US3611400A - Phased array antenna - Google Patents

Phased array antenna Download PDF

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Publication number
US3611400A
US3611400A US866212A US3611400DA US3611400A US 3611400 A US3611400 A US 3611400A US 866212 A US866212 A US 866212A US 3611400D A US3611400D A US 3611400DA US 3611400 A US3611400 A US 3611400A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
variable
phased array
array antenna
reactance elements
antenna device
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US866212A
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English (en)
Inventor
Kiyoshi Nagai
Torao Nagai
Sohji Okamura
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toshiba Corp
Original Assignee
Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from JP9106468U external-priority patent/JPS4828265Y1/ja
Priority claimed from JP9106268U external-priority patent/JPS4844444Y1/ja
Application filed by Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Ltd filed Critical Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co Ltd
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3611400A publication Critical patent/US3611400A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/26—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the relative phase or relative amplitude of energisation between two or more active radiating elements; varying the distribution of energy across a radiating aperture

Definitions

  • a phased array antenna device including a plurality of equally spaced antenna elements which are connected to a source of antenna power, and a plurality of impedance transforming four terminal networks capable of electrically adjusting the radiation characteristics of the antennas by varying the phase and amplitude of the antenna currents in a predetermined manner,
  • FIG. 15 FIG. 16
  • ARRAY ANTENNA This invention relates to an improved phased array antenna device comprised by an assembly of a plurality of antenna elements, and more particularly to a phased array antenna device suitable for use as an antenna mechanism for radar communication and artificial satellite communication.
  • Prior art phased array antenna devices of this type which have been put into practical use are ordinarily constructed as shown in FIG. 1, in the case of the parallel feed system for example.
  • respective antenna elements 11,, 11 ll:,,..., 1 I are connected in parallel to a common source of antenna power I2 through a feeder 13 consisting of two parallel lines or-a coaxial line, said antenna elements being spaced each other with equal spacings d.
  • the feeder adapted to connect the source of antenna power l2 to antenna elements 11,- I l is comprised by a pair of parallel lines 13a as shown in FIG. 2A or by a coaxial line 13b including an outer conductor 13,, and an inner conductor 13,, as shown in FIG. 28, an impedance matching stub 21,, including similar parallel lines with their ends short circuited or an impedance matching stub 21b including a coaxial line with the ends of its outer and inner conductors short circuited is connected to a suitable point along the length of the feeder 13,, or 13,, and the length l of the stub 21,, or 21,, to the short circuited ends is adjusted in the following manner. As shown in FIG.
  • the impedance matching stub is in the form of the coaxial line 21,, including an outer conductor 21,, and an inner conductor 21
  • the coaxial line is made hollow with its outer end opened and to have a length of more than one-half of the wavelength of the antenna current.
  • a movable short-circuiting member 22 made of a conductor and having a length of more than one-half of the wavelength of the antenna current is inserted into the stub through its opened end and the short-circuiting member is mechanically adjusted in the direction of an arrow 23 or 24.
  • Such mechanically operated impedance matching means not only requires troublesome operation but also is difficult to adjust quickly in response to variations in the load and antenna current frequency.
  • FIG. 4 Another means of the prior art for matching impedance consists of a two-inner conductor matching device, as shown in FIG. 4, wherein use is made of a twocore coaxial line 13,. comprising an outer conductor 13 and two-inner conductor conductors 13, and 13 with their one ends bent as shown- These inner conductors are short circuited by means of a conductive short-circuiting plate A at a distance I from the bent ends whereas the inner conductors and the outer conductor 13,, are short circuited by means of a conductive short-circuiting plate B at a distance 1 from the bent ends, said short-circuiting plates A and B being mechanically adjustable independently.
  • a matching device requires more complicated adjustment than those shown in FIGS. 2A and 25.
  • each of these prior art impedance matching devices is effective only for the variations in the load and is not effective for the variations in the direction of scanning of the beams of electromagnetic waves radiated from respective antenna elements. For this reason, it has been necessary to use phase shifters as above described.
  • a phased array antenna device comprising a source of antenna power, a plurality of antenna elements connected to said source at equal spacings, and an impedance transforming four-terminal network connected between each antenna element and said source such that the direction of scanning of the beam of the electromagnetic wave radiated from each antenna element and the voltage of said beam can be varied electrically.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a prior art phased array antenna device
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B are diagrams of prior art impedance matching mechanisms that can be employed in the phased array antenna device shown in FIG. I;
  • FIG. 3 shows a detailed construction of the impedance matching mechanism shown in FIG. 28;
  • FIG. 4 diagrammatically shows another example of the prior art impedance matching mechanism usable for the phased array antenna device shown in FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram of a phased array antenna device embodying this invention.
  • FIG. 6 and 7 show different types of the impedance transfonning four-terminal networks utilized for the phased array antenna device as shown in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 8 shows one embodiment of the impedance transforming four-terminal network actually employed in the phased array antenna device shown in FIG. 5;
  • FIG. 9 is a Smith chart illustrating the impedance variation of the impedance transforming four-terminal network shown in FIG. 8;
  • FIGS. 10 and 11 shown other examples of impedance transforming four-tenninal networks
  • FIGS. 12A and 128 show modified embodiments wherein the distributed constant line shown in FIG. 11 is substituted by concentrated constant lines;
  • FIGS. 13 to 16 show different examples of two wire lines of distributed constant
  • FIG. 17 shows still another embodiment of the impedance transforming four-terminal network comprising a suitable combination of lines shown in FIGS. 13 to 16.
  • phased array antenna device Like the arrangement shown in FIG. 1 a plurality of antenna elements 33,, 33 33,,...33,,, are connected in parallel to a source of antenna power 31 through a junction box 32, said antenna elements being spaced from each other by equal spacings d to form a phased array antenna device.
  • impedance transforming four-terminal networks 34,, 34 ,...34 having characteristics to be described hereunder. If desired, a similar impedance transforming four-terminal network 35 may be connected between the junction box 32 and the source 31.
  • antenna feeder lines between the junction box 32 and the input terminals of the respective impedance transforming four-terminal networks 34,-34,,,,, are made to have an equal length kJtg by being provided with additional windings W,, W
  • all antenna feeder lines between the output terminals of the respective impedance transforming four-terminal networks and the feed terminals of the corresponding antenna elements 33 33,, are made to have an equal length p. ⁇ g as shown in FIG. 5.
  • k and p are integers
  • Ag is the wavelength of the antenna current in the antenna feeder lines.
  • Z, (i k) represents the mutual radiation impedance between ith and kth antenna elements and Z,, the self-radiation impedance of the ith antenna element.
  • the feed terminal voltage V, of the ith antenna element 33, required to feed an antenna current I, C'ili-UQS to it through impedance transforming four-terminal networ 34 can be derived as follows from equation (2).
  • equation (3) Taking the current I, flowing through the first antenna element 33, as the reference, equation (3) becomes:
  • the phased array antenna device can be constructed by connecting impedance transforming four-terminal networks 34,,...34,,,,, between feed terminals of respective antenna elements 33 ,...33 and the junction box 32, the output voltage of said networks satisfying the relation of V, expressed by equation (7) when the input terminal voltage equals V
  • the length of feeder lines between the junction box and respective networks it is necessary to select the length of feeder lines between the junction box and respective networks to be equal to integer multiples of the wavelength Ag of the antenna current from the antenna power source 31; because all antenna elements are fed in parallel from the same source 31. This means that the same voltage at the junction box is applied to the input terminals of the imped
  • impedance transforming four-terminal networks 34,,...34,,,,,, suitable for use in practical applications are described below.
  • each of the impedance transforming four-terminal networks 34,,...34,,,, is comprised by two parallel reactance
  • each of the impedance transfonning fourterminal networks 34,,...34,,,, is comprised by three reactances X X, and X, respectively spaced by ) ⁇ /4 from feed terminals 41, and 42, of two parallel feeder lines 41 and 42 to the Z, comprised by the antenna element as shown in FIG. 7, its basic chain matrix [F is expressed by Thus, in both Figs.
  • Equation l2 Z an -jm-tldr
  • the desired impedance transforming four-terminal network can be realized by determining values of X, and X, which are necessary to make equal the rightand left-hand terms of i i BiXi From the above equations can be determined the values ofparallel reactances X, and X and in consequence the values of the impedance transforming four-terminal circuit networks 34, to 34,,,,, according to the present invention as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 which are used in generating a voltage V, at the output terminal of each of said networks.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates one example of variable reactance elements X, and X adapted for use in a four-terminal network as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 that can satisfy the relationship shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 and described in connection therewith wherein circuit elements 49 and 50 whose reactance can be varied electrically, such as variable capacitance diodes, are connected between one end 3, and 4, and between the other end 3 and 4 of each of two parallel lines 3 and 4 connected in parallel to a predetermined position longitudinally of feeder lines 41 and 42 leading to antenna elements 33 ,...33 said feeder lines comprising two parallel lines of M4 long.
  • the circuit elements 49 and 50 are connected to variable DC bias sources 47 and 48, respectively, through circuit elements 43, 44, 45 and 46 which pass direct current and are included when desired.
  • the impedance Z of diode 50 connected between output terminals, when viewed from input terminals 3, and 4, through lines 3 and 4, is expressed by llr where 2,, represents the characteristic impedance of the lines and 2 the inherent impedance of diode 50.
  • Each one of inner conductors 51 and 51 of the coaxial line 51 is divided into small sections of Al along its length and direct current blocking and coupling condensers C C C, ,...and C C C mhaving sufficiently small reactance for the antenna current frequency are connected between divided sections.
  • alternate sections of inner conductors 51 and 51 are connected, for example PIN diodes D D mand between outer conductor 5
  • each of these circuit elements L L ...is connected to respective DC bias sources 53,, 53 ...through perforations 52,, 52 ...in the outer conductor 51,.
  • PIN diodes D D mand across these sections are connected circuit elements L L m such as inductance coils which permit free flow of direct current but manifest sufficiently high impedance against the antenna current.
  • one terminal of these circuit elements are connected to respective variable DC bias sources 55,, 55 ...through perforations 54,, 54 mm the outer conductor 51,.
  • bypass condensers 56,, 56;... may be connected between DC bias sources 53 53;...and 55,, 55 ...and the outer conductor 51,, as shown in FIG. 10.
  • the impedance matching network can provide faster and smoother impedance matching adjustment in response to variations in the load or antenna current.
  • FIG Tl S56v7 another embodimeht oft his invention wherein the reactance elements X and X of impedance transfomiing four-terminal network as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 are comprised respectively of a feeder line 62 mounted on a grounded plate 61. Equally spaced-apart diodes 63,, 63 63 ,...are connected to the feeder line 64,, 64 64 ,...are connected between respective diodes and grounded plate 61 to form bypass paths to high-frequency transmission current.
  • variable DC bias sources 65, 65 65 The other terminals of the condensers are connected to variable DC bias sources 65, 65 65 With these reactance elements, since the diodes are rendered in their on or off state according to the value of bias voltage supplied thereto from corresponding DC bias sources 65 65 65 ,...either one of the diodes is rendered on while others are all in their off state.
  • the input reactance can be similarly given.
  • the input reactance can be varied by varying the spacing between diodes according to equation (17).
  • FIG. 13 represents still another embodiment of the reactance elements X l and X; of the impedance transforming four-terminal network as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7.
  • terminal (1.2) is opened, terminal (2.2) short circuited and terminal (2.1) connected to anv im- Solutions of this equation are i I,- K (cos [31+ Z2 sinpl I and the input impedance Zm of this circuit is expressed by i 1 III,
  • terminal (2.2) is connected to an impedance Z.
  • tenninals (1.2) and (2.1) are open following relations hold.
  • the input impedance Z1 in this case is given by This is equivalent to a case wherein impedance Z is connected to a line having a characteristic impedance K2 and a length M4.
  • circuits of FIGS. 14 and 16 are interconnected.
  • Z is equal to infinity, then 2' is zero, and 2' is infinity, Z is K"Z,, when Z, is varied from j to j0, 2 also changes from j to j0, Z is varied from so under short circuited condition of 2,.
  • the section connected to impedance Z, and the next succeeding section comprise a transmission line having an overall characteristic impedance Z and a length of M2 so that Z is equal to Z,,,.
  • the circuit shown in FIG. 17 provides a circuit wherein the impedance can be varied from j w to j passed through zero by varying Z. and 2 from j to j0.
  • variable capacitance diodes are utilized as impedances Z, and Z and if variable DC bias voltages are applied to these diodes through grounded conductors, it is possible to provide still another reactance element for impedance transforming four-terminal network for use in this invention that can attain the same objects as the previous embodiments.
  • a phased array antenna device comprising a source ofantenna power; a plurality of equally spaced antenna elements energized by said source; and a plurality of impedance transforming four-terminal networks, each of which is connected between said source and the feed terminals of respective antenna elements, each one of said networks being constructed to satisfy the equation:
  • V the voltage applied to the input terminal of said impedance transforming network
  • each one of said impedance transforming four-terminal networks comprises a pair of parallel lines of one-fourth wavelength connected in series with a feeder line leading to one of said antenna elements, variable reactance elements connected to the opposite ends of said parallel lines and variable DC voltages connected to said variable reactance elements.
  • each one of said impedance transforming four-terminal networks comprises a coaxial line connected in series with a feeder line leading to each antenna element, said coaxial line including an outer conductor and two inner conductors connected in parallel, a first group of variable reactance elements connected across said inner conductors at spaced intervals along the length thereof, a first group of variable DC bias sources connected to said variable reactance elements, a second group of variable reactance elements connected between said outer conductor and said inner conductors in an interleaved fashion with the reactance elements of said first group, and a second group of variable DC bias sources connected to said second group of reactance elements.
  • each one of said impedance transforming four-terminal networks comprises a line parallel to a grounded plate and connected in series with a feeder line leading to each antenna element, a plurality of variable reactance elements connected to said line at spaced intervals along the length thereof, and a plurality of variable DC bias sources connected to said variable reactance elements.
  • each one of said impedance transforming four-terminal networks comprises two lines of distributed constants connected in series with a feeder line leading to each antenna element, each of said lines having a length equal to one-fourth of the wavelength of the antenna current, variable reactance elements respectively connected between opposite ends of said lines, and variable DC bias sources connected to said variable reactance elements.
  • a phased array antenna device according to claim 4 wherein said lineparallel to said grounded plate of said impedance transforming four-terminal network is comprised by a line of concentrated circuit constants so as to decrease the length thereof.
  • variable reactance elements comprise variable reactance diodes.
  • variable reactance elements comprise diodes.
  • variable reactance elements comprise diodes.
  • variable reactance elements comprise diodes.
  • a phased array antenna device wherein the bias voltages supplied to said variable reactance elements from said variable DC bias sources are varied by a program control of an electric computer system.
  • a phased array antenna device according to claim 3 wherein the bias voltages supplied to said variable reactance elements from said variable DC bias sources are varied by a program control of an electric computer system.
  • a phased array antenna device wherein the bias voltages supplied to said variable reactance elements from said variable DC bias sources are varied by a program control of an electric computer system.
  • a phased array antenna device wherein the bias voltages supplied to said variable reactance elements from said variable DC bias sources are varied by a program control of an electric computer system.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
  • Waveguide Switches, Polarizers, And Phase Shifters (AREA)
US866212A 1968-10-16 1969-10-14 Phased array antenna Expired - Lifetime US3611400A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP7498868 1968-10-16
JP9106368 1968-10-21
JP9106468U JPS4828265Y1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1968-10-21 1968-10-21
JP9106168 1968-10-21
JP9106268U JPS4844444Y1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1968-10-21 1968-10-21
JP1681769 1969-03-07

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DE (1) DE1952212A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1297153A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3858221A (en) * 1973-04-12 1974-12-31 Harris Intertype Corp Limited scan antenna array
EP0179591A3 (en) * 1984-10-12 1986-12-17 AT&T Corp. A technique for improving radio system performance during fading
US4633258A (en) * 1984-06-07 1986-12-30 Spar Aerospace Limited Phase slope equalizer
EP0212796A1 (en) * 1985-06-18 1987-03-04 Era Patents Limited Dual phase shifter
WO1996037009A1 (en) * 1995-05-16 1996-11-21 Allgon Ab An antenna device with two radiating elements having an adjustable phase difference between the radiating elements
US5852687A (en) * 1997-07-09 1998-12-22 Trw Inc. Integrated optical time delay unit
US5923289A (en) * 1997-07-28 1999-07-13 Motorola, Inc. Modular array and phased array antenna system
US6005522A (en) * 1995-05-16 1999-12-21 Allgon Ab Antenna device with two radiating elements having an adjustable phase difference between the radiating elements
US6020990A (en) * 1998-05-11 2000-02-01 Trw Inc. R.F. signal summing using non-linear optical phase conjugation
US9361493B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2016-06-07 Applied Wireless Identifications Group, Inc. Chain antenna system
US20220278739A1 (en) * 2019-08-01 2022-09-01 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Relay apparatus and relay method

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3858221A (en) * 1973-04-12 1974-12-31 Harris Intertype Corp Limited scan antenna array
US4633258A (en) * 1984-06-07 1986-12-30 Spar Aerospace Limited Phase slope equalizer
EP0179591A3 (en) * 1984-10-12 1986-12-17 AT&T Corp. A technique for improving radio system performance during fading
EP0212796A1 (en) * 1985-06-18 1987-03-04 Era Patents Limited Dual phase shifter
US4751453A (en) * 1985-06-18 1988-06-14 Era Patents Limited Dual phase shifter
US6005522A (en) * 1995-05-16 1999-12-21 Allgon Ab Antenna device with two radiating elements having an adjustable phase difference between the radiating elements
AU707610B2 (en) * 1995-05-16 1999-07-15 Intel Corporation An antenna device with two radiating elements having an adjustable phase difference between the radiating elements
WO1996037009A1 (en) * 1995-05-16 1996-11-21 Allgon Ab An antenna device with two radiating elements having an adjustable phase difference between the radiating elements
CN1094261C (zh) * 1995-05-16 2002-11-13 奥根公司 具有两个发射元件、且二者间相位差可调的天线设备
US5852687A (en) * 1997-07-09 1998-12-22 Trw Inc. Integrated optical time delay unit
US5923289A (en) * 1997-07-28 1999-07-13 Motorola, Inc. Modular array and phased array antenna system
US6020990A (en) * 1998-05-11 2000-02-01 Trw Inc. R.F. signal summing using non-linear optical phase conjugation
US9361493B2 (en) 2013-03-07 2016-06-07 Applied Wireless Identifications Group, Inc. Chain antenna system
US20220278739A1 (en) * 2019-08-01 2022-09-01 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Relay apparatus and relay method
US11902005B2 (en) * 2019-08-01 2024-02-13 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation Relay apparatus and relay method

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GB1297153A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1972-11-22

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