US3615301A - Grinding fluid for grinding titanium metal and titanium metal alloys - Google Patents
Grinding fluid for grinding titanium metal and titanium metal alloys Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3615301A US3615301A US778296A US3615301DA US3615301A US 3615301 A US3615301 A US 3615301A US 778296 A US778296 A US 778296A US 3615301D A US3615301D A US 3615301DA US 3615301 A US3615301 A US 3615301A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- grinding
- titanium
- salts
- percent
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Chemical class OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical class COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous acid Chemical class ON=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 25
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- CBOCVOKPQGJKKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium formate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C=O.[O-]C=O CBOCVOKPQGJKKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004280 Sodium formate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- AZFNGPAYDKGCRB-XCPIVNJJSA-M [(1s,2s)-2-amino-1,2-diphenylethyl]-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylazanide;chlororuthenium(1+);1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylbenzene Chemical compound [Ru+]Cl.CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1.C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)[N-][C@@H](C=1C=CC=CC=1)[C@@H](N)C1=CC=CC=C1 AZFNGPAYDKGCRB-XCPIVNJJSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019255 calcium formate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004281 calcium formate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940044172 calcium formate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- RAFRTSDUWORDLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenyl 3-chloropropanoate Chemical compound ClCCC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RAFRTSDUWORDLA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000010289 potassium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004304 potassium nitrite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium formate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C=O HLBBKKJFGFRGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019254 sodium formate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium formate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C=O WFIZEGIEIOHZCP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 formate ions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 14
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 11
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229940044170 formate Drugs 0.000 description 11
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006061 abrasive grain Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- QRHVTEMQQBKPKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(=O)O.N(=O)O Chemical compound C(=O)O.N(=O)O QRHVTEMQQBKPKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 159000000009 barium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004675 formic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G13/01—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern for multicoloured copies
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/08—Materials not undergoing a change of physical state when used
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G13/06—Developing
Definitions
- the invention is a novel grinding fluid or coolant which improves the efficiency and economics of grinding titanium metal and titanium metal alloys when using grinding wheels made up of aluminum oxide or aluminum oxide containing abrasives.
- the grinding fluid is composed of salts of nitrous acid and formic acid dissolved in water thereby provid ing nitrite and formate ions.
- the invention relates to the precision grinding of titanium metal and high titanium metal alloys. More specifically the said invention relates to a grinding fluid which facilitates the difficult job of precision grinding the aforementioned metals by virtue of rendering the grinding operation more efficient and more economical.
- the grinding wheels wore so fast that they would lose contact with the workpiece before the wheel had made a complete traverse across the workpiece; grinding with harder, stronger wheels did not improve the situation in that the wheel wear remained just as high as with the softer wheels and in addition, the workpiece now became badly burned, and severe loading of the wheel produced extremely poor finishes; all of this being contrary to normal experience.
- the grindability of the titanium at this stage was so bad that the maximum grinding ratio attainable was about 0.7.
- the grinding ratio or G- ratio is defined herein as cubic inches of material removed per cubic inch of wheel wear; the greater the G-ratio number, the smaller is the wheel cost per unit volume of metal removed.
- this grinding ratio can be readily appreciated from a consideration of the grinding ratios derived from the identical type of grinding of some high-grade hardened tool steels.
- high-chromium, high-carbon steels are successfully ground with a grinding ratio of 3 to 4; M-2 high-speed tool steels, with a grinding ratio of 4 to 12; and, plain-carbon and low-alloy tool steels with grinding ratios of from 40 to 80.
- a G-ratio of about 20 is realized.
- the identical titanium alloy is ground with the same wheel, the same grinding fluid, and the same grinding conditions with the exception that the infeed is increased to 0.002 inches, the G- ratio then drops drastically to about 6.9 as the result of a very severe increase in wheel wear rate, which makes the overall grinding process with a 0.002 inches infeed less efficient and thereby less economical than the grinding process wherein an infeed rate of 0.001 inches is used.
- the present invention is a novel grinding fluid composition which allows precision grinding processes used to grind titanium metal and titanium metal alloys, to be performed at at least twice the metal removal rate possible with currently known grinding fluids when the grinding wheels contain aluminoustype abrasive.
- the invention results in a 20 percent improvement in G-ratio when theinvention fluid is used with the standard acceptable infeed rate of 0.001 inches.
- the invention grinding fluid consists essentially of an aqueous solution of an inorganic salt of nitrous acid and an inorganic salt of formic acid which will dissolve in water to provide nitrite and formate ions.
- the inorganic salts of the two acids may be any nitrite and formate which are soluble in cold water and are not toxic to humans; barium salts are salts which though operative, are of questionable utility because water soluble barium salts have been known to be toxic.
- the cation portion of the two salts may be the same, for example sodium nitrite-sodium formate, or may be diflerent, for example potassium nitritecalcium formate, or may be mixed salts like calcium nitrite and barium nitrite-potassium formate and calcium formate.
- G-ratio and of infeed rate are well understood by those skilled in the art of precision grinding.
- the G-ratio as defined above, is the cubic inches of material removed divided by the cubic inches of wheel wear; knowing the cost of a grinding wheel and the amount of usable abrasive therein, the grinding wheel costs for removing any given quantity of metal can be readily calculated.
- the wheel user also has a major interest in the rate of metal removal, or in precision grinding the infeed, which governs the amount of time required to remove a given unit volume of metal and therefore the labor costs.
- Wheel Norton Company vitrified bonded alumina abrasive wheel, having the specification: 32A60-M5VBE Wheel Speed: 1,500 s.f.p.m.
- the second manifestation of the superiority of the invention grinding fluids was the higher infeed rates permissible with the said invention fluids as compared to the maximum permissible infeed rates provided by the currently used sodium nitrite based fluids.
- An analysis of the data contained in table II shows the extreme effect that increasing the infeed had on the G-ratio.
- the increase in infeed from 0.001 to 0.002 inches produced an extremely severe increase in wheel wear as evidenced by the decrease in G-ratio of from 20.0 to 6.9 respectively for the 0.001 inches and 0.002 inches infeeds.
- the 14.8 G-ratio using the sodium nitrite-sodium formate based grinding fluid was the result of an amount of wheel wear per unit volume of metal removed that was less than k the corresponding wheel wear expressed in the 6.9 G-ratio when the sodium nitrite based grinding fluid was used. This means that when using the fluid of this invention, the wheel cost per unit volume of metal removed is only about of the wheel cost when the same grinding operation is done using the more conventional sodium nitrite based fluid.
- the nitrite-formate based grinding fluids are relatively insensitive to variations in concentration of either the total salt concentration or the relative proportions of nitrite to formate.
- the optimum total salts concentration is believed to be about percent by weight for the precision grinding of most titanium alloys under most grinding conditions. How ever, variations in the titanium alloy, type of machine, desired infeed or table traverse speed, grinding wheel types and operating speed, or the like, could conceivably make a higher or lower concentration than 10 percent more desirable.
- the nitriteformate grinding fluids are effective in as low a concentration of total salts as 0.5 percent by weight, and in a weight ratio of either anion to the other anion of from about 0.2 to 5.0.
- the optimum concentration for any specific set of conditions is easily ascertained by a minor amount of experimentation, or one can with confidence, use an aqueous solution containing 5 percent by weight of the nitrite and 5 percent by weight of the formate.
- the preferred salts are the nitrites and formates of potassium, sodium and calcium.
- Shaw and Yang show that aqueous solutions of inorganic salts behave as they do when used as grinding fluids for grinding titanium and its alloys, because the cations and anions become adsorbed on the surfaces of the abrasive and titanium respectively, and so located, prevent bonds from forming between the abrasive and the metal which when ruptured cause rapid abrasive wear.
- the effectiveness of the adsorbed ion layer is controlled to a considerable degree by the ability of the adsorbed ion to closely fit the ions of the surface, and the effective charge per ion. It
- An aqueous grinding fluid suitable for grinding titanium and its alloys with aluminum oxide or aluminum oxide containing abrasives said grinding fluid containing a total weight of from 0.5 to 20 percent of combined water soluble salts, said combined salts being made up of at least one metal salt of nitrous acid and at least one metal salt of formic acid, with the weight ratio of the anions of said salts being in the range of 0.2 to 5 .0.
- aqueous grinding fluid of claim 1 wherein the said total weight of said combined salts is from 5 percent to 20 percent.
- the aqueous grinding fluid of claim ll wherein the said salts are metal salts selected from the group consisting of calcium nitrite, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, calcium formate, sodium formate, and potassium formate.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
- Grinding-Machine Dressing And Accessory Apparatuses (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US77829668A | 1968-11-22 | 1968-11-22 | |
| GB290371 | 1970-02-11 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3615301A true US3615301A (en) | 1971-10-26 |
Family
ID=26237831
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US778296A Expired - Lifetime US3615301A (en) | 1968-11-22 | 1968-11-22 | Grinding fluid for grinding titanium metal and titanium metal alloys |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3615301A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
| GB (1) | GB1257609A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4305779A (en) * | 1980-05-28 | 1981-12-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method of polishing nickel-base alloys and stainless steels |
| US4695294A (en) * | 1985-04-11 | 1987-09-22 | Stemcor Corporation | Vibratory grinding of silicon carbide |
| US7967605B2 (en) | 2004-03-16 | 2011-06-28 | Guidance Endodontics, Llc | Endodontic files and obturator devices and methods of manufacturing same |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1981849A (en) * | 1933-03-30 | 1934-11-27 | Chemical Mfg Company | Heat exchange medium |
| US2394251A (en) * | 1943-07-31 | 1946-02-05 | Shell Dev | Hydraulic fluids |
| US2455961A (en) * | 1944-06-10 | 1948-12-14 | Du Pont | Hydraulic fluid |
| US3020140A (en) * | 1959-01-19 | 1962-02-06 | John M Bluth | Compositions for metal surface reformation |
-
1968
- 1968-11-22 US US778296A patent/US3615301A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1970
- 1970-02-11 GB GB290371A patent/GB1257609A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1981849A (en) * | 1933-03-30 | 1934-11-27 | Chemical Mfg Company | Heat exchange medium |
| US2394251A (en) * | 1943-07-31 | 1946-02-05 | Shell Dev | Hydraulic fluids |
| US2455961A (en) * | 1944-06-10 | 1948-12-14 | Du Pont | Hydraulic fluid |
| US3020140A (en) * | 1959-01-19 | 1962-02-06 | John M Bluth | Compositions for metal surface reformation |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4305779A (en) * | 1980-05-28 | 1981-12-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method of polishing nickel-base alloys and stainless steels |
| US4695294A (en) * | 1985-04-11 | 1987-09-22 | Stemcor Corporation | Vibratory grinding of silicon carbide |
| US7967605B2 (en) | 2004-03-16 | 2011-06-28 | Guidance Endodontics, Llc | Endodontic files and obturator devices and methods of manufacturing same |
| US10052173B2 (en) | 2004-03-16 | 2018-08-21 | Guidance Endodontics, Llc | Endodontic files and obturator devices and methods of manufacturing same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1257609A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1971-12-22 |
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