US3620946A - Method and apparatus for chemically transforming gases - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for chemically transforming gases Download PDF

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US3620946A
US3620946A US830320A US3620946DA US3620946A US 3620946 A US3620946 A US 3620946A US 830320 A US830320 A US 830320A US 3620946D A US3620946D A US 3620946DA US 3620946 A US3620946 A US 3620946A
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gas
stream
electrode
principal
auxiliary
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Michel Denis
Maurice Barillot
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Institut de Recherches de la Siderurgie Francaise IRSID
Orkem SA
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Institut de Recherches de la Siderurgie Francaise IRSID
Chimique des Charbonnages SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
    • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J19/10—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J3/00—Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matter; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J3/06—Processes using ultra-high pressure, e.g. for the formation of diamonds; Apparatus therefor, e.g. moulds or dies
    • B01J3/08—Application of shock waves for chemical reactions or for modifying the crystal structure of substances
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S422/00—Chemical apparatus and process disinfecting, deodorizing, preserving, or sterilizing
    • Y10S422/906—Plasma or ion generation means

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process and apparatus for ionizing a gaseous stream moving at supersonic speed and wherein a high-power electric discharge is produced to cause a chemical transformation of the gas or gases constituting the stream.
  • a stream of gas is brought to supersonic speed and is subjected to an electronic discharge produced by an electrode positioned along the axis of the gas stream and connected to a high-voltage generator. If the voltage variations during alternation are examined in an alternating discharge at the boundaries of the elements between which the discharge is produced, it is found that the voltage rises to a value V then drops suddenly, and finally remains constant at an average value V until the end of the alternation. This phenomenon is repeated at each alternation. These voltage variations may be explained by the fact that, since the gas stream is nonconductive, the voltage rises until it has reached the point where the electrons produced have sufficient energy to ionize the gas.
  • a first electric discharge is produced in a supersonic gaseous stream between a tuyere, from which the stream is discharged, and an axially extending electrode, and use is made of the ionization of the gas resulting from the first electric discharge to produce a second electric discharge in a recompression collector beyond the shock wave, i.e., in a zone where the stream is again subsonic to cause certain chemical transformations in the gaseous stream.
  • the above and other objects and advantages are accomplished according to the present invention by ionizing a gaseous stream moving at supersonic speed by means of an auxiliary electric discharge, and producing a principal electric discharge in the ionized stream to cause chemical transformations in the gas.
  • the gaseous stream is discharged from a supersonic tuyere or nozzle and the chemically transformed gas is received in a collector chamber.
  • the invention provides a supersonic cell between the tuyere and the gas collector and this cell has a constriction at the level where the shock waves produced at the tuyere outlet cause deviation in the direction of the gas stream.
  • An auxiliary electric discharge is produced between an axially positioned principall electrode, which is enveloped by the gaseous stream, and an auxiliary electrode positioned outside the gaseous stream.
  • the ions produced by the auxiliary electric discharge and entrained by the gaseous stream along its periphery are carried into the interior of the stream by the constriction in the cell.
  • the auxiliary electric discharge is produced upstream of the constriction but close to the collector element.
  • the supersonic tuyere is brought to an electric potential such that the potential difference between the nozzle constituting the auxiliary electrode and the axial electrode is higher than the potential difference between the axial electrode and counter electrode provided by the apparatus.
  • the auxiliary electric discharge is produced at the end of the supersonic tuyere between the tuyere and the axial electrode surrounded by the gaseous stream.
  • the principal electric discharge is produced in that part of the recompression collector where the shock wave is produced.
  • the voltage producing the auxiliary discharge is of a different phase than the voltage producing the principal discharge so that the intensity of the auxiliary discharge is at a maximum when the voltage producing the principal discharge reaches a value ap proximating the voltage necessary to sustain the discharge in the ionized gas.
  • a supersonic tuyere is connected in a fluidtight manner to an expansion chamber leading to an element of gas recompression positioned in line with the outlet of the tuyere.
  • An electrode is positioned axially in the tuyere and extends to the inlet of the gas recompression chamber.
  • the apparatus comprises an auxiliary electrode which produces an electric discharge through the gaseous stream between the axially positioned electrode, which is surrounded by the stream of gas, and the auxiliary electrode.
  • the auxiliary electrode is positioned in the gas expansion chamber and is constituted by a support of electrically conductive material.
  • the support is glidably but fluidtightly arranged in a guide mounted in the wall of the expansion chamber, and is electrically insulated from the guide, from the expansion chamber and from the recompression chamber wall.
  • the auxiliary electrode support has an extension at one end projecting into the expansion chamber, the extension being of a metal suitable for producing and sustaining an electric discharge between this metallic extension and the axially positioned electrode.
  • the extension is preferably a pointed metallic pin fixed to the end of the conductive support and being eccentric in respect of its axis.
  • the pointed pin may be inclined to the support axis and fixed to the center of the support end.
  • the conductive support may be arranged for rotation about its axis in the guide.
  • the distance between the noninsulated points of the auxiliary electrode from the nearest points of the supersonic tuyere and from the recompression chamber wall exceeds the distance separating the noninsulated points of the auxiliary electrode from the axial electrode.
  • the auxiliary and the axially positioned electrodes are connected to the terminals of the same high-voltage source.
  • the tuyere may be of an electrically conductive material to constitute the auxiliary elec' trode, and is electrically insulated from the remainder of the apparatus, electrically insulating means being provided to connect the tuyere to an electric current generator.
  • This means may be constituted essentially by a rod of electrically conductive material disposed in a protective guide of electrically insulating material.
  • This protective guide may define a cavity holding biasing means, such as a spring, to maintain the rod constantly in contact with the supersonic tuyere.
  • ionization of the gas is first produced by the spark from the auxiliary electrode across the gas stream and upstream of the principal electric discharge, between an axially positioned electrode surrounded by the gas stream and an auxiliary electrode electrically insulated from the other components of the apparatus.
  • the electrode end of the axially positioned electrode may be placed at the inlet of the recompression collector. If the electrode end is in the zone of the gas stream where the shock wave is formed due to the laws of aerodynamics, it facilitates the formation and stabilization of the shock wave which attaches itself to the electrode end. The largest part of the energy of the electric discharge is thus concentrated in the surface of the shock wave, and the gases to be chemically transformed are subjected to the discharge for an extremely short time, i.e., the time required for the spark to pass through the shock wave.
  • the auxiliary electric discharge is produced between the end of the supersonic tuyere and the axial electrode, and that the ions follow the exterior surface of the gas jet, i.e., the surface of the first supersonic cell which is formed at the outlet of the tuyere, and they penetrate into the jet stream at the first constriction they encounter, i.e., behind the first supersonic cell.
  • the recompression collector and the tuyere may be positioned at a closer distance although this distance must be large enough to provide at least one entire supersonic cell and to avoid producing a direct electric discharge between the tuyere and the collector.
  • Another advantage of this invention is that there is no problem of positioning the auxiliary electrode since this may be the tuyere itself.
  • gases of all types may be used and may form supersonic cells of variable lengths under different pressures while maintaining the auxiliary electrode, i.e., the tuyere, in the same position.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a supersonic cell and the shock waves produced by a tuyere
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view of one embodiment of the apparatus, including a diagram of the electric circuit
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view showing the mounting of the auxiliary electrode in this embodiment of the apparatus.
  • FIGv 4 is a view similar to that of FIG. 2 and showing another embodiment.
  • such a supersonic cell comprises a constriction S of the gas stream at a predetermined distance from the plane of the gas outlet of tuyere l, at which point there is an inward refraction of shock waves 2 which are produced at the outlet of the tuyere, and a deviation in the stream due to the shock waves.
  • one or more such supersonic cells may be produced by adjusting the distance between the plane of the outlet of tuyere l and the gas collector. Generally, the distance of the collector from the tuyere is so adjusted that a single such cell is produced.
  • an electric spark may be passed through the stream between an electrode axially positioned in the center of the stream and the auxiliary electrode.
  • the spark produces an envelope of ionized gas around the periphery of the gaseous stream.
  • this ionized stream reaches the point of constriction, it is absorbed and dispersed into the interior of the gas stream beyond the point of constriction.
  • the ions are entrained and dispersed through the stream of gas moving at supersonic speed. A very short distance downstream of the point of constriction, the carriers of electric charges are thus distributed completely in the stream, and it is now possible to produce a powerful electric discharge in the gas without using very high voltages.
  • the auxiliary electrode must be positioned as close as possible to the axial electrode without, however, disturbing the supersonic flow of the gas stream. It will be easiest to adjust the position of the auxiliary electrode so that it does not perturb the flow of the gas stream by measuring the gas pressure in the expansion chamber. If it is found that the pressure rises, the auxiliary electrode touches the periphery of the gas stream and perturbs the flow thereof.
  • the lateral position of the auxiliary electrode along the gaseous stream is, therefore, a compromise between these two requirements, it being understood that it must always be placed at the level or upstream of the constriction zone.
  • the ions flow only a predetermined distance to the zone where the principal electric discharge is produced. This condition defines the maximal distance between the zone of the principal electric discharge and the auxiliary electrode beyond which the auxiliary discharge loses all effectiveness.
  • the auxiliary electrode may not be positioned too close to the gas collector to avoid an electric discharge between the two, without such a discharge penetrating into the gas stream.
  • the point of constriction in the gas stream must be determined for given operating conditions of the supersonic tuyere.
  • This determination may be made experimentally, either visually by producing an electric discharge between the axially positioned electrode and the outlet of the supersonic tuyere, or by measuring the operating pressure in the expansion chamber and progressively displacing the axial electrode; when the free end of this electrode reaches the level or plane of the constriction, a sudden rise in the pressure will be registered. in this way, the position of the electrode readily indicates the position of the point of the constriction of the gas stream in respect of the plane of the outlet of the tuyere for given operating conditions.
  • the position of the point or plane of constriction may also be calculated by known equations of the thermodynamics of flowing gases.
  • the desirable distance of the auxiliary electrode from the plane of the tuyere outlet may also be calculated as a function of the geometric characteristics of the tuyere and the aerodynamic behavior of the gas flow. It has been experimentally determined that this distance may be calculated by means of the equation wherein yr; is the Mach number attained by the stream of gas and k is a constant which depends solely on the diameter of the divergent outlet of the tuyere and its relation to the diameter of the electrode axially disposed within the gas stream.
  • the Mach number is calculated from the pressure of the gas introduced into the tuyere and the pressure of the gas in the expansion chamber by the following well-known equations:
  • T is the temperature of the gas before expansion
  • T is the temperature of the gas after expansion
  • P is the pressure of the gas before expansion
  • P is the pressure of the gas after expansion
  • C is the specific heat of the gas at constant volume
  • the position of the auxiliary electrode may be calculated for any dimensions and aerodynamic conditions of the tuyere since the position of the constriction plane or point is determined by the same conditions. Thus, under the given conditions, homo'genous ionization of a supersonic gas stream may be obtained.
  • a supersonic tuyere or nozzle 4 which carries gases at supersonic speed into an expansion chamber defined by wall 5 whence the gas stream 19 moves into a recompression chamber dlefined by wall 6.
  • the expansion and recompression chambers are in axial alignment with the axis of the supersonic tuyere 4 which is mounted in a coaxial cavity 7 defined by cylindrical support 8.
  • the length of cavity 7 exceeds that of the tuyere 4 so that an empty chamber 9 is formed in the support 8 rearwardly of the tuyere.
  • a tubular inlet conduit 10 opens into chamber 9 wherethrough the gas to be treated is supplied to the tuyere.
  • a principal electrode 11 is axially positioned within the outwardly flared axial bore of the tuyere 4, extending through axial bore 12 in the tuyere support 8 to the inlet of the recompression chamber constituted by the outwardly flared axial bore in the wall 6. Electrode 11 is perfectly centered along the aligned axes of the tuyere and the recompression chamber, being mounted in bore 112 by means of an electrically insulating plug 13 whose outer diameter corresponds exactly to the diameter of bore 12 so as to provide a fluidtight mounting :for the electrode.
  • the tuyere support 8 is fluidtightly mounted in the bore 141 of wall 5 and the tube 6, which defines the recompression chamber is also fluidtightly mounted in the bore 15 of the wall 5.
  • the gas jet moves at supersonic speed through fluidtight treatment zones.
  • An auxiliary electrode 16 is mounted in the wall 5 by means of fluidtightly fitting, electrically insulating plug 17, extending radially into the expansion chamber between the outlet of the tuyere 4i and the inlet of the recompression chamber.
  • the noninsulated end 18 of the auxiliary electrode is disposed perpendicularly to the jet 19 and close thereto.
  • the auxiliary electrode 16 is connected to one terminal 20 of a high-voltage generator constituted by transformed 21 whose other terminal 22 is connected to principal electrode 11.
  • the electric supply circuit for the electrodes includes a self-induction coil 23 designed to limit the intensity of the auxiliary electric discharge.
  • the principal electrode 11 and the electrically conductive wall 6 defining the recompression chamber are respectively connected to a source of alternating voltage constituted by transformer T which permits production of an electric discharge in the gas stream between electrode 11 and the recompression chamber wall.
  • the diameter of the flaring bore of tuyere 4 is 6.8 mm. at the outlet end, and the diameter of the rod electrode 11 is 3 mm.
  • the throughput of the tuyere is 4 liters of butane per second when the butane gas is supplied to the tuyere through inlet pipe 10 at a pressure of 5 atmospheres. Under these operating conditions, the pressure in the expansion chamber is mm. Hg, i.e., 0.2 atmospheres.
  • the Mach number X attained by the gaseous stream is accordingly calculated at 2.62.
  • tension 1 equals 3,600 volts and tension V equals 900 volts.
  • Transformer T is capable of delivering an alternating voltage of 1,100 volts.
  • Transformer 21 is capable of delivering an alternating current of 0.1 ampere at a voltage of 5,000 volts.
  • the current intensity being limited by self-induction coil 23, the transformer is fed by a threephase 220 V feed circuit, and another power source feeds the principal transformer T so that the intensity of the auxiliary electric discharge is at a maximum when the voltage used to produce the principal electric discharge reaches a value in the neighborhood of that needed to maintain the discharge in the ionized gas.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the structure of a useful auxiliary electrode in detail, the electrode being mounted in the wall 24 defining the expansion chamber.
  • the electrode is constituted by a cylindrical support rod 25 of electrically conductive material to whose one end is fastened a pointed metallic pin 26 of a material capable of sustaining the auxiliary electric discharges, the selected material being tungsten in the illustrated example.
  • the point 26 constitutes the active" portion of the auxiliary electrode because the discharge takes place between this portion and the principal electrode 11. As shown, the point 26 is eccentric in respect to the axis of the electrode support rod 25.
  • a metallic tube 27 is soldered to the wall 24 which defines an oblique bore forming a seat for the tube 27 and leading to the orifice 28 opening into the expansion chamber, the tube 27 serving as a guide for the auxiliary electrode support rod 25.
  • the support rod is encased in electrically insulating sheath 29 which is held in fluidtight engagement with the support rod by means of a toric gasket 30 positioned in an annular groove in the interior wall of tube 27.
  • the outer end of the insulating sheath 29 has a collar 31 forming an abutting should in engagement with the outer end of the tube 27.
  • the support rod 25 defines an annular groove 32 wherein there is positioned a toric gasket 33 to assure the fluidtight seal between the rod 25 and the guide tube 27.
  • a sleeve 34 is screwed over the outer end of tube 27 and engages the collar 31 of the insulating sheath so as to hold the same against displacement.
  • a metallic head 35 is screwed into the threaded axial bore of sleeve 34 and its axial bore aligned with the axial bore in guide tube 27 forms the guide for the outer portion of rod 25.
  • a connector 36 connects the rod to the electric feed circuit described in connection with FIG. 2.
  • this mounting permit axial displacement of the rod 25 in guide tube 27 without in any way damaging the fluidtightness of the arrangement, and thus to adjust the point 26 in respect of the axis of the gaseous stream. Further adjustment is possible by rotating the electrode rod in its support, such rotation causing a displacement of the eccentric point 26 along the axial extension of the gas stream, thus enabling the auxiliary electric discharge to be fine tuned" for best results.
  • the same result may be obtained, for instance, by arranging the auxiliary electrode perpendicularly, instead of obliquely, in the wall of the expansion chamber, and positioning the point 26 obliquely at the inner end of the support rod 25, the point extending radially outwardly from the axis of the rod.
  • H0. 4 Another embodiment of the apparatus is shown in H0. 4.
  • This comprises a tungsten tuyere or nozzle 38 carrying a gas at supersonic speed to expansion chamber 39 whence it flows into a recompression chamber defined by tubular wall 40.
  • the tuyere itself constitutes the auxiliary electrode and tungsten is particularly suited for this purpose because it is refractory and a good electrical conductor. How ever, other materials, such as steel or graphite, may also be used.
  • a cylindrical steel support 41 fluidtightly holds the nozzle and recompression chamber, the nozzle 38 being electrically insulated from the support 41 by sleeve 42 of mica or glass.
  • the outer end 420 of the insulating sleeve projects beyond the plane of the nozzle outlet 38a to prevent parasitic discharges between the nozzle and the steel support 41.
  • the principal electrode 45 extends axially through the nozzle 38 to the inlet of the recompression chamber, in this manner to produce and to stabilize the shock wave at the recompression chamber inlet and to attach it to the inner end of the principal electrode 45, due to the discontinuity in the gas flow created by the end of the electrode.
  • the principal electric discharge is produced at this point of gas jet 66 and is concentrated in the shock wave, i.e., in a very small volume of gas having a thickness of the order of two microns. in other words, for all practical purposes, the discharge is concentrated on the surface of the gas stream.
  • This concentration of the discharge on the surface may be explained by the blast due to the speed in the supersonic zone and by the fact that the shock wave constitutes for the discharge a barrier which may be very easily broken due to the transition to the subsonic zone in which the discharge is not readily produced. it is this very localized discharge which transforms the butane gas into acetylene when butane is fed to the system.
  • the electrode is fluidtightly centered in the tuyere 38 by means of insulating plug 46 which may be a cement consisting of asbestos and agglomcrates.
  • a brass rod 47 electrically connects the tuyere 38 to terminal 48 of a high-voltage generator constituted by transformer 49 whose other terminal 50 is connected to principal electrode 45. While brass is preferred because of its good electrical conductivity and high mechanical resistance, other conductive materials, such as copper or tungsten, may be used for rod 47.
  • the connecting rod 47 must be effectively insulated from wall 41 wherein it is mounted to avoid any parasitic discharges therebetween.
  • the illustrated insulation includes sleeve 51 which may advantageously consist of polyfluorethylene containing a glass fiber filler. This material provides not only very good insulation but also enables the rod 47 to glide readily in the sleeve.
  • a compression spring 52 is mounted in a seat 54 in the insulating sleeve, the spring pressing against a shoulder 53 and the spring seat being closed by plug 55 which is bolted to the sleever at 56. The compression spring will hold the slidable connection rod 47 at all times in good contact with the tuyere.
  • the insulating sleeve 51 is screwed into the insulating sleeve 42 and a gasket 57 further assures fluidtight connection between the insulating parts.
  • the insulating sleeve 51 is mounted in a cylindrical block 58 of similar material as plug 46, this block being mounted on the support 41 by bolts 59.
  • gaskets 60 and 61 between the sleeve 51 and the plug 55, and between the rod 47 and the plug 55.
  • gaskets 62 are disposed between guide sleeve 51 and block 58, and gaskets 63 are provided between the block and the wall 41.
  • the insulating sleeve for the connecting rod is screwed into the insulating sleeve for the tuyere, and may be readily disassembled without interfering with the fluidtight seal of the interior of the apparatus from the atmosphere.
  • the block 58 may also be readily removed.
  • the electric feed circuit for the electrodes includes a self-induction coil 64 and a principal transformer 65.
  • the auxiliary discharge is limited to a current of 0.2 A. at 2,500 v.
  • the current fed by transformer 65 is a 20 A. at 1,100 v.
  • the potential difference between the supersonic tuyere, i.e., the auxiliary electrode, and the principal or axial electrode is 2,500 v. while the difference between the axial electrode and the mass of the apparatus, i.e., the recompression chamber wall, is only 1,100 v.
  • a method of producing chemical transformations in gases comprising the steps of 1. moving a stream of gas at supersonic speed from a delivery zone to a collecting zone,
  • shock waves being produced at the outlet of the S delivery zone
  • the supersonic gas cell having a point of constricted cross section at which point the shock waves cause a deviation of the flow of the stream inwardly towards the axis of the gas stream
  • auxiliary electrode surrounds the delivery zone and forms said steam at supersonic speed
  • the auxiliary and the principal electrode are brought to an electric potential such that the difference between their potentials exceeds the difference of the potential between the principal electrode and a counterelectrode wherebetween the principal electric discharge is produced
  • the auxiliary electric discharge is produced between an end of the auxiliary electrode and the principal electrode surrounded by the stream of gas
  • the principal electric discharge is produced at the inlet of the collecting zone.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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US830320A 1968-06-06 1969-06-04 Method and apparatus for chemically transforming gases Expired - Lifetime US3620946A (en)

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US (1) US3620946A (fr)
BE (1) BE734229A (fr)
DE (1) DE1928617C3 (fr)
FR (1) FR1593006A (fr)
GB (1) GB1242788A (fr)
LU (1) LU58778A1 (fr)
NL (1) NL6908663A (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10137456B1 (en) 2014-06-06 2018-11-27 LLT International (Ireland) Ltd. Reactor configured to facilitate chemical reactions and/or comminution of solid feed materials
US10427129B2 (en) * 2015-04-17 2019-10-01 LLT International (Ireland) Ltd. Systems and methods for facilitating reactions in gases using shockwaves produced in a supersonic gaseous vortex
US10434488B2 (en) 2015-08-11 2019-10-08 LLT International (Ireland) Ltd. Systems and methods for facilitating dissociation of methane utilizing a reactor designed to generate shockwaves in a supersonic gaseous vortex
US10562036B2 (en) 2015-04-17 2020-02-18 LLT International (Irelant) Ltd. Providing wear resistance in a reactor configured to facilitate chemical reactions and/or comminution of solid feed materials using shockwaves created in a supersonic gaseous vortex

Citations (8)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3003939A (en) * 1955-08-31 1961-10-10 Lord Mfg Co Method and apparatus for producing and enhancing chemical reaction in flowable reactant material
US3051639A (en) * 1958-09-25 1962-08-28 Union Carbide Corp Arc torch chemical reactions
GB970767A (en) * 1962-01-20 1964-09-23 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Process and apparatus for chemically converting flowing gaseous materials
US3280018A (en) * 1960-08-01 1966-10-18 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Method for chemically reacting flowing gases
US3308050A (en) * 1960-08-01 1967-03-07 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Electric discharge apparatus for chemically reacting flowing gases
US3344051A (en) * 1964-12-07 1967-09-26 Continental Carbon Co Method for the production of carbon black in a high intensity arc
US3347774A (en) * 1964-06-24 1967-10-17 Du Pont Arc furnace for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon to acetylene
US3537965A (en) * 1969-06-16 1970-11-03 Diamond Shamrock Corp Process for the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3003939A (en) * 1955-08-31 1961-10-10 Lord Mfg Co Method and apparatus for producing and enhancing chemical reaction in flowable reactant material
US3051639A (en) * 1958-09-25 1962-08-28 Union Carbide Corp Arc torch chemical reactions
US3280018A (en) * 1960-08-01 1966-10-18 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Method for chemically reacting flowing gases
US3308050A (en) * 1960-08-01 1967-03-07 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Electric discharge apparatus for chemically reacting flowing gases
GB970767A (en) * 1962-01-20 1964-09-23 Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech Process and apparatus for chemically converting flowing gaseous materials
US3347774A (en) * 1964-06-24 1967-10-17 Du Pont Arc furnace for pyrolysis of hydrocarbon to acetylene
US3344051A (en) * 1964-12-07 1967-09-26 Continental Carbon Co Method for the production of carbon black in a high intensity arc
US3537965A (en) * 1969-06-16 1970-11-03 Diamond Shamrock Corp Process for the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US10137456B1 (en) 2014-06-06 2018-11-27 LLT International (Ireland) Ltd. Reactor configured to facilitate chemical reactions and/or comminution of solid feed materials
US10427129B2 (en) * 2015-04-17 2019-10-01 LLT International (Ireland) Ltd. Systems and methods for facilitating reactions in gases using shockwaves produced in a supersonic gaseous vortex
US10562036B2 (en) 2015-04-17 2020-02-18 LLT International (Irelant) Ltd. Providing wear resistance in a reactor configured to facilitate chemical reactions and/or comminution of solid feed materials using shockwaves created in a supersonic gaseous vortex
US10434488B2 (en) 2015-08-11 2019-10-08 LLT International (Ireland) Ltd. Systems and methods for facilitating dissociation of methane utilizing a reactor designed to generate shockwaves in a supersonic gaseous vortex

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BE734229A (fr) 1969-11-17
LU58778A1 (fr) 1969-10-28
DE1928617C3 (de) 1975-11-20
DE1928617A1 (de) 1969-12-11
NL6908663A (fr) 1969-12-09
FR1593006A (fr) 1970-05-25
GB1242788A (en) 1971-08-11
DE1928617B2 (de) 1975-04-10

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