US3579819A

US3579819A - Method of making a resistor

Info

Publication number: US3579819A
Application number: US809655A
Authority: US
Inventors: Arthur L Rozema; Lynn J Brady; Wayne A Barden
Original assignee: CTS Corp
Current assignee: CTS Corp
Priority date: 1969-03-24
Filing date: 1969-03-24
Publication date: 1971-05-25
Anticipated expiration: 1988-05-25
Also published as: GB1312484A; JPS5528202B1; CA922001A; DE2014159A1

Abstract

High-voltage circuit arrangement includes a load connected to a power supply of at least 20,000 volts, and a single discrete high-voltage electrical resistor connected to the power supply and load. The high-voltage resistor comprises a spiral resistive path supported on a ceramic substrate which provides a uniform and continuous heat dissipation path between the ends of the resistor. A heat-dissipating mounting member forms an electrical termination for the resistor, rapidly transfers heat away from the substrate, and includes a substrate alignment surface and seat in close proximity to a surface of the substrate. A threaded portion of the heat-dissipating member is useful for mounting the resistor on a supporting surface and insulative means including an insulative jacket surrounds the substrate. High-voltage corona-inhibiting means include an insulative body that extends one-half inch beyond an end of the resistive path and embeds a lead wire connected to the resistive path. The resistive path is a cermet-film-type material having a resistivity of 5 megohms per square, a voltage coefficient of less than 400 parts per million per volt per square, and a voltage withstanding ability of 3,000 volts per inch of resistive path. The resistive path itself comprises an intersticed mass of inert particles and a conductive phase forming an interstitial mass within the intersticed mass. The method includes the steps of positioning the mounting member and substrate at a work station, compressively centering the substrate on the mounting member with a movable platen, controlling the transfer of heat relative to the mounting member, and soldering the mounting member to the substrate.

Description

United States Patent [72] Inventors Arthur L. Roz'ema Elkhart, Ind.; Lynn J. Brady, Edwardsburg, Mich.; Wayne A. Barden, Elkhart, Ind. [21] Appl. No. 809,655 [22] Filed Mar. 24, 1969 [45] Patented May 25, 1971 73] Assignee CTS Corporation Elkhart, Ind.

[54] METHOD OF MAKING A RESISTOR 6 Claims, 7 Drawing Figs. [52] U.S. (I 29/610, 29/468, 29/493, 29/503, 29/621, 338/273, 338/329 [51] Int. Cl. H011: 17/00 [50] Field of Search 29/610, 621, 613, 464, 467, 468, 503, 493; 338/51, 329, 273, 49

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,279,831 4/1942 Lempert et a1. 29/503X 2,621,996 12/1952 Power 29/493X 2,708,701 5/1955 Viola..... 338/49 3,329,922 7/ 1967 Steil 29/621X Primary Examiner-John F. Campbell Assistant Examiner-Victor A. DiPalma Attorneys-John J. Gaydos and Ralph E. Krisher, Jr.

ABSTRACT: High-voltage circuit arrangement includes a load connected to a power supply of at least 20,000 volts, and a single discrete high-voltage electrical resistor connected to the power supply and load. The high-voltage resistor comprises a spiral resistive path supported on a ceramic substrate which provides a uniform and continuous heat dissipation path between the ends of the resistor. A heat-dissipating mounting member forms an electrical termination for the resistor, rapidly transfers heat away from the substrate, and includes a substrate alignment surface and seat in close proximity to a surface of the substrate. A threaded portion of the heatdissipatingmember is useful for mounting the resistor on a supporting surface and insulative means including an insulative jacket surrounds the substrate. High-voltage corona-inhibiting means include an insulative body that extends onehalf inch beyond an end of the resistive path and embeds a lead wire connected to the resistive path. The resistive path is a cermet-film-type material having a resistivity of 5 megohms per square, a voltage coefficient of less than 400 parts per million per volt per square, and a voltage withstanding ability of 3,000 volts per inch of resistive path. The resistive path itself comprises an intersticed mass of inert particles and a conductive phase forming an interstitial mass within the intersticed mass. The method includes the steps of positioning the mounting member and substrate at a work station, compressively centering the substrate on the mounting member with a movable platen, controlling the transfer of heat relative to the mounting member, and soldering the mounting member to the substrate.

PATENTEDMAY25|9H V 3579x319 sntneurz FIGURE 5.

INVENTORS ARTHUR L. ROZEMA LYN N J. BRADY FIGURE 6.. BYWAYNE A. BARDEN ATTORNEY found in solid-state color television receivers,

METHOD OF MAKING A RESISTOR The present invention relates to an improved high-voltage electrical circuit arrangement and, more particularly, to such arrangements and high-voltage resistors having improved characteristics for use therein and to methods of making such resistors.

As used herein, electrical circuit arrangement is meant to refer to the physical arrangement of tangible electrical and electronic circuit components as distinguished from a symbolic schematic representation of such components. Heretofore, high-voltage circuit arrangements of the type used in oscilloscopes, X-ray equipment television sets, voltmeters, and various types of industrial and military equipment have included a plurality of series connected resistors to which a total potential of 20,000 or more volts have been applied. Schematic diagrams of these circuit arrangements have sometimes symbolically represented such resistors as a discrete single resistor, but in actual physical embodiments of these circuits, such resistors have comprised a plurality of series-connected discrete resistors. This approach has ,usually been taken so that the voltage drop across each of the series connected resistors would be about 600 volts, the commonly accepted working voltage of fixed volumetric resistors.

In a typical prior art circuit arrangement, a resistor module comprising 34 series-connected fixed-volumetric resistors has been connected across a power supply of 20,000 or more volts in order to avoid the expense of mechanically mounting and electrically connecting each one of the individual resistors into the circuit arrangement. Such modules are relatively expensive and not altogether satisfactory because a relatively large amount of heat is generated within such modules and is difficult to dissipate during operation. In addition, the precision, stability, and quality of such modules are dependent on a relatively large number of variables, i.e., the characteristics of each one of the series-connected resistors.

In some high-voltage circuit applications, such as those high-voltage, high ohmic value impedances must be used in order to prevent damage to the cathode-ray tube when the receiver is disconnected from a power source. An example of one such receiver is Color TV Chassis CTC40A/B manufactured by Radio Corporation of America. An electrical schematic diagram of this receiver appears in a PHOTOFACT Folder (Set 984, Folder -S) published by Howard W. Sams & Co., Inc. of lndianapolis, lnd. When the power switch is turned off in this type of receiver, the horizontal drive for the color cathode-ray tube is substantially instantaneously stopped. Because of this, a high potential of about 25,000 volts remaining on the cathoderay tube may cause spot-burning on the face of the tube if a .high-voltage, high ohmic value resistor were not used to provide a discharge path for the decaying voltage in the power supply and on the tube. In view of these problems, it would be desirable to provide a single discrete high ohmic value resistor for use in high-voltage circuit applications so that the precision, stability, and quality thereof would be determined by the characteristics of a single continuous resistive path. More particularly, it would be desirable for such high-voltage resistor to be a cermet-film-type resistor-supported on a continuous heat dissipation path extending between the ends thereof.

Efforts have been made heretofore to develop film-type resistors generically referred to as "metal oxide glaze" resistors for use in high-voltage applications, but 'such efforts have not been successful in developing single discrete resistors that would withstand a voltage gradient, per inch of resistive path, of from 2,000 to 3,000 volts and higher. In other words, there has been little or no success in developing a competitive resistor of reasonably small physical size that may be reliably used in a high-voltage circuit arrangement with a potential thereacross of-20,000 or more volts. Therefore, it would be desirable to devise a new and improved high-voltage electrical circuit arrangement wherein a cermet-film-type single discrete resistor includes a single continuous heat-dissipating member extending between the ends thereof, is provided with means for dissipating heat away from such member, and has a potensistor having a substrate and means tial of 20,000 or more volts applied thereacross. In order to provide stable operation, such resistor should desirably have a voltage coefficient of resistance of 400 parts or less per million per square of film at voltage gradients or 2,000 or more volts per inch of resistive path.

In addition to withstanding high-voltage gradients and dissipating relatively large amounts of heat, resistors used in high-voltage circuit arrangements must be provided with means for either preventing high-voltage corona or withstanding the corrosive effects of ozone and nitrous acid which are the normally encountered byproducts of high-voltage corona in the earths atmosphere. Thus, it would also be desirable to provide corona-inhibiting means for discrete resistors used in high-voltage circuit arrangements.

Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved high-voltage electrical circuit arrangement. Another object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved resistor for use in high-voltage circuit arrangements. A further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved electrical resistor that will withstand voltage gradients of 2,000 or more volts per inch of resistive path. An additional object of the present invention is to provide an improved resistor that is provided with means for rapidly dissipating heat from the resistor. A more specific object of the present invention is to provide an improved resistor to which potentials of 20,000 or more volts may be applied and which is provided with means for preventing the occurrence of high-voltage corona at the high-potential end thereof. Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved resistor wherein a member useful for transferring heat away from the resistor may be used as an electrical termination for the resistor. A still further object of the present invention is to provide an improved high-voltage refor transferring heat from such substrate that may also be used to support the resistor. Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide means for transferring heat away from a resistor that includes means for maintaining proper alignment of the resistor and that may include a threaded means for mounting the resistor to a supporting surface. Still an additional object of the present invention is to provide. a high-voltage resistor for use in high-voltage circuit arrangements wherein a uniform and continuous heat dissipation path is provided between the ends of the resistor. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved method of assembling a resistor substrate with a heat-dissipating member. Yet an additional object of the present invention is to provide an improved method of soldering a thermally and electrically conductive heat-dissipating mounting member to a resistor substrate. Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds, and the features of novelty characterizing the invention will be pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this specification.

Briefly the present invention is concerned with an improved high-voltage electrical circuit arrangement including a highvoltage power supply providing a potential of at least 20,000 volts; a load, such as a cathode-ray tube, connected to the high-voltage power supply; means connected to the high-voltage power supply and load in the form of a single discrete high-voltage electrical resistor comprising a spiral resistive path supported on a ceramic substrate; termination means electrically connected to the resistive path; and and an insulation system. The substrate provides a uniform and continuous heat dissipation path between the ends of the resistive path and, in order to promote the rapid transfer of heat away from the substrate, a thermally conductive heat-dissipating member is arranged with a substrate alignment surface in close proximity to a surface of the substrate so as to facilitate the transfer of heat therebetween and a seat adjacent to the substrate alignment surface which bears against the substrate. The heatdissipating member also includes a threaded portion that is used to mount the resistor to a supporting surface for the highvoltage electrical circuit arrangement and a shoulder that is cooperable with an insulative jacket surrounding the substrate. lnsulative material fills the space between the substrate and the insulative jacket and surrounds a termination in the form of a lead wire soldered to one end of the resistive path. By surrounding the lead wire in this manner, means are provided for preventing high-voltage corona when the lead wire is connected to a high potential, i.e., 20,000 or more volts.

The resistive path is formed of a cermet-film-resistive material having a resistivity of megohms per square, a voltage coefficient of resistance of less than 400 parts per million per volt per square and a voltage-withstanding ability of 3,000 volts per inch of resistive path. The cermet-resistive path itself is comprised of an intersticed mass of uniformly distributed inert nonconductive particles and a conductive phase forming an interstitial mass within the intersticed mass. Preferably, the heat-dissipating mounting member is electrically connected to one end of the resistive path and may be used to complete an electrical connection, such as a ground connection, to one end of the resistive path.

The inventive method facilitates making a good soldered connection between the heat-dissipating member and a solderable pad defining an end of the resistive path and includes the steps of nestedly positioning the heat-dissipating member and substrate at a work station, compressively centering the substrate relative to the heat-dissipating member with a movable platen, and soldering together the substrate and heat-dissipating member while controlling the rate of heat transfer relative to the heat-dissipating member. The step of controlling the rate of heat transfer is accomplished by heating the work station and thus controlling the thermal gradient between the work station and heat-dissipating member. The rate of heat transfer from the heat-dissipating member to the work station .is. sufficiently slow to permit solder to flow between the heat-dissipating member and substrate in the presence of heat supplied with a soldering iron. On the other hand, the rate of heat transfer is sufficiently great to permit the solder to solidify when the soldering iron is removed from the heat-dissipating member and substrate.

For a better understanding of the present invention, reference may be had to the accompanying drawings wherein the same reference numerals have been applied to like parts and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a representation, with parts shown schematically, of a high voltage electrical circuit arrangement including a high-voltage resistor and embodying the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of parts of the highvoltage resistor shown in FIG. 1 and a fixture that may be used in the practice of the inventive method;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged isometric view of the high-voltage resistor shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is an exploded isometric view of the high-voltage resistor shown in FIG. 3 with parts omitted;

FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken on the line V-V of FIG. 3 with pans shown in full;

FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken on the line VI-Vl of FIG. 3; and

FIG. 7 is a view similar to FIG. 5, with parts broken away, of another embodiment of the invention.

Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1,,the electrical circuit arrangement 10 includes a highvoltage power supply comprising a transformer 11 having a '19 of the type used in a color television receiver. Additional details of the power supply 10, the cathode-ray tube 19, the interconnections therebetween, and other circuitry used in the operation of the cathode-ray tube 19 are not here shown or described since they are not necessary to an understanding of the invention and are completely described in the above referred to publication of Howard W. Sams & Co., the contents of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Still having reference to FIG. 1, a high-voltage resistor 21 is connected by means of an insulated lead wire 22 to the high-voltage power supply and provides a bleeder path to ground potential for the high voltage appearing across the load. The resistor 21 prevents the high voltage on the cathoderay tube 19 from being dissipated across the face of the tube after the horizontal drive circuitry for the tube has been deenergized and thus prevents spot burning within the tube.

Now having reference to FIGS. 3 through 6, the resistor 21 comprises a hollow cylindrical substrate 23 formed of a ceramic-type material such as steatite or alumina; resistance means comprising a spiral resistive path 24 deposited by a printing or other suitable process onto an outer surface 26 of the substrate; a plurality of termination means, two of which define the ends of the resistive path; and an insulation system. The resistive path 24 is comprised of an intersticed mass of inert electrically nonconductive particles uniformly distributed throughout the resistive path and a conductive phase fonning an interstitial mass within the intersticed mass of inert particles. The uniformly spaced inert particles are submicron in size and typically have an average size of 0.1 to 10 microns with the conductive phase filling the spaces between adjacent ones of the inert particles. A binder bonds together the inert particles and conductive phase. The resistive path 24 has a resistivity of 5 megohms per square and a voltage coefficient of 400 parts per million per volt per inch of resistive path. Because of these characteristics, the resistor 10 will readily withstand applications of 30,000 volts across the ends thereof when the substrate 23 is only 3 inches long and 0.375 inches in diameter and the developed resistive path 24 has an effective length of about 10 inches. Preferably, the resistance composition used in making the resistive path 24 is similar to the resistance composition disclosed in the copending application Ser. No. 803,688, filed on Mar. 3, 1969, by L. J. Brady, and entitled Electrical Resistance Elements, Their Composition, And Method Of Manufacture. It will, however, be understood that resistance compositions other than those disclosed in said copending application may also be used in the practice of the present invention. Although the pitch of the spiral path 24 is illustrated as being uniform throughout the length thereof, it will also be understood that the pitch between adjacent turns of the spiral may be varied along different portions of the substrate 23.

The illustrated termination means comprise two solderable

conductive pads

27 and 28 deposited on the ends of the resistive path, a heat-dissipating member 29 soldered to pad 27, and the lead wire 22 soldered to pad 28. The heat-dissipating member 29 is connected to the solderable pad 27 by means of a deposit of solder 31 and, since it is necessary to dissipate relatively large amounts of heat away from the substrate 23 during use of the resistor 21, the mounting member is provided with a surface 32 in close proximity to the internal surface 33 of the substrate and is preferably formed of a material such as brass having good thermal conductivity so that heat generated during use of the resistor will be conducted through the heat-dissipating mounting member 29 to a not shown chassis of the electrical equipment incorporating the electrical circuit arrangement 10. Although a single resistive path has been illustrated and the substrate 23 provides a uniform continuous heat dissipation path between the ends of the resistive path 24, it will be appreciated that when two or more unconnected resistive paths are supported on the substrate 23, the substrate will transfer heat from all of such resistive paths and the mounting member 29 will in turn transfer such heat away from the substrate 23.

The heat-dissipating member 29 preferably includes a threaded portion illustrated as a threaded stud 34 and by means of such threaded member is mountable on the previously mentioned chassis. When used in this manner, the heatdissipating member 29 supports the substrate 23 and also provides a ground path for the resistive path 24. In order to facilitate the transfer of heat from the substrate 23 to the heatd issipating member 29, and in order to provide a rigid structural connection between such member and the substrate, the member 29 includes a seat 36 for the end 37 of the substrate as well as the substrate alignment surface 32. In addition to providing the just-described advantages, the seat 36 and alignment surface 32 are extremely useful during the practice of the inventive method as will be more fully described hereinafter. It will be understood that the alignment surface 32 can be either an external surface as illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5 or an internal surface as will be presently described in connection with the description of FIG. 7.

The insulation system surrounding the resistive path 24 may be any suitable material and in the preferred embodiment is comprised of a polyether based polyurethane material 38 and a jacket 39 having an end 41 bearing against a shoulder 42 on the heat-dissipating member 29. Although the jacket 39 could be metallic so as to further enhance the heat transfer characteristics of the resistor 21, a plastic insulative material is preferably used in order to maximize the amount of electrical insulation around the high-voltage end of the resistive path. In order to prevent objectionable amounts of torque from being applied to the jacket 39 when a not shown nut is threaded onto the stud 34, the stud is provided with a flat 43 that will cooperate with a keyway in a chassis and prevent turning of the stud relative to the chassis. The voltages applied to the high-potential end of the resistor 21 during operation are sufficiently high to cause high-voltage corona to occur around the resistor in the absence of corona prevention means. In the presence of corona, as will be understood, atmospheric nitrogen will combine with water vapor to form nitrous acid and atmospheric oxygen will form ozone. Both of these materials are extremely chemically active with organic materials, and accordingly means 44 for preventing high-voltage corona around the resistor 21 is provided. Preferably, such means is in the illustrated form of insulation surrounding the end of the resistive path and the high-potential lead wire 22. It is preferred that the insulative material 38 extend one-half inch beyond the end of the resistive path and embed the lead wire 22 in order to prevent high-voltage corona.

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of the invention wherein a heat-dissipating mounting member 46 is provided with a threaded portion in the form of a tapped hole 47, and a sleeve 48 is disposed in close proximity to a surface of a substrate 49 so as to facilitate the transfer of heat therebetween. The internal surface 51 of the sleeve 48 comprises a substrate alignment surface cooperating with the substrate. When the substrate 49 and mounting member 46 are assembled together, the end 52 of the substrate bears against a seat 53 on the mounting member. The end portion of the substrate 49 and the sleeve 48 are tinned prior to assembly and then, after the substrate has been inserted into the sleeve, heat is applied to the sleeve so that the sleeve and substrate will be sweated together. In the embodiments of both FIG. .5 and FIG. 7 the heat-dissipating mounting members are provided with barbed or stepped tapered surfaces 54 and 56, respectively, in order to facilitate assembly of the jacket and mounting member. Since the surfaces 54, 56 are tapered, the mounting members may be easily wedged into the jackets and thereafter the barbs or steps on such surfaces resist separation of the mounting members and jackets.

Now having reference to FIG. 2, the inventive method comprises the steps of nestedly positioning the heat-dissipating mounting member 29 on a nest 57 supported at a work station 58 with the substrate 23 engaging the seat 36 and the substrate alignment surface 32 of the heat-dissipating mounting member. After the substrate and mounting member have been approximately positioned relative to each other, a substratecentering means comprising a movable platen 59 carrying a pin 61 overlying the nest is moved toward the nest by a pair of supporting

arms

62, 63 slidably supported in

sleeve bearings

64, 66. Then, while the substrate and mounting member are compressively held between the nest and substrate-centering means, the mounting member and substrate are secured together by applying rnolten solder to the mounting member and solderablepad 27 on the substrate. After the molten solder has solidified, the platen 59 is raised and the substrate and mounting member are removed from the work station. As will be understood, the thermal characteristics and large mass of the heat-dissipating mounting member 29 make it difficult to perform the soldering operation. Therefore, it is preferable to control the rate of heat transfer relative to the heat-dissipating member. This may be accomplished by forming the nest 57 of a thermally insulating material but is preferably accomplished by placing heating elements in the work station which heat the work station and preheat the heat-dissipating mounting member 29 prior to the application of molten solder thereto. When the work station is heated, it is necessary that the temperature of the station and nest be maintained below the solidus temperature of the solder so that molten solder can quickly solidify after being applied to the substrate and mounting member. After the heat-dissipating mounting member has been positioned on the preheated nest, the temperature of the heat-dissipating member is raised to a point below the solidus point of the solder. Then, as the heat-dissipating mounting member is heated with a soldering iron or other suitable tool, the temperature of the heat-dissipating mounting member is quickly raised to a temperature such that solder applied thereto will become molten and wet the heatdissipating mounting member and the solderable pad 27 on the substrate 23. While the molten solder is being applied, the transfer of heat away from the heat-dissipating mounting member is controlled since the temperature gradient between the heat-dissipating mounting member and the nest is relatively low. However, when the soldering tool is removed from the heat-dissipating mounting member, the temperature of the heat-dissipating member will drop to about the temperature of the nest and the molten solder will solidify. Thereafter, the movable platen 59 is raised to the dotted position shown in FIG. 2 and the assembled substrate and heat-dissipating mounting member are removed from the nest. It will be understood that this method may also be used to secure together the heat-dissipating mounting member 46 and substrate 49 iilustrated in FIG. 7, although it would then be desirable to modify the nest 57 so as to accommodate the member 46.

While there has been illustrated and described what is at present considered to be a preferred embodiment of the present invention and a method of making the same, it will be appreciated that numerous changes and modifications are likely to occur to those skilled in the art, that a plurality of independent resistive paths could be supported on a single substrate, and that any one of such resistive paths could be provided with a plurality of voltage tap terminals. Therefore, it is intended in the appended claims to cover all those changes and modifications which fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention. What is claimed as new and desired to be secured by Letters Patent of the United States is:

We claim:

1. A method of assembling components of a resistor comprising an elongated substrate, a heat-dissipating mounting member having a seat bearing against one end of the substrate, and a substrate alignment-surface, said method comprising the steps of supporting the heat-dissipating mounting member on a nest, positioning the mounting member and elongated substrate relative to each other with the substrate engaging the substrate alignment surface of the mounting member, centering said substrate on the seat of the nestedly supported heatdissipating mounting member, securing the mounting member and substrate together, and moving the substrate and mounting member away from the nest.

2 The methodof claim 1 wherein said step of securing the mounting member to the substrate includes the step of applying molten solder to the mounting member and a solderable pad on the substrate and solidifying the molten solder.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of applying molten solder includes the step of controlling the rate of heat transfer relative to the heat-dissipating mounting member. I

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of controlling the rate of heat transfer relative to the heat-dissipating mounting member includes the step of heating the nest that nestedly

Claims

1. A method of assembling components of a resistor comprising an elongated substrate, a heat-dissipating mounting member having a seat bearing against one end of The substrate, and a substrate alignment surface, said method comprising the steps of supporting the heat-dissipating mounting member on a nest, positioning the mounting member and elongated substrate relative to each other with the substrate engaging the substrate alignment surface of the mounting member, centering said substrate on the seat of the nestedly supported heat-dissipating mounting member, securing the mounting member and substrate together, and moving the substrate and mounting member away from the nest.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein said step of securing the mounting member to the substrate includes the step of applying molten solder to the mounting member and a solderable pad on the substrate and solidifying the molten solder.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of applying molten solder includes the step of controlling the rate of heat transfer relative to the heat-dissipating mounting member.

4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of controlling the rate of heat transfer relative to the heat-dissipating mounting member includes the step of heating the nest that nestedly supports the mounting member.

5. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of controlling the rate of heat transfer includes the step of maintaining the temperature of the nest above the ambient temperature and below the solidus temperature of the solder.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of centering the substrate includes the step of moving a centering pin carried by a movable platen into registry with a passageway formed in the substrate.