing along the shunt resistance sections in the direction of distortionless and refiectionless attenuation, so that throughout the attenuator the normally expected reflections due to discontinuities and parasitic reactances associated with lumped resistive elements are avoided.
  • the characteristic impedances at the ends of the attenuator can be controlled to be the same, or different, and the attenuator can be inserted in a transmission line with minimal parasitic effects and minimal reduction of bandwidth at the high frequencies.
  • Another object is to provide improved transmission line attenuators which can be employed in transmission lines without appreciably lowering the bandwidth of the signals which can be propagated through the structure.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of an unbalanced T-attenuator as conventionally drawn using lumped resistive elements.
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of an unbalanced 1r attenuator as conventionally drawn using lumped resistive elements.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the construction of and the variation in the characteristic impedance along the length of a T-attenuator, according to the invention, which includes two distributed series resistance sections and a shunt resistance section.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the construction of and the variation in the characteristic impedance along the length of a 1r attenuator, according to the invention, which includes tow distributed shunt resistance sections and a series resistance section.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the components of a conventional strip transmission line.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B are top and side sectional views of one embodiment of the T-attenuator whose characteristics are depicted in FIG. 3.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B are top and side sectional views of another embodiment of the T-attenuator whose characteristics are depicted in FIG. 3.
  • the transmission line system in which the attenuator formed by resistors 10, 12 and 14 is connected includes a ground element 16, transmission elements 18 and a dielectric separating these elements.
  • the geometric configuration of 16, 18 and the dielectric determine the characteristic impedance of the line.
  • the attenuator produces 3 db. of attenuation.
  • the unbalanced 1r attenuator shown in FIG. 2 which includes two shunt lumped resistive elements 20 and 22 and a lumped series resistive element 24 connected in a line formed of a ground element 26 and transmission elements 28.
  • the attenuator produces 3 db. of attenuation.
  • the 1: attenuator of FIG. 1 the 1: attenuator of FIG.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the characteristics of a T-attenuator in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
  • distances along the trans: mission line structure is the abscissa, and the value of characteri'stic impedance, Z,,, is the ordinate.
  • the line 30 generally represents the value of characteristic impedance along the length of the line which includes the attenuator.
  • the small fluctuation in the line 30, at 30A and 308 does not indicate fluctuation in characteristic impedance but is rather a symbolic representation of the two sections of the line which include the series-distributed resistors of the attenuator.
  • the shaded portion 30C under curve 30 indicates the section of the line which includes the distributed shunt resistor of the attenuator.
  • the drawing is divided to illustrate four other sections of the line designated 32A, 32B, 32C, and 32D. Each of these four sections is a transmission line section of constant characteristic impedance.
  • Section 32A and 32D represent the 50- ohm transmission line in which the attenuator is connected, and sections 328 and 32C are sections of minimum and maximum constant impedance which separate the shunt resistance section 30C from the series resistance sections 30A and 30B.
  • Sections 328 and 32C can be of any length equal to or greater than zero and are not necessary to the practice of the inventionsince the resistive sections 30A, 30C and 308, can be connected directly to each other.
  • the separating sections 328 and 32C may be used and serve in the illustrative embodiment to more graphically represent the impedance characteristics along the length of the attenuator.
  • the attenuation is produced in the attenuator represented in FIG. 3 by the two series resistance sections 30A and 30B and the shunt resistance section 30C, which form a distributed T-attenuator in which signals are attenuated when propagated from left to right without distortion or reflection.
  • resistive sections 30A and 30C have values of 8.55 ohms and shunt section 30C has a value of 141.9 ohms but the resistance in each of these sections is distributed over the length of section of the line in which it is incorporated.
  • the characteristic impedance of the line within the attenuator is decreased continuously along the distributed series resistance sections 30A and 30B and increased continuously over the distributed shunt resistance section 30C so that signals can be propagated in the one direction without distortion or reflection.
  • the design in this case, is such that the terminal sections 32A and 32D ofthe attenuator both have the same characteristic impedance of 50 ohms. Assuming a strip transmission line, the geometric details of which are illustrated in FIGS.
  • the series resistance is introduced by a resistive section in the strip and the shunt resistance by a lossy dielectric, that is, a dielectric between the strip and the ground plane which allows a predetermined degree of conduction between these two elements which is constant as a function offrequency.
  • the characteristic impedance of the line decreases linearly along the two resistive sections 30A and 30B.
  • This linear decrease in characteristic impedance is the optimum for a distributed series resistance section in which the series resistance introduced has a constant value per unit length over the length of the distributed section.
  • the length of the section and the rate of change of characteristic impedance depends upon the resistivity of the material used and can be varied to distribute the power dissipated over sections of line of arbitrary length.
  • the characteristic impedance of the parallel shunt section 30C increases at an increasing rate, and the plot of characteristic impedance versus distance is a section of an equilateral hyperbola, if the shunt resistance introduced has a constant value per unit length over the length of the distributed section.
  • the characteristic impedance of the structure is preferably defined at essentially every point between the input terminals 37 and the output terminals 39 of FIG. 3.
  • the attenuator whose characteristics are represented in FIG. 3 is symmetrical in the sense that signals propagating in either direction are attenuated equally and without distortion.
  • the attenuator whose characteristics are represented in FIG. 3 in unsymmetrical in the sense that signals propagating from left to right are transmitted without reflections while signals propagating from right to left produce significant reflections.
  • an unbalanced 1r attenuator is fabricated using the same principles.
  • the characteristic impedance along the attenuator is represented by curve 40.
  • the line includes two shunt resistance sections 40A and 40B and a series resistance section 40C located between the shunt resistive sections.
  • the resistance sections are separated by maximum and minimum constant im pedance sections, here designated 42B and 43C, and the end sections 42A and 42D have equal characteristic impedances of 50 ohms.
  • the total series resistance introduced by distributed series resistance section 40C is 17.6 ohms
  • the total shunt resistance introduced by each of the distributed-shunt resistance sections 40A and 40B is 292 ohms.
  • Z , Z,,R,,x
  • Z the characteristic impedance at the beginning of the section;
  • x is as defined above.
  • FIGS. 6A, 68, 7A and 7B illustrate the actual structure of embodiments of a strip transmission line attenuator of the type whose characteristics are shown in FIG. 3.
  • the components of a conventional strip transmission line are shown in FIG. 5 to include a ground plane 50, a strip or signal conductor 52 and a separating dielectric 54.
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B are top and side sectional views of a distributed T-attenuator in strip transmission line form in which the changes in characteristic impedance along the series and shunt resistance sections are accomplished by varying the distance between the ground conductor 50 and strip conductor 52.
  • the line is divided into sections corresponding to the sections shown in FIG.
  • the strip line conductor 52 is formed of the same highly conductive material as in the constant impedance sections but the dielectric is here a lossy dielectric.
  • the dielectric is connected between the strip and the ground plane and allows a predetermined degree of conduction between these two elements which is constant as a function of frequency, and which introduces the shunt resistance along the section 30C between strip 52 and ground plane 50.
  • This lossy dielectric may be a composite material such as that used in the construction of composition resistors.
  • the thickness of the dielectric 54 is decreased and similarly the spacing between conductor 52 and ground plane 50. Even with a constant value of resistance per unit length introduced in conductor 52 over these sections, the linear decrease in characteristic impedance is achieved by a variation in spacing which, though it appears so at the scale in which FIG. 6B is drawn, is not exactly linear. This is due to the fact that the characteristic impedance of such a strip transmission line is not a linear function of the distance between the strip and the ground plane.
  • the difference in spacing between conductor 52 and ground plane 50 causes the length of the conduction path through the lossy dielectric to increase from left to right. Therefore, the conductance per .unit length is not constant. This factor, in addition to the nonlinear relationship between spacing and characteristic impedance, causes the curvature of conductor strip 52 in section 30C, though it appears hyperbolic at the scale to which FIG. 6B is drawn, to differ from a true hyperbolic contour.
  • FIGS. 7A and 7B the same reference numerals are employed to designate the component sections of another embodiment of the attenuator whose characteristics are shown in FIG. 3.
  • the materials of the dielectric 54 LII and the conductive strip 52 are the same as for the embodiment of FIGS. 6A and 613.
  • the distance between strip 52 and ground plane 50 is constant throughout, and the variation in characteristic impedance is achieved by varying the width of the strip 52 in sections 30A, 30B and 30C.
  • the dielectric 54 has the same dielectric constant throughout, it can be seen that in this embodiment, the series resistance per unit length in sections 30A and 30B is not linear, nor is the shunt resistance per unit length in shunt resistance section 30C constant.
  • the desired relationship between resistance per unit length introduced and the appropriate characteristic impedance at any point is controlled by appropriate changes in the width of conductor 52.
  • the edges of the strip 52 in the regions 30A and 30B are not truly linear and the edges of the strip 52 in the region 30C are not truly hyperbolic.
  • FIG. 4 The structure of a 1r attenuator of the type shown in FIG. 4 is similar to those in FIGS. 6A, 68, 7A and 7B for the T-type attenuator with the exception that in the 1r attenuator there are two distributed shunt resistance sections separated by a distributed series resistance section. Further, it should be apparent that the principles of the subject invention are not restricted to -nand T-type attenuators but that distributed series and shunt resistive sections can be combined in the same way to form the many other types of attenuators known in the art. It is also equally clear that the principles of the invention may be equally applied to transmission lines which are not of the strip transmission line form of FIGS. 6A, 68, 7A and 7B.
  • Coaxial lines and other unbalanced, as well as balanced lines may incorporate distributed series and shunt resistive sections.
  • the geometry of the line is controlled to achieve the necessary value of characteristic impedance so that the advantages of the invention in terms of distortionless and reflectionless attenuation are achieved.
  • attenuators built in accordance with the principles of the invention need not be symmetrical. Further, in many applications propagation in one direction is all that may be necessary, and a single series and single shunt section are all that are required for certain of these applications.
  • the line can be so designed that the characteristic impedance at one end is different from the characteristic impedance at the other end of the attenuator.
  • An unsymmetrical transmission line attenuator for attenuating a signal propagating in at least the direction along the length of the transmission line attenuator comprising:
  • a distributed-shunt resistance being formed by a lossy dielectric of uniform resistivity extending along a second section of the transmission line attenuator
  • the transmission line attenuator of claim 1 wherein said attenuator includes another distributed series resistance extending along a third section of the attenuator, the charac teristic impedance of said third section decreasing in said one direction along that section with the decrease in characteristic impedance being a function of the series resistance of the third section and, said second section being connected between said first and third sections in said transmission line.
  • the transmission line attenuator of claim 1 wherein said attenuator includes another distributed parallel resistance being formed by a lossy dielectric of uniform resistivity extending along a third section of the attenuator, the characteristic'impedance of said third section increasing in said one direction along the third section with the increase in characteristic impedance being a function of the shunt resistance of the third section and, said first section being connected in said transmission line attenuator between said second and third sections.
  • An unsymmetrical transmission line attenuator comprising:
  • a second section of said transmission line attenuator including a distributed-shunt resistance being formed by a lossy dielectric of uniform resistivity
  • a third section of said transmission line attenuator including a distributed-series resistance; d. said second section being connected between said first and third sections; e. the characteristic impedance of said transmission line attenuator being equal to a predetermined value at the beginning of said first section and equal to the same predetermined value at the end ofsaid third section; and the characteristic impedance varying between a minimum value of characteristic impedance at the end of said first section and a maximum value of characteristic impedance at the end of said section;
  • An unsymmetrical transmission line attenuator comprising:
  • a third section of said transmission line attenuator including a distributed-shunt resistance being formed by a lossy dielectric of uniform resistivity; d. said second section being connected between said first and third sections;
  • the characteristic impedance of said transmission line attenuator being equal to a predetermined value at the beginning of said first section and equal to the same predetermined value at the end of said third section;
  • An unsymmetrical transmission line attenuator including:
  • said first section including a distributed-series resistance and said second section including a distributed-parallel resistance;
  • said first section of said transmission line attenuator including a length of line having a conducting ground element, a resistive transmission element, and a dielectric separating the ground element and the transmission element along the length of the section;
  • said second section of said transmission line including a conducting ground element, a conducting transmission element and a conducting dielectric separating said ground element and said transmission element and connected to both elements along the length of said section;

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Non-Reversible Transmitting Devices (AREA)
  • Attenuators (AREA)
US837740A 1969-06-30 1969-06-30 Geometrically dependent distributed-section transmission line attenuator Expired - Lifetime US3634789A (en)

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US (1) US3634789A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS5013028B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE2023631A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2048034B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1265251A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3765912A (en) * 1966-10-14 1973-10-16 Hughes Aircraft Co MgO-SiC LOSSY DIELECTRIC FOR HIGH POWER ELECTRICAL MICROWAVE ENERGY
US4051432A (en) * 1976-08-02 1977-09-27 Canadian Patents & Development Limited Attenuator for measuring high voltage fast rise time pulses
US4107632A (en) * 1976-08-09 1978-08-15 Texscan Corporation Attenuator element
US4210885A (en) * 1978-06-30 1980-07-01 International Business Machines Corporation Thin film lossy line for preventing reflections in microcircuit chip package interconnections
US4267531A (en) * 1976-08-03 1981-05-12 Georg Spinner High-frequency terminating impedance
US4450418A (en) * 1981-12-28 1984-05-22 Hughes Aircraft Company Stripline-type power divider/combiner with integral resistor and method of making the same
FR2625373A1 (fr) * 1987-12-29 1989-06-30 Thomson Hybrides Microondes Ligne de propagation hyperfrequence en microruban
US5045820A (en) * 1989-09-27 1991-09-03 Motorola, Inc. Three-dimensional microwave circuit carrier and integral waveguide coupler
US5097232A (en) * 1989-06-16 1992-03-17 Environmental Research Institute Of Michigan Transmission lines for wafer-scale integration and method for increasing signal transmission speeds
US5140288A (en) * 1991-04-08 1992-08-18 Motorola, Inc. Wide band transmission line impedance matching transformer
US5184095A (en) * 1991-07-31 1993-02-02 Hughes Aircraft Company Constant impedance transition between transmission structures of different dimensions
US5202657A (en) * 1987-01-01 1993-04-13 Environmental Research Institute Of Michigan Transmission lines for wafer-scale integration and method for increasing signal transmission speeds
US5559485A (en) * 1993-12-24 1996-09-24 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dielectric resonator
US5777526A (en) * 1994-09-01 1998-07-07 Hitachi, Ltd. Method of manufacturing a microstrip transmission device
US6239670B1 (en) * 1998-03-06 2001-05-29 Nec Corporation Short-stub matching circuit
US6510125B1 (en) * 1997-06-19 2003-01-21 Kabushiki Kaisha Optrom Storage medium having electronic circuit, apparatus communicating information with the electronic circuit, and system including them
US6583498B1 (en) 2002-08-09 2003-06-24 International Business Machine Corporation Integrated circuit packaging with tapered striplines of constant impedance
US7183873B1 (en) * 2004-09-29 2007-02-27 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Tapered thickness broadband matching transformer
US20140262441A1 (en) * 2013-03-13 2014-09-18 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Circuit board with signal routing layer having uniform impedance
US20150070104A1 (en) * 2013-09-12 2015-03-12 Fujitsu Semiconductor Limited Components and circuits for output termination
WO2021149662A1 (ja) * 2020-01-22 2021-07-29 株式会社 東芝 高周波終端器

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2497410A1 (fr) * 1980-12-29 1982-07-02 Thomson Brandt Ensemble de circuits comprenant plusieurs elements du type " microbande " d'epaisseurs de dielectrique differentes et son procede de fabrication
EP0205570B1 (en) * 1984-12-19 1993-09-29 Martin Marietta Corporation A compound dielectric multi-conductor transmission line

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US2529436A (en) * 1944-06-14 1950-11-07 Polytechnic Inst Brooklyn Metal film attenuator
US2725535A (en) * 1951-05-31 1955-11-29 Itt Attenuators
US2968774A (en) * 1956-10-22 1961-01-17 Empire Devices Inc Microwave attenuation units
US3419813A (en) * 1967-06-22 1968-12-31 Rca Corp Wide-band transistor power amplifier using a short impedance matching section

Family Cites Families (2)

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US3418641A (en) * 1964-10-29 1968-12-24 Ibm Electrical distribution system
US3354412A (en) * 1965-11-01 1967-11-21 Emc Technology Inc Stripline termination device having a resistor that is shorter than one quarter wavelength

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2529436A (en) * 1944-06-14 1950-11-07 Polytechnic Inst Brooklyn Metal film attenuator
US2725535A (en) * 1951-05-31 1955-11-29 Itt Attenuators
US2968774A (en) * 1956-10-22 1961-01-17 Empire Devices Inc Microwave attenuation units
US3419813A (en) * 1967-06-22 1968-12-31 Rca Corp Wide-band transistor power amplifier using a short impedance matching section

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3765912A (en) * 1966-10-14 1973-10-16 Hughes Aircraft Co MgO-SiC LOSSY DIELECTRIC FOR HIGH POWER ELECTRICAL MICROWAVE ENERGY
US4051432A (en) * 1976-08-02 1977-09-27 Canadian Patents & Development Limited Attenuator for measuring high voltage fast rise time pulses
US4267531A (en) * 1976-08-03 1981-05-12 Georg Spinner High-frequency terminating impedance
US4107632A (en) * 1976-08-09 1978-08-15 Texscan Corporation Attenuator element
US4210885A (en) * 1978-06-30 1980-07-01 International Business Machines Corporation Thin film lossy line for preventing reflections in microcircuit chip package interconnections
US4450418A (en) * 1981-12-28 1984-05-22 Hughes Aircraft Company Stripline-type power divider/combiner with integral resistor and method of making the same
US5202657A (en) * 1987-01-01 1993-04-13 Environmental Research Institute Of Michigan Transmission lines for wafer-scale integration and method for increasing signal transmission speeds
FR2625373A1 (fr) * 1987-12-29 1989-06-30 Thomson Hybrides Microondes Ligne de propagation hyperfrequence en microruban
US5097232A (en) * 1989-06-16 1992-03-17 Environmental Research Institute Of Michigan Transmission lines for wafer-scale integration and method for increasing signal transmission speeds
WO1992011665A1 (en) * 1989-09-27 1992-07-09 Motorola, Inc. Three-dimensional microwave circuit carrier and integral waveguide coupler
US5045820A (en) * 1989-09-27 1991-09-03 Motorola, Inc. Three-dimensional microwave circuit carrier and integral waveguide coupler
US5140288A (en) * 1991-04-08 1992-08-18 Motorola, Inc. Wide band transmission line impedance matching transformer
US5184095A (en) * 1991-07-31 1993-02-02 Hughes Aircraft Company Constant impedance transition between transmission structures of different dimensions
US5559485A (en) * 1993-12-24 1996-09-24 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dielectric resonator
US5777526A (en) * 1994-09-01 1998-07-07 Hitachi, Ltd. Method of manufacturing a microstrip transmission device
US6510125B1 (en) * 1997-06-19 2003-01-21 Kabushiki Kaisha Optrom Storage medium having electronic circuit, apparatus communicating information with the electronic circuit, and system including them
US6239670B1 (en) * 1998-03-06 2001-05-29 Nec Corporation Short-stub matching circuit
US6583498B1 (en) 2002-08-09 2003-06-24 International Business Machine Corporation Integrated circuit packaging with tapered striplines of constant impedance
US7183873B1 (en) * 2004-09-29 2007-02-27 Rockwell Collins, Inc. Tapered thickness broadband matching transformer
US20140262441A1 (en) * 2013-03-13 2014-09-18 Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. Circuit board with signal routing layer having uniform impedance
US20150070104A1 (en) * 2013-09-12 2015-03-12 Fujitsu Semiconductor Limited Components and circuits for output termination
US9450279B2 (en) * 2013-09-12 2016-09-20 Socionext Inc. Components and circuits for output termination
WO2021149662A1 (ja) * 2020-01-22 2021-07-29 株式会社 東芝 高周波終端器
JPWO2021149662A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 2020-01-22 2021-07-29
US11990662B2 (en) 2020-01-22 2024-05-21 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba High-frequency terminator

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2048034A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-03-19
GB1265251A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-03-01
DE2023631A1 (de) 1971-01-28
FR2048034B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1973-11-16
JPS5013028B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1975-05-16

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