US3590880A - Apparatus and method for operating a loom - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for operating a loom Download PDF

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Publication number
US3590880A
US3590880A US792003*A US3590880DA US3590880A US 3590880 A US3590880 A US 3590880A US 3590880D A US3590880D A US 3590880DA US 3590880 A US3590880 A US 3590880A
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Prior art keywords
shed
warp
plane
reed
strips
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Expired - Lifetime
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US792003*A
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English (en)
Inventor
Josef Kathriner
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Sulzer AG
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Sulzer AG
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03C—SHEDDING MECHANISMS; PATTERN CARDS OR CHAINS; PUNCHING OF CARDS; DESIGNING PATTERNS
    • D03C9/00—Healds; Heald frames
    • D03C9/02—Healds
    • D03C9/024—Eyelets
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03C—SHEDDING MECHANISMS; PATTERN CARDS OR CHAINS; PUNCHING OF CARDS; DESIGNING PATTERNS
    • D03C9/00—Healds; Heald frames
    • D03C9/02—Healds
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D47/00—Looms in which bulk supply of weft does not pass through shed, e.g. shuttleless looms, gripper shuttle looms, dummy shuttle looms
    • D03D47/12—Looms in which bulk supply of weft does not pass through shed, e.g. shuttleless looms, gripper shuttle looms, dummy shuttle looms wherein single picks of weft thread are inserted, i.e. with shedding between each pick
    • D03D47/24—Looms in which bulk supply of weft does not pass through shed, e.g. shuttleless looms, gripper shuttle looms, dummy shuttle looms wherein single picks of weft thread are inserted, i.e. with shedding between each pick by gripper or dummy shuttle
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D03—WEAVING
    • D03D—WOVEN FABRICS; METHODS OF WEAVING; LOOMS
    • D03D49/00—Details or constructional features not specially adapted for looms of a particular type
    • D03D49/60—Construction or operation of slay
    • D03D49/62—Reeds mounted on slay

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an apparatus and method for operating a loom. Still more particularly, this invention relates to an apparatus and method of aligning ribbonlike warps during the operation of a loom.
  • looms have been known for forming cloth of strips or ribbons or the like as the warp material. These looms have utilized reed containing-droppers and a picker guide having discrete guide elements which move between the warp strips, for instance, during the reed return movement.
  • the spacing between any two adjacent reed droppers has been at least as large as the width of a single warp strip of the kind used. Consequently, at least in the zone between the leaves for the healds forming the warps into a shed and the reed-beating-up station, the warp strips have had their major surfaces substantially parallel to the weaving plane or to the bottom-shed or top-shed plane.
  • lt is another object of the invention to increase the spacing between the warp strips in the bottom shed position.
  • the invention provides an apparatus and method for increasing the spacing between the warp strips in the bottomshed position ofa loom during rearward movement of the reed of the loom after beat up.
  • the apparatus is incorporated into the loom as deflecting or twisting elements for longitudinally twisting every warp strip in the bottom-shed position.
  • These deflecting elements are disposed over the cloth width in that region of the warp strips which extends from the leaves for the healds to shortly before the reed-beating-up station so that the major surfaces of the warp strip are brought from a position parallel to the bottomshed plane into a position in which the major surfaces form a preferably inclined or substantially or completely vertical angle to the bottom-shed plane. With the warp strips in this position, the guide elements for the shuttle cannot then damage or destroy the warp strips.
  • the material in strip form can be used for warp and weft and can be converted, e.g., into packaging bags, woven underlays for carpets, etc. as were previously made, e.g. of jute.
  • the shuttle guide elements cannot accidentally move the warp strips in the bottom-shed position into or towards the top-shed position. Thus, the pattern program is not disturbed.
  • the deflecting elements are reed droppers which are twisted in the zone corresponding to the bottom-shed position of the warp strips.
  • the reed droppers which are provided anyway, can then be used to impart a required and, as a rule, substantially vertical or inclined position to the warp strips at the right time and in the correct portion of warp strip length.
  • the deflecting elements are healds for the warp strip which are suspended in the leaves.
  • the heald eyes for the warp strips are narrower in the region in which a warp strip is disposed when in the bottom shed position than in the other regions.
  • the healds are advantageously used not only for their normal purpose of warp strip control but also to bring the warp strips into a substantially vertical or inclined position at the required time and in the required portion of warp strip length.
  • the method of the invention includes the step of initially forming a shed of a plurality of horizontal warp strips in an upper plane and a plurality of alternating warp strips in a lower plane.
  • the warp strips in the lower plane are twisted about each of their axes to lie at least at an angle to the horizontal from a point near the lowermost point of the shed to a point spaced from the fell of the cloth being formed.
  • the twisted portions of these warp strips are held in these positions during passage of the reed from the beat-up point to a rest point so as to permit the shuttle guide elements to pass between the warp strips without interference.
  • the reed passes by the point where the warp strips transgress into a horizontal plane. This allows the warp strips to be available for beating up into a cloth having a thickness equal to about the thickness of a warp strip.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a diagrammatic general view from the cloth side ofa loom according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a vertical section through the part of the loom of FIG. 1 containing the shed
  • HO. 3 illustrates a view of a plurality of reed droppers according to the invention
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a view ofa modified structure of the invention similar to FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 illustrates another modified structure of the invention as applied to reed droppers
  • FlG. 6 illustrates another modified reed dropper structure
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a modified heald according to the invention with a warp strip located in an uppermost position
  • FIG. 7a illustrates the heald of FIG. 7 with the warp strip in the lowermost position
  • H08. 8 and 8a are similar to FIGS. 7 and 7a and illustrate another modified heald of the invention.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a view of another modified heald according to the invention.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a view taken on line X-X of FIG. 9;
  • FIG. 11 illustrates an enlarged FIG. 10
  • FlG. 12 illustrates a view similar to FIG. 2 wherein a stationary comb is mounted in the shed area
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a plan view of the comb of FIG. 12 in the direction of the arrows.
  • the loom includes a pair of upright supports 1, 2, a tie bar 5 between the supports, a cloth beam 3 and a warp beam 21 each rotatably mounted in the uprights, a reed 8, leaves 9, a picking mechanism 13 for picking a shuttle 12 across the loom with a weft strip 10, a catcher 15 for receiving the shuttle 12 and a drive including a transmission 6 and a motor 7.
  • the loom is operable to form a width of cloth 60 from warp strips and weft strips.
  • the shuttle 12 for example, a gripper shuttle, picks the weft material, e.g. a polypropylene strip, into the shed in known manner, while the warp material also, polypropylene strips, are delivered in known manner.
  • the reed 8 is mounted on a sley 22 which also carries a large number of shuttle guide teeth 23 (only one of which is shown).
  • the warp strips 24, 25 are separated exactly into a top-shed position and a bottom-shed position so that a shed 26 is formed. All the strips 25 together form a bottom shed plane 30 and all the strips 24 together form a top shed plane 40.
  • Between the planes 30 and 40 is a center plane 42a which is usually disposed in continuation of the plane formed by the formed cloth 42.
  • the cloth plane and the center plane 42a form the weaving plane.
  • the strips 24 are guided in eyes 26 on healds 27, and the strips 25 are guided in eyes 31 on healds 29.
  • the healds 27, 29 are threaded in known manner on to heald bars 31, 32 secured to the leaves 9. It is noted that only two warp strips 24, 25 two healds 27, 29 and some of the two bottom bars 31, 32 are shown for clarity and simplicity.
  • the reed 8 comprises a number of droppers 33 which are secured at top and bottom in a baulk 34' of cast nonferrous metal in which a spring 35 is cast.
  • the spring 35 serves to maintain the droppers 33 at a required constant spacing from one another.
  • the droppers 33 are twisted in a lower region 36 out of the usual plane of the remainder of the droppers 35 so that the edge 37 nearer the viewer of a first dropper and the edge 38 remote from the viewer of an adjacent dropper are displaced to near the center plane extending between the two droppers. Consequently, the warp strips 25 in the bottom shed position which lie between the twisted droppers in the lower region 36 are positioned vertically during operation.
  • FIG. 3 shows a bottom warp strip 25 in such a vertical position, whereas the adjacent two warp strips 24 in the top-shed position are shown in a horizontal position.
  • the spacings between the droppers 33 are such that the warp strips in the top part of the spaces between the droppers 33 can readily take up a horizontal position.
  • the reed 8 and the guide teeth 23 are exactly in the beating-up position. In this position, the most recently picked weft strip is heated up at the fell 41 on the finished cloth 42. Thereafter the reed 8 and teeth 25 move, in the direction indicated by arrow 43 and along an are 44 (shown in chain lines), into a rear position 8a shown only for the reed 8. During this return movement the twisted bottom region 36 of the reed droppers 33 acts to vertically position whichever of the warp strips are in the bottom shed position (cf. the portion 25c shown in FIG. 2). The teeth 23, however, cannot, as their top portions move along the arcuate path 44, damage the bottom-shed warp strips 25. Indeed, because the strips 25 are positioned vertically, the teeth 23 cannot effec' tively strike them, but are bound to find a way between the strips 25.
  • a gripper shuttle 12 picks the next weft strip into the shed 26. Thereafter the reed 8 and teeth 23 return to the beating-up position (on the left in FIG. 2) and so on.
  • the bottomshed warp strips eventually move, because of the advance of the reed 8 and because of the ascent during shed changing, into a region above the twisted portions 36. Consequently, the warp strips 25 must, shortly after beating-up, change over to the horizontal position which is required for association with the weft strips which are also positioned horizontally.
  • the cloth is therefore dense and flat while being substantially as thick as a single warp or weft strip.
  • the warp strips 25 in the bottom shed position are brought into a vertical or substantially vertical position at least during the time when, and in the region 250 where, the teeth 23 penetrate upwards into the shed 26,-their major surfaces-visible at the place 250 in FIG. 2-form a right angle or substantially a right angle with the bottom'shed plane 30.
  • the warp strips 25 take up the horizontal position required for beating-up in a continuously easier manner and reach the horizontal position shortly before beatingup.
  • the bottom parts 36 of any two adjacent droppers 33 are twisted relative to one another so that the viewer-side edges 37 of two first adjacent droppers are displaced towards the central plane between the two droppers, whereas the viewer-remote edges 38 are displaced towards the center plane of the next aperture between the droppers. That is, adjacent droppers are twisted in reversed manner alternately so that adjacent edges of adjacent droppers substantially face each other. Thus, two edges 37 and 38 always act to position the bottom-shed warp strips 25 vertically.
  • the adjacent droppers 33 of the reed 8 can alternatively be bent relative to one another to have inclined intermediate portions 51 so as to bound narrow passages 50 at one end and wider passages 52, 53 at the opposite end.
  • This enables the bottom-shed warp strips 25 to be positioned vertically while the top-shed warp strips 24 can take up a horizontal position.
  • the warp entry into the reed in FIG. 5 is such that the warp strips are drawn into alternate wide upper passages 52 without any warp strips being drawn into the passages 53 in-between.
  • alternating flat droppers 33a are bent to have inclined intermediate portions 51 with the in-between droppers 33 remaining straight.
  • the bent portions 51 are such that between any two droppers 33 and 33a a bottom region 36 is produced in which the droppers bound a passage 54 corresponding to the thickness of the warp strips.
  • the bottom-shed warp strips 25 are positioned vertically in the passage 54, whereas in the region above, the top shed warp strips 24 can take up a horizontal position.
  • the warp strip healds 27, 29 can be formed with triangular eyes 61 for passage of the warp strips 25.
  • Each eye 61 has a bottom horizontal edge 63, a vertical edge '64 and an inclined edge 65 of about 45.
  • the healds 27 are in the bottom-shed position (FIG. 7)
  • the warp strip 25 in the eye 61 engages with the inclined edge 65 thereof.
  • the warp strip 25 therefore forms an angle of about 45 with the bottom-shed plane 30, so that the teeth 23 cannot knock, damage, or tear off the horizontal warp strips upon moving between the strips 25 on return movement. Even if a tooth 23 does strike an inclined strip 25, the strip moves aside because of its inclined position and is not damaged.
  • the warp strip 25 takes up the horizontal position 25a, en gaging with the bottom horizontal edge 63.
  • the healds e.g. heald 27, can be formed with eyes 61 which so converge in the top portion 66 as to position a warp strip 25 completely or substantially vertically in the bottom shed position (FIG. 8).
  • the top shed position 270 of the heald FIG. 8a
  • the bottom horizontal edge 67 of the eye 61 makes the warp strip take up the horizontal position 25a.
  • the healds 27 can alternatively have an eye 61 which is of the same width (1 over the whole of its bottom part while but the top part 71 of the heald 27, and therefore the top part of the eye 61, are twisted as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11. Consequently, the edges 72, 73 (visible more particularly in FIG. 11) of the center plane passing through the eye 61 converge, so that a bottom-shed warp strip 25 in the eye 61 is positioned vertically.
  • the warp strip engages with the bottom horizontal edge 74 of the eye 61 i.e., when in the top-shed position the warp strip is positioned horizontally in the required manner.
  • a stationary comb 81 is disposed in the region between the rear position 8a of the reed and the leaves 9 or healds 27, 29.
  • the comb M has droppers 82 identical to those in a reed which are pivotally mounted by means of pins 85 in horizontal bars 33, 84 of the comb 81.
  • a slider or pusher 86 (FIG. 13) engages with the droppers 82 at places 87 and is reciprocally moved to shift the droppers from the position shown in solid line in FIG. 13-and extending parallel to the plane of the drawing in FIG. l2-into the chainlike inclined position 85a shown in FIG. 13.
  • the edges 88, 89 of the center plane between any two droppers 82 converge, so that the warp strips 24, 25 extending between the droppers 82 are contacted and positioned vertically.
  • Reciprocation of the member 86 is so controlled during the loom cycle that the dropper 85 is in the inclined position 850 during entry of the teeth 23 into the shed 26, whereas when the reed 8 is in the beating-up position, the droppers 85 are either in the solid-line parallel position in FIG. 13 or in a position in which the droppers 82 are substantially parallel to one another. In this embodiment the reed 8 can have unbent (ordinary) droppers.
  • Embodiments are possible wherein the reed has bent droppers, for instance, as shown in any of FIGS. 3 to 6, and the healds 27 have specially controlled eyes 61, for instance, as shown in FIGS. 7 to II.
  • the shuttle guide formed by the teeth 23 is not secured to the sley 22, in which event the shuttle guide teeth are controlled separately and do not move into the shed 26 at exactly the same time as the reed 8 returns to its rear position 8a. Indeed, the movement of the shuttle guide into the shed 26 can occur later in the loom cycle than the return movement of the reed 8. The shuttle guide is then to some extent dragged.
  • the invention can be carried into effect in this case too. That is, the bottom shed warp strips 25 must, at entry of the teeth 23 into the shed 26, be in a position other than parallel to the bottom shed plane 30 and must be inclined or disposed vertically to the plane.
  • the invention is, of course, also of use in cases where filaments instead of strips are used as weft material and are possibly picked into the shed 26 by other picking mechanisms, such as needles or bands or the like.
  • warp material in strip form and warp strips are used to refer to any material suitable for use on the warp in weaving and having one dimension perpendicular to its length greater than the other and the term dropper" is used instead of the term dent" to refer to the physical elements of a reed or like structure which separate adjacent warp strips and not to the spaces between such elements which is sometimes the sense in which the term dent" is used.
  • the warp strips at least in the zone between the healds and the fell of the cloth have their major surfaces substantially parallel to the weaving plane or to the bottom-shed or top-shed plane. This is satisfactory for reed beat-up, for the weft strips introduced in the picking direction are also interwoven into the warp strips with their major surfaces substantially parallel to the cloth plane determined by the cloth and the shed center plane.
  • said loom including means for forming a shed of said warp strips, said warp strips forming a top-shed plane and a bottomshed plane, a reed for beating up a weft into a beating-up position at the end of said shed, and a shuttle guide having a plurality of discrete guide elements movable into and out of said shed through said bottom-shed plane for picking of a weft into said shed; a plurality of twisting elements disposed in said shed each having a portion thereof spaced from a corresponding portion of an adjacent element a distance less than the width of one said warp strip for twisting a longitudinal portion of each of said warp strips in said bottom-shed plane into an angle with respect to said bottom-shed plane, said inclined longitudinal portions of said warp strips being located out of the path movement of said discrete guide elements whereby said discrete guide elements are movable between said inclined warp strip portions.
  • a loom including means for forming a shed of warp strips, said warp strips forming a top-shed plane and a bottom-shed plane, a reed for beating up a weft into a beating-up position at the end of said shed, and a shuttle guide having a plurality of discrete guide elements movable into and out of said shed through said bottom-shed plane for picking of a weft into said shed; a plurality of reed droppers mounted in said reed, each said reed dropper having a twisted portion in a lower region thereofinclined relative to the remainder of each said reed dropper to form a narrow passage with an adjacent reed dropper for twisting a longitudinal portion ofa warp strip therebetween in said bottom-shed plane into an angle relative to said bottom-shed plane, said twisted portions being located in the path of movement of said discrete guide elements whereby said discrete guide elements are movable between said angled warp strip portions.
  • each said reed dropper twisted portion is inclined in the same direction.
  • twisting elements are reed droppers mounted in said reed, each said reed dropper having a bent intermediate portion inclined toward an adjacent reed dropper whereby a passage of narrow width is formed below said intermediate portions to guide a warp strip into said inclined angle and a passage of wider width is formed above said intermediate portions to guide said warp strips in said top-shed plane.
  • a loom including means for forming a shed of warp strips, said warp strips forming a top-shed plane and a bottom-shed plane, a reed for beating up a weft into a beating-up position at the end of said shed, and a shuttle guide having a plurality of discrete guide elements movable into and out of said shed through said bottom-shed plane for picking of a weft into said shed; a plurality of reed droppers mounted in said reed, each alternating reed dropper having a bent intermediate portion inclined toward an adjacent straight reed dropper to form a narrow passage below said intermediate portion to guide a longitudinal portion of a warp strip in said bottom-shed plane into an angle relative to said bottom shed plane and a passage of wider width above said intermediate portion to guide said warp strips in said top-shed plane, said bent intermediate portion being located in the path of movement of said discrete guide elements whereby said discrete guide elements are movable between said angled warp strip portions.
  • a loom including means for forming a shed of warp strips, said warp strips forming a top-shed plane and a bottom-shed plane, a reed for beating up a weft into a beating-up position at the end of said shed, and a shuttle guide having a plurality of discrete guide elements movable into and out of said shed through said bottom-shed plane for picking of a weft into said shed; a plurality of healds suspended in said means for forming a shed from leaves of the loom, each said heald having an eye for passage of a warp strip, each said eye having a narrow upper portion and a wider lower portion for inclining a longitudinal portion of each said warp strip in said bottom-shed plane into an angle with respect to said bottom shed plane, said angled portions of said warp strips being located out of the path of movement of said discrete guide elements whereby said discrete guide elements are movable between said inclined warp strip portions.
  • said eye has a lower horizontal surface for receiving a warp strip of said top-shed plane in horizontal disposition thereon and an inclined surface above said horizontal surface for receiving a warp strip of said bottom-shed plane to guide said warp strip into an inclined plane.
  • each said heald suspended in said means for forming a shed from leaves of the loom, each said heald having an eye of uniform dimension for passage of a warp strip and being twisted in the region of said eye to incline the upper portion of said eye at an angle relative to the lower portion of said eye whereby said upper portion guides a longitudinal portion of a warp strip in said bottom-shed plane into an angle relative to said bottom-shed plane, said angled portions of said warp strips being located out of the path of movement of said discrete guide elements whereby said discrete guide elements are movable between said angled warp strip portions.
  • a loom including means for forming a shed of warp strips, said warp strips forming a top-shed plane and a bottom-shed plane, a reed for beating up a weft into a beating-up position at the end of said shed, and a shuttle guide having a plurality of discrete guide elements movable into and out of said shed through said bottom-shed plane for picking of a weft into said shed; a plurality ofdroppers pivotally mounted in a stationary comb within said shed, said droppers being crete guide elements are movable between said angled warp strip portions.
  • a method of operating a loom for weaving warp strips into cloth comprising the steps of forming a shed of the warp strips with a top-shed plane and a bottom-shed plane,

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  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
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US792003*A 1968-01-19 1969-01-17 Apparatus and method for operating a loom Expired - Lifetime US3590880A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH89568A CH467368A (de) 1968-01-19 1968-01-19 Verfahren für den Betrieb einer Webmaschine und Webmaschine zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

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AT (1) AT288990B (de)
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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3790426A (en) * 1972-03-27 1974-02-05 Deering Milliken Res Corp Yarn separator
US4027702A (en) * 1976-04-21 1977-06-07 The Ellison Company, Inc. Loom reed
US4351367A (en) * 1980-05-13 1982-09-28 Mcginley Mills, Inc. Beat-up system
US4887650A (en) * 1988-10-27 1989-12-19 Mcginley Thomas F Beat-up mechanism for weaving looms
US5348055A (en) * 1993-05-06 1994-09-20 Steel Heddle Mfg. Co. Heddle eyelet structure
US5544676A (en) * 1993-10-28 1996-08-13 N.V. Michel Van De Wiele Loom reed with integral deflector heald frame
US20040154681A1 (en) * 2002-12-24 2004-08-12 Staubli Faverges Heddle, heddle frame and weaving loom equipped with such a frame
US20050263075A1 (en) * 2003-07-23 2005-12-01 Luping Wang Delivery systems for efficient vaporization of precursor source material
US20150129078A1 (en) * 2013-11-08 2015-05-14 Deertex, Inc. Functional weaving vamp fabric
US20160106182A1 (en) * 2014-10-21 2016-04-21 Deertex, Inc Footwear assembly with breathable and wear-resistant woven vamp

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US562757A (en) * 1896-06-23 Joitn a
US3075560A (en) * 1958-06-28 1963-01-29 Sulzer Ag Guide for the weft thread inserting means in a loom for weaving and method of makingsame

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US562757A (en) * 1896-06-23 Joitn a
US3075560A (en) * 1958-06-28 1963-01-29 Sulzer Ag Guide for the weft thread inserting means in a loom for weaving and method of makingsame

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3790426A (en) * 1972-03-27 1974-02-05 Deering Milliken Res Corp Yarn separator
US4027702A (en) * 1976-04-21 1977-06-07 The Ellison Company, Inc. Loom reed
US4351367A (en) * 1980-05-13 1982-09-28 Mcginley Mills, Inc. Beat-up system
US4887650A (en) * 1988-10-27 1989-12-19 Mcginley Thomas F Beat-up mechanism for weaving looms
US5348055A (en) * 1993-05-06 1994-09-20 Steel Heddle Mfg. Co. Heddle eyelet structure
US5544676A (en) * 1993-10-28 1996-08-13 N.V. Michel Van De Wiele Loom reed with integral deflector heald frame
US20040154681A1 (en) * 2002-12-24 2004-08-12 Staubli Faverges Heddle, heddle frame and weaving loom equipped with such a frame
US6981527B2 (en) * 2002-12-24 2006-01-03 Staubli Faverges Heddle, heddle frame and weaving loom equipped with such a frame
US20050263075A1 (en) * 2003-07-23 2005-12-01 Luping Wang Delivery systems for efficient vaporization of precursor source material
US20150129078A1 (en) * 2013-11-08 2015-05-14 Deertex, Inc. Functional weaving vamp fabric
US9328435B2 (en) * 2013-11-08 2016-05-03 Deertex, Inc. Functional weaving vamp fabric
US20160106182A1 (en) * 2014-10-21 2016-04-21 Deertex, Inc Footwear assembly with breathable and wear-resistant woven vamp

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CH467368A (de) 1969-01-15
GB1254752A (en) 1971-11-24
AT288990B (de) 1971-03-25

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