US3617331A

US3617331A - Method for manufacture of rotatable variable filter

Info

Publication number: US3617331A
Application number: US774610A
Authority: US
Inventors: Rolf F Illsley; Alfred J Thelen; Joseph H Apfel
Original assignee: Optical Coating Laboratory Inc
Current assignee: Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Co; Optical Coating Laboratory Inc
Priority date: 1964-08-25
Filing date: 1968-11-12
Publication date: 1971-11-02
Anticipated expiration: 1988-11-02

Abstract

Method for manufacture of a rotatable variable filter by controlling the deposition of a coating material on a substrate by the use of first and second masks in which the first and second masks and the substrate form three elements and in which at least two of the elements are rotated with respect to each other and the third element to cause the material to be deposited upon the substrate so that the optical thickness of the coating material varies with angle through a predetermined angle on the substrate.

Description

United States Patent [72] Inventors Roll F. lllsley; 2,432,950 12/1947 Turner et a1. 117/107 Alfred J. Thelen; Joseph H. Apfel, all of 3,128,205 4/1964 Illsley 117/107 X Santa Rosa, Calif. 3,193,408 7/1965 Triller 107/107 X [21] App]. No. 774,610 3,372,282 3/1968 Bressler 350/166 X [22] Filed Nov. 12,1968 3,411,852 11/1968 350/166 X [23] Division of Ser. No. 391,928, 3,442,572 5/1969 350/166 Aug. 25, 1964, Pat. N0. 3,442,572 FOREIGN PATENTS [451 Paemed M11971 1 314 569 12 1962 F 350 166 1131 Assign Optical Coming Laboratory, {443311 511966 1522221:113:11::iiiiiiijiiiji: 320/1 Sam 1,273,855 7/1968 Germany.. 350/166 251,816 ll/1962 Australia 117/38 Primary Examiner-William D. Martin Assistant ExaminerMathew R. P. Perrone, Jr. Attorney-Flehr, Hohbach, Test, Albritton & Herbert [54] METHOD FOR MANUFACTURE OF ROTATABLE VARIABLE FILTER 3 Claims, 29 Drawing Figs.

[52] U.S. Cl ll7/33.3, ABSTRACT: Method for manufacture of a rotatable variable 17/381 [17/107 R1350, 350/166 filter by controlling the deposition of a coating material on a [51] Int. Cl C03c 17/00 Substrate by the use of first and Second masks in which the first [50] Field Of Search 117/33.3, and Second masks and the Substrate form three elements d 107; 350, 164466; H8/48'49-5 in which at least two of the elements are rotated with respect [56] R f d to each other and the third element to cause the material to be e I e deposited upon the substrate so that the optical thickness of UNITED STATES PATENTS the coating material varies with angle through a predeter- 2,392,429 1/1946 Sykes 117/107 mined angle on the substrate.

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v INVI'INTURS Rolf F. I Ilsloy Alfred J. Thalen PX 942% mi M g gm PATENIED HOV? IU'II sum u or 5 Fig. IO.

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INVENTORS w y h 1 I I um 0 Mh I In HJ M wm RA METHOD FOR MANUFACTURE OF ROTATABLE VARIABLE FILTER CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a division of application Ser. No. 391,928 filed on Aug. 25, I964 now U.S. Letters Pat. No. 3,442,572.

Straight line variable filters have heretofore been manufactured and sold. However, such straight line variable filters have been limited to coatings deposited upon a rectangular substrate as the parallel lines marking a ruler which transmits light in spectral selectivity through a wavelength range as, for example, from ultra violet (approximately 400 millimicrons) to infrared (approximately 700 millimicrons). In many applications, there is a need for a circular variable filter where the lines are radial in which the transmission changes linearly through a predetermined angle of a circle and covers an unrestricted wavelength range.

In general, it is an object of the present invention to provide a multilayer interference optical coating and assembly in the form of a circular variable filter.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method for manufacture of the circular variable filter.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character in which the optical thickness of the coating changes linearly through a predetermined angle on the substrate.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character in which a wide variable filter characteristics can be readily obtained.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character in which the variation in wavelength is linear.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character which can be formed as different types of filters as, for example, long wavelength pass filter, short wavelength pass filter, narrow band pass filter, wide band pass filter and combinations thereof.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character in which certain filter characteristics can be made to change linearly with the angle of the substrate over any desired wavelength range.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character which can be utilized as a monochromator.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character in which the optical thickness of the coating changes linearly with angle of rotation of the filter.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character in which two filters can be deposited on separate substrates, on opposite sides of the same substrate, or after proper matching on top of each other.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character in which two filters can be adjusted so that a narrow band pass filter together with a wide band pass filter provides complete side band rejection for a wavelength ratio of better than 2:1 on both sides of the central pass band.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character in which the resolution is not decreased appreciably under illumination with low f-number optics when the same is used as a monochromator.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character in which the transmittance is a known and measurable quantity.

Another object of the invention is to provide a circular variable filter of the above character which is rotatable and in which the wavelength calibration is linear with the angle of circumferential rotation.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a circular variable filter.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of the above character which is relatively economical.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of the above character which uses sector masks rotating at different speeds.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of the above character in which uniformity in variation of the op tical thickness of coating can be readily achieved.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of the above character in which the variation in optical thickness is linear.

Another object of the invention is to provide a method of the above character in which only two-rotating sector masks are required.

Additional objects and features of the invention will appear from the following description in which the preferred embodiments are set forth in detail in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Referring to the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view with portions broken away of a vacuum coating apparatus for forming circular wedges incorporating our invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 3-3 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 is a view looking along the line 4-4 of FIG. 2.

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of the substrate and mask arrangement similar to that shown in FIGS. 1-4 utilized for the deposition of circularly wedged coatings.

FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the substrate S and the masks MI and M2 and defines certain geometrical terms.

FIG. 7 shows the trapezoidal waves generated by the use of the sectors shown in FIG. 5 and gives the characteristic terms for the trapezoidal waves.

FIG. 8 gives an alternate shape for the trapezoidal wave shown in FIG. 7.

FIGS. 9A9P show a plurality of patterns of thickness distribution where the triangular wave shape is generated by superimposed trapezoidal waves.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing the transmittance of a circular wedge filter which is constructed in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 11 shows the linear relationship between wavelength and angular position of a circular wedge filter constructed in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 12 is an isometric view of a circular wedge filter constructed in accordance with the present invention with the depth of the multilayer coating greatly exaggerated.

FIG. 13 is a calibration chart showing the linearity of the change of thickness of the multilayer coating with change of angle on the substrate.

FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a multilayer monochromator with a slit and illuminating optics.

The apparatus utilized for manufacturing our circular variable or wedge filter is shown in FIGS. 1-4 and consists of means for forming a vacuum chamber II. The vacuum chamber is provided in a rectangular housing 12 which is provided with an access door (not shown). Suitable means is provided for placing the chamber II under a vacuum and, as shown. can consist of a diffusion pump 13. Means (not shown) of a conventional type is provided for mounting a plurality of sources of thermally evaporable material and for evaporating the same. In addition, means (not shown) is provided. also of a conventional type, for evaporating materials by electron bombardment.

Means is provided for carrying the circular substrates which are to be utilized for forming a part of the circular wedge filters in the vacuum chamber 11 and consists of a double rota tion assembly 16 somewhat similar to the apparatus for vacuum coating disclosed in the U.S. Letters Pat. 3.l28,205. Means is provided for driving the double rotation assembly I6 and consist of a drive motor 17 mounted upon a support post 18 carried by the housing I2. The motor 17 drives speed reducing gearing 19 which drives an output shaft 21 which is connected to a shaft 22 of the double rotation assembly 16 by a coupling 23.

It should be pointed out that if desired, only single rotation, that is rotation about a single axis, may be used for the substrates where the sources can be centrally located and a single substrate is coated at a time.

Means is provided for monitoring the deposition of coatings upon the substrates carried by the double rotation assembly 16 and consists of an optical monitor 26 of the type described in copending application Ser. No. 321,888, filed Nov. 6, 1963 now U.S. Letters Pat.No. 3,411,852.

The double rotation assembly 16 consists of a cylindrical support member 31 which is secured to the top wall 12a of the housing 12 by suitable means such as welding. A plate 32 is removably secured to the lower extremity of the cylindrical support member 31 by suitable means such as cap screws 33. The plate 32 is provided with an inclined surface 34 lying in a horizontal plane perpendicular to the support member 31. A sleeve 36 is rotatably mounted within the support member 31 and in the plate 32 by suitable means such as a pair of upper and lower

ball bearing assemblies

37 and 38, each being comprised of an inner race, an outer race and a plurality of ball bearings as shown. The sleeve 36 is connected to and driven by the shaft 22 by suitable means such as a pin 41 which extends through an enlarged cylindrical portion 22a of the shaft 22 and through the upper end of the sleeve 36. A hub 42 is secured to the lower extremity of the sleeve 36.

A plurality of masking assemblies 44 are mounted upon the hub 42. In the embodiment shown in the drawing, three of the masking assemblies 44 have been provided and are positioned symmetrically about the shaft 22. Each of the masking assemblies consists of a support member 46 which is secured to the hub 42 by suitable means such as cap screws 47 which engage the support member 46 and are threaded into the hub 42. Three separate

hollow shafts

47, 48 and 49 are rotatably mounted in a hub bushing 51 carried by the support member 46. The hollow shaft 47 is rotatably mounted in the bushing 51 and at one end (the upper end) has a spur gear 52 affixed thereto. A flanged hub 53 is secured to the other end (the lower end) of the hollow shaft 47 by suitable means such as a screw 54. The annular or circular substrate 56 to be coated, and which also can be identified as the substrate S, is mounted upon the flanged hub 53 by suitable means such as a ring 57. The ring 57 is removably secured to the flanged hub 53 by suitable means such as screws 58 and is provided with an annular portion 57a which is adapted to engage the inner margin of the annular substrate 56 and clamp the same to the flanged hub 53 as shown particularly in FIG. 3 of the drawings.

A pair of bushings 61 are mounted on opposite ends of the hollow shaft 47. The hollow shaft 48 is mounted within the bushings 61 and has a spur gear 62 affixed to one end. A hub 63 is secured to the other end by suitable means such as a screw 64. A sector-shaped shielding or masking member 66, which also can be identified as mask M2, is secured to the member 63. A pair of bushings 67 are mounted in the opposite ends of the hollow shaft 48. The hollow shaft 49 is rotatably mounted within the bushings 67 and carries a spur gear 68 at one end and a hub 69 at the other end. The hub 69 is affixed to the shaft 49 by suitable means such as a screw 71. A sectorshaped member 72, which also can be identified as mask M1, is secured to the hub 69.

Means is provided for driving the

gears

52, 62 and 68 and consists of spur gears 74, 75 and 76, respectively, which are secured to a sleeve 77 which is affixed to a drive wheel 78. The drive wheel 78 and the sleeve 77 are rotatably mounted upon a pin 79 by means ofa bushing 81 which is disposed within the sleeve 77. The pin 79 is carried by a plate 82 which is secured to the bushing 51.

Means is provided for cooling the cylindrical support member 31 and consists of tubing 84 which is coiled about the cylindrical support member 31 and which is supplied with cooling fluid from a source (not shown). The drive wheel78 is provided with an inclined surface 84 which frictionally engages the inclined surface 34 provided on the stationary plate 32.

With the arrangement shown, it can be seen that when the motor 17 is operated, the large hub 42 will be caused to rotate which will rotate the circular substrates 56 being coated about an axis which is coincident with the axis ofthe shaft 22 and the axis of the vacuum chamber. In addition, the substrate 56 will be rotated about its own axis by the gearing hereinbefore described at the same time it is being rotated about the axis coincident with the shaft 22 to thereby, in effect provide the so-called double rotation system.

In the apparatus shown in FIGS. 1-4, all three elements, the substrate S and the masks M1 and M2, are rotated. For reasons hereinafter explained, it is only necessary that at least two of the elements be rotated during the coating of the substrate. This means that both masks M1 and M2 can be rotated with the substrate being stationary, or conversely, the substrate can be rotated and one of the masks held stationary. As hereinafter explained, it is only necessary that the proper rotational relationship be maintained between the elements which are rotated and the element which is held stationary. Thus, when it is desired to rotate only two of the elements for reasons of economy and simplicity, gearing for the element to be held stationary can be omitted and the element secured to the member 46.

Operation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1-4 for manufacturing circular wedge filters may best be understood by reference to FIG. 5. With the arrangement shown in FIGS. 1-4 and from the schematic representation shown in FIG. 5, twosector masks identified as masks M1 and M2 are placed between the substrate S and the coating source. As hereinafter explained, by proper control of the parameters, a selected variety of circularly wedged coatings can be deposited upon the substrate, the outstanding feature of which is that the coatings have a thickness which changes linearly with the angle on the substrate. Using the apparatus shown to perform the method indicated in the present invention, a collimated beam of coating material strikes the substrate and mask combination at substantially normal incidence. Coating material is deposited on the substrate whenever the path of travel for the coating material is not blocked by one or both of the two-sector masks.

In order to understand how a coating can be deposited upon the substrate in which the thickness changes linearly with the angle on the substrate, a mathematical analysis as set forth below proves very helpful. Let A be defined as the common axis of rotation of the two-sector masks M1 and M2 (see H6. 6). The point P where the axis A penetrates the substrate plane S is the center of a circle K with the radius R. Thus,

9=xR where a is the length of the arc of the circle from the point P and where x is the angle from the point P At the time F0, let be assumed that the masks M1 and M2 are positioned such that the clear sectors extend from x=-, to x=+d for the mask M1 and from .t= 1 to x=+ l for the mask M2.

Let it also be assumed further that whenever the path to the substrate is open, the incident coating material deposits upon the substrate at a constant rate:

c=d D/d !=const. (l) where D is the thickness of the coating.

Consequently, (again at i=0), dD/d! can be expressed as a function ofx by the product of two-square wave functions:

cos km] K since the masks are rotating at the angular speeds:

dx/dt=const. =w,, w at the time t=t the following expression holds:

(1 D/d t=SQ( 1 x+w,t) 'SQ( x+w t) (4) or, in detail E z W=1- 13 11: w cos (z:c+1w2) wl W T E cos (kx-l-kw t) L M1 12 (15) l1 g (16) 1.-=1 k 5 2T 2W, 1 T 1r sin (0 sin cos a: w t cos k(z+ 1 2 110 K 2 Since both P, and m can vary from 2 to 1r the quantities T (5) and T, can assume values which do not allow the interpreta- 10 tion of the series 9 by the curve shape given in FIG. 7. When- By integrating equation 5, the following expression can be ever derived for the thickness D as a function ofx: T T1 o0 fi+ 17) t D=f dgdi= g sin 1(a;+w t). 15 0 7r 2 The interpretation of FIG. 8 which is basically a trapezoidal o0 sin k 0O 00 Sin i Sin wave with half a period out of phase and with an increased 2 5 Sm 1- 1 +2 2 i average value must be used.

1 1=1k=1 Since the series derived for the thickness distribution in equation 9 has the general form of a Fourier series for trapef cos [(7'+k)x+ (zw2+kw1)t]dl zoidal waves, the general statement can be made that twot rotating sector masks, arranged in the described fashion,

+ f co [(ik)a;+(iw -kw )i]dt)] generate linear thickness distributions. It is very important to 0 remember, though, that an assumption was made that the ex- (6) 2 5 posure time" is long compared to the period T.

Particular attention must be paid to relation 13. This rela- This expression 6 contains terms which steadily increase wrth time and others which oscillate. If we make the assumption that we integrate over a time period long enough so that all oscillating terms can be neglected against the steadily increasing terms, a uniform thickness distribution can be derived:

general, different from the periodicity of the substrate. For example, when w,/w,=3 then w=2. This means that two 0 complete cycles of the trapezoidal wave fit around one cycle on the substrate. Yet in the special case 12 w /w =2 (18) D 119 B :2: 1 l

2 (7) one period of the trapezoidal wave falls just within one cycle There are cases, though, when the distribution is nonuniform. the f f This is whenever Of special interest are the cases when there are no regions iwztkw =0 (8) Then the following expression for an of constant thickness or, in other words, when the trapezoidal.

thick;less distribution results out of equation 6: wave simplifies into a triangular wave. This is the case when w T,/T=/z and 2T /T=0 (l9) 2 sin kqbz sin Icda or l =m l cos k (1 40 T,/T='/2 and 2T,,/T=l (20) two complete i -=1 FIGS. 9A and 98 give the resulting shapes. The complete (9) specifications are given under (a) and (b) in table 1 following.

TABLE 1 Average dn o2 W1 w W 360-2 360-2d 2 thickn. Ratio 77/2 1 2 1 270 180 m 1 2 1 2 1 00 180 17 4 2 s 180 270 54 2 1r/0 3 2 16 90 300 2 1 0 3 4 225 300 M0 2 1/6 3 4 135 300 its 1. 5 1/4 2 3 00 270 04 1. 5

1r/2 3 l 5 90 180 V 1. 25 1/2 3 4 225 180 0 16 1. 25 1/2 3 4 135 180 010 1.143

This equation 9 can be interpreted as a Fourier series of :1 Cases (0) and assume that Elation 18 holds Thfi t id l wave are not the only cases which result in triangular wave shapes,

The standard form of the Fourier series of a trapezoidal g By going to wave is {WI 1 21) I I parts of the trapezoidal wave can be superimposed. This can T +T T 1 [7 =A 2A be used to advantage to create a selected variety of additional T TZTI triangular shapes. Cases (c) to (k) of table 1 are representa- 1rT k1r(T +T tive. FIGS. 9C to 9F show the patterns of superimpositions. Sm k T T The main difference between these various cases is the ratio of k2 cos maximum to minimum thickness. Cases were picked which =1 (10) give a useful variety of thicknesses but keep [w] as large as possible so that the exposure time" can be kept as small as possible.

with the quantities o! n W=211'/Ta5 definedi" Of some special interest is case (e). Here the triangular Comparing equations 9 and We arrive an the following wave gives the same ratio as case (0) or (d) but the average Set ofimel'l'elaiiflg equations? thickness is only one-half the corresponding value for (c) or (d). Consequently, if one exposes the two arrangements to the o+ 1) (11) 4, 1 1 (12) same coating material stream, one can produce two-thickness w; T 2 T ranges at the same time.

tion states that the periodicity of the trapezoidal wave is, in

The ratio set forth in table I is the ratio between the thickest and the thinnest portions of the coating or filter.

From any one point opens, the substrate S the rate of deposition of the coating material as a function of time can be described as a square wave function. Thus, when a mask is rotating between a stationary substrate and the vapor coating source, nothing is deposited when the mask is closed with respect to this particular point on the substrate and then when the mask opens, the coating material is deposited at a constant rate until the mask closes again. Thus, an on-off function is generated which is identical to a square wave. A similar type of square wave is obtained with the other mask. The result of the two masks rotating is the product of the two square wave functions which, as established above, will provide a trapezoidal function which describes the thickness of the coating as a function of wavelength on the substrate. FIG. 7 shows such a trapezoidal function.

In FIG. 8, it can be seen that when the trapezoidal function has an undesirable flat portion, there will be a doubling up of thicknesses in certain portions so that thickness does not change with angle. For this reason, it is desirable to find the conditions where the fiat portions of the trapezoidal wave are zero, or in other words a triangular function is formed. This makes it possible to make maximum utilization of the surface of the circular substrate.

In FIGS. 9A-9P are shown a number of cases in which triangular wave shapes can be obtained in which thickness changes or varies as a function of angle. Thus, in the FIGS. 9C, 9E, 9G, 91, etc., shown on the left-hand side, there is shown the pattern after one complete rotation cycle of the elements of the masking assembly; and then in FIGS. 9D, 9F, 9H, etc., shown on the right-hand side, there is shown the pattern obtained after one or more additional cycles of the elements of the masking assembly. From these figures, it can be seen that as the additional layers are superimposed one upon the other, a triangular wave always results. From all the different patterns shown in FIGS. 9-A-9P, it can be seen that it is possible to obtain different sets of triangular waveforms. This is important because the ratio of peak wavelength can be changed by the different patterns. For example, in one circular wedge filter, the wavelength may change from A to 2)., whereas in another, it can change from )r to l- A.

As hereinbefore explained, the relative angular velocities specified in table I above can be achieved by rotating any two of the three elements of a three-element system, for example, in the case of a system having relative velocities of :1:2 for the substrate S, mask M1 and mask M2, respectively, a rotating substrate system with relative velocities of 2:1:0 is completely equivalent and allows one mask to remain stationary. A three-speed system such as shown in FIGS. l-4 where all the elements of the system are rotating with respect to the source is somewhat more desirable because of improved results which can be obtained. However, rotation of all three elements introduces a considerable degree of complexity and adds additional expense which may not be justified by the improved results. Thus, where economy is desired, one of the elements may be held stationary without unduly affecting the results obtained.

By way of example, an optical circular variable filter incorporating our invention and utilizing the apparatus shown in FIGS. l-4 was made in the following manner. The sector masks M1 and M2 utilized were 180 and 90 sector masks as shown in FIG. 4. A relative angular velocity of the two was chosen to provide a coating having a linear thickness to angular position relationship. With such a relationship, the maximum thickness of the coating will be twice the minimum value.

The near infrared region (l-3 microns) was selected in order to optimize the parameters of simple multiple layer design, low dispersion of materials, plentiful supply of inexpensive substrate and simple coating techniques. A multilayer narrow band pass filter design of approximately 2 percent bandwidth was used. The band pass design used is described as Glass/LI-ILI-ILLHLHLI-ILI-ILLl-ILH/air where L and H represent one quarter of the design wavelength optically thick layers of low and high index coating materials. An example ofa low index of refraction coating material is silicon monoxide which has an index of refraction of 1.9 (n= 1.9). A representative material having a high index of refraction is germanium which has an index of refraction of 4.2 (n= 4.2). With a filter of this design, it would be desirable to use HH spacer layers because of reduced sensitivity to angle of incidence. With germanium as the high index material and without much spacer layers, the absorption and dispersion of the germanium in the spectral region ofinterest would prevent attainment of the desired wedge linearity. With silicon monoxide as the low index material, there is no such problem because silicon monoxide has a very constant and reproducible index of refraction in the near infrared region.

In the formation of the variable filter which can be called a wedge filter when the variation is linear, sequential evaporation of two materials from the same source location was utilized. A glass substrate disc approximately 6 inches in diameter was positioned above the vapor source concentric with the two masks M1 and M2. In the particular arrangement, the 180 mask, or the mask 72 as shown in FIG. 4, was held stationary, while the mask, mask 66 in FIG. 4, was geardriven from the main rotary motion of the substrate S at onehalf of the velocity of the substrate S. The rotary motion velocity was adjusted to ensure that at least I00 sector cycles were completed during the deposition of each layer. Thus, the substrate rotated with a relative speed of two, the 90 mask rotated at a relative speed of one, and the mask rotated at a relative speed of zero or, in other words, was stationary. During the deposition of the coatings, the entire masking assembly 44 is moved rotatably around the source about the axis of shaft 22 to make it possible to achieve still greater uniformity.

In FIG. 10, there is shown a composite transmission scan of a band pass circular wedge filter, made as outlined above, at a point 2.5 inches from the center for three different angular positions, namely, 7.2, 0 and +7.2 with the 0 angular position being approximately halfway between the extreme high and low ends. FIG. 10 shows the transmission as a function of wavelength with the 2 percent chosen bandwidth.

In FIG. 11, there are plotted positions of the band pass for 20 increments around the finished circular wedge filter. Thus, as shown in FIG. 11, a plot has been obtained with angular position against peak wavelength which shows that good linearity was achieved. The very small departures from linearity are consistent with the degree of nonuniform vapor stream intensity and dispersion in the coating material.

When linearity ofa circular wedge filter is being considered, in the case ofa band pass filter, it is the change in the location of the center wavelength. In the case of a long wavelength band pass filter, it is the change in the half-power point or the 50 percent transmission point.

Other types of filters such as long wavelength pass filters, short wavelength pass filters, narrow band pass filters, wide band pass filters and various combinations thereof can be provided with analogous techniques.

In certain circular wedge filters, it may be desirable to change wavelength linearly up to a predetermined angle and then have it constant through another predetermined angle and then have the wavelength drop off linearly again to the starting point. Such wedge filters can also be readily manufactured with the apparatus and method disclosed herein.

A circular wedge made in accordance with the present invention is shown in FIG. 12 and consists of a circular substrate S which is provided with a central hole 101 and an index hole 102. A multilayer coating 104 is deposited upon the substrate S. The thickness of the thin film 104 is greatly exaggerated with reference to the substrate S. However, as stated previously, the multilayer coating is deposited in such a way that the thickness changes linearly with the angle of rotation of the substrate S about its axis or in other words linearly along a line concentric with the axis of rotation. In the design shown, the thickness doubles through a half circle or in 180 and drops back to the original value around the remaining half circle.

Let it be assumed that the multilayer coating 104 deposited on the substrate S is a narrow band interference filter of the type hereinbefore described. Let it also be assumed that the wavelength of peak transmittance of such a filter changes directly with the thickness of the individual layers. If this circular wedge filter is now rotated behind a slit, a monochromator is formed which passes a wavelength A at a=0, k,,= r, at ot=a,, and A,,=2)\,, at nr=1r, as shown in the drawing in FIG. 12. A calibration chart of such a monochromator is shown in FIG. 13. The wavelength of the monochromator can be related to the angle on the disc in the following manner:

na 211' lt,,=k 3a/1r) (23) 1f the position of the pass band is measured in wave numbers rather than wavelengths, the relationship can be expressed as follows:

As is well known to those skilled in the art, a monochromator is always used with illuminating optics. The type of illumination and the width of the slit have an effect on the performance of the monochromator.

In FIG. 14, there is shown schematically the general case of a multilayer monochromator with illuminating optics. The extended source of brightness B can be a mirror or a lens. The bandwidth and transmittance of the monochromator can be readily computed for a variety of typical cases. A design for a multilayer monochromator is set forth in table 11 below.

A design of an infrared wide band pass interference filter is set forth in table 111 below.

TABLE 111 relative quarterwuve thickness layernumber refractive index type medium 1.00

LII

1 L 1.90 0.8772 2 H 4.20 1.692 3 L 1.90 1.754 4 H 4.20 1.672 5 L 1.90 1.686 6 H 4.20 1.653 7 L 1.90 1.653

8 H 4.20 1.653 9 L 1.90 1.610 10 H 4.20 1.653 11 L 1.90 1.653 12 H 4.20 1.653 13 L 1.90 1.653 14 H 4.20 1.706 15 L 1.90 1.618 16 H 4.20 1.965 17 L 1.90 0.9174 18 H 4.20 0.3125 19 L 1.90 0.6897 20 H 4.20 0.671 1 21 L 1.90 0.6301 22 H 4.20 0.6329 23 L 1.90 0.6329 24 23 H 4.20 0.6329 25 L 1.90 0.6329 26 H 4.20 0.6329 27 L 1.90 0.6329 28 H 4.20 0.6329 29 L 1.90 0.5970 30 H 4.20 0.6161 31 L 1.90 0.6536 32 H 4.20 0.3155 33 L 1.90 1.815

substrate 1.50

The bandwidth of a monochromator changes as a function of slit width and cone angle. Also, since interference filters shift with angle, the calibration curve of a multilayer' monochromator will also shift slightly when the monochromator is illuminated with different size light cones.

In general, it can be stated that our monochromator has many distinct advantages. lts performance will not be downgraded appreciably under illumination with low f-optics. lts transmittance is a known measurable quantity. It is rotatable and the wavelength calibration curve is linear with angle.

it is apparent from the foregoing that we have provided a new and improved circular wedge or circular variable filter and method for manufacturing the same. The circular wedge filter has many unique characteristics which particularly lends itself to a number ofapplications as hereinbefore explained.

We claim:

1. 1n the method for forming a wedge filter by the deposition ofa coating material in a vacuum chamber from a source on a substrate with the use of first and second sector-shaped masks disposed between the source and the substrate with one of the masks subtending a substantially greater angle than the other mask, comprising the steps of causing the source to produce a coating material in the form ofa vapor stream which will impinge upon the substrate, and obstructing the deposition of coating material on the substrate by the first and second masks, said substrate and said first and second masks forming first, second and third elements, the improvement comprising the step of rotating about a common axis at least two of said elements at differing rates with respect to each other and the remaining one of said elements with each of said two elements being continuously rotated in one direction to cause the coating material to be deposited upon the substrate so that the optical thickness of the coating material varies with angle through a predetermined angle on the substrate.

2. A method as in claim 1 together with the step of rotating the first, second and third elements about the source.

3. In a method for providing a rotatable wedge filter forming at least part of a circle by the deposition of a coating material in a vacuum chamber from a source on a substrate by first and second sector-shaped masks with one of the masks subtending a substantially greater angle than the other mask, comprising the steps of causing the source to produce a coating material in the form ofa vapor stream which will impinge upon the substrate, progressively interrupting the deposition of the coating differing rates relative to the remaining element and to each other in a predetermined relationship with each of said two elements being continuously rotated in one direction.

Claims

2. A method as in claim 1 together with the step of rotating the first, second and third elements about the source.
3. In a method for providing a rotatable wedge filter forming at least part of a circle by the deposition of a coating material in a vacuum chamber from a source on a substrate by first and second sector-shaped masks with one of the masks subtending a substantially greater angle than the other mask, comprising the steps of causing the source to produce a coating material in the form of a vapor stream which will impinge upon the substrate, progressively interrupting the deposition of the coating material on the substrate by said first and second masks, said substrate and said first and second masks forming first, second and third elements, the improvement comprising the steps of rotating about a common axis at least two of said elements at differing rates relative to the remaining element and to each other in a predetermined relationship with each of said two elements being continuously rotated in one direction.