US3578092A - Drilling tools - Google Patents
Drilling tools Download PDFInfo
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- US3578092A US3578092A US526740A US3578092DA US3578092A US 3578092 A US3578092 A US 3578092A US 526740 A US526740 A US 526740A US 3578092D A US3578092D A US 3578092DA US 3578092 A US3578092 A US 3578092A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- tool
- wear
- krypton85
- drilling
- cavity
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- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-OUBTZVSYSA-N krypton-85 Chemical compound [85Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract 16
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-Benzenediol Natural products OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000687 hydroquinonyl group Chemical class C1(O)=C(C=C(O)C=C1)* 0.000 claims 3
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 21
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical group [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000005208 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N Tritium Chemical compound [3H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052722 tritium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- CSDQQAQKBAQLLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1C(C=CS2)=C2CCN1 CSDQQAQKBAQLLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- -1 for example Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium hydride Chemical compound [LiH] SIAPCJWMELPYOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000103 lithium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002285 radioactive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000941 radioactive substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010454 slate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODZPKZBBUMBTMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium amide Chemical compound [NH2-].[Na+] ODZPKZBBUMBTMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B12/00—Accessories for drilling tools
- E21B12/02—Wear indicators
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
- B23Q17/00—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools
- B23Q17/09—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring cutting pressure or for determining cutting-tool condition, e.g. cutting ability, load on tool
- B23Q17/0952—Arrangements for observing, indicating or measuring on machine tools for indicating or measuring cutting pressure or for determining cutting-tool condition, e.g. cutting ability, load on tool during machining
- B23Q17/0957—Detection of tool breakage
Definitions
- Att0rneyCurtis, Morris and Safford ABSTRACT A drilling tool has been provided which has a method of marking the tools as well as the tools thus marked I are within the scope of the invention. Further, the improvement in the method of drilling deep bore holes with a tool possessing these indicating means is similarly within the scope of the disclosed invention.
- the present invention relates to the marking of tools and instruments used for deep drilling with radioactive tracer substances which serve to indicate the occurrence of the critical wear.
- the substances emitting beta particles which have hitherto been proposed are either not suitable for the marking of drilling instruments for one of the aforesaid reasons as is for example, the case with the ionogenic chlorine, or they are difficulty accessible substances such as, for example, carbon,
- the present invention provides a process for indicating the occurrence of the critical amount of wear upon instruments and tools by means of a radioactive tracer substance in which the radioactive tracer substance is krypton?
- the tracer substance is advantageously used in the form of an inclusion compound. It is particularly advantageous to use krypton in the form of its clathrate with hydroquinone.
- the tracer substance is introduced in known manner into the bore holes with which the instrument is provided and which are cut open and release the tracer substance as soon as the critical amount of wear has occurred.
- a propellent which when coming into contact with the drilling fluid decomposes with the evolution of gas.
- a propellent which when coming into contact with the drilling fluid decomposes with the evolution of gas.
- alkali metals for example, sodium or potassium.
- hydrides in particular lithium hydride or calcium hydride, since these compounds enable a particularly high yield of gas to be obtained in comparison with the volume of solid substances introduced.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a smoothing instrument which has been marked in accordance with the invention
- FIG. 2 illustrates a roller bit marked in accordance with the invention.
- the tracer bore hole 1 contains the tracer substance 2 and, if desired or required, the propellent 3.
- the hole is closed by an appropriate closure 5, for example, a riveted screw or a shrinking closure, so as to be impermeable to gas.
- Numerals 4 designate the surfaces of the marked tool which are exposed to abrasion. The thickness of the material between the bore hole 1 and the surface 4 is so designed as to correspond to the highest tolerable amount of wear.
- the drilling fluid penetrates into the bore hole 1 and the tracer substance 2 leaves the hole, is carried to the earths surface by the drilling fluid and can there be determined by means of a known counter which by way of known devices can actuate an indicator, a warning signal or a stopping device.
- the tracer substance may be embedded in the bore hole in a relatively large, closed capsule which may also contain the propellent. In such a case the marking need not be carried out by the manufacturer. It is sufficient to provide the part to be marked with the bore hole and to introduce the capsule immediately before use.
- geological formation transition from Zechstein to carboniferous formation (layers of sandstone and argillaccous slate);
- circulating fluid fluid of clay and brine; total quantity 80 cubic meters;
- drill poles from bottom to top: diamond head, core barrel, smoothing instrument, l2 heavy bars, the rest being normal drill bars.
- the capsules contained a mixture of about 100 millicuries of krypton in the form of hydroquinone clathrate 40 milligrams) and 150 milligrams of Lil-l which latter when reacting completely with water sufficed to produce at 100 C. pressure of l 100 atmospheres in the capsule which had a volume of 0.5 cubic centimeter.
- the capsule was closed with a conical lead plug which had been pressed into it by means of a threaded pin.
- the place into which the screw was introduced had been filled with a cold-setting plastic so that no gas could escape through the threads after the screw had been in troduced.
- the point of the capsule was opened, drilling fluid entered the capsule, dissolved the clathrate and by reacting with the propellent produced hydrogen which expelled the krypton from the capsule, so that it entered the ascending fluid.
- the krypton distributed in the fluid, one-third of the total quantity of krypton being contained in the first, uppermost cubic meter of fluid and the rest being contained in diminishing concentration in the remaining 9 of the 10 cubic meters.
- a large area counter tube was arranged which had a surface of 260 sq. centimeters and was mounted on a float.
- the measuring arrangement comprising counter tube, cathode follower, cable and ratemeter had a blind counting rate of 600 impulses per minute.
- a process for marking a drilling tool to indicate when the highest permissible amount of wear has taken place comprises inserting in a cavity in the tool krypton" or a compound thereof as a gaseous nonionogenic indicator.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Geophysics And Detection Of Objects (AREA)
Abstract
A drilling tool has been provided which has a gastight cavity therein, the entrance of which cavity is preferably positioned away from a wear surface of the tool and which cavity contains krypton 85 as a wear indicating means either for a bearing wear surface or for an abrasive drilling wear surface. The indicating means are activated when, because of wear, the cavity is punctured and krypton 85 escapes or is expelled by means of auxiliary agents. The method of marking the tools as well as the tools thus marked are within the scope of the invention. Further, the improvement in the method of drilling deep bore holes with a tool possessing these indicating means is similarly within the scope of the disclosed invention.
Description
United States Patent [7 2] Inventors Hans-Jurgen Tesch Hannover; Gunther l-laverkamp, Hamburg; Herbert Becker; Alexander Wacker, Frankfurt, Main; Hans Gotte, Kelkheim, Taunus, Germany [21] Appl. No. 526,740 [22] Filed Feb. 11, 1966 [45] Patented May 11, 1971 [73] Assignee Farbwerke Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft vormals Meister Lucius & Bruning Frankfurt, Main, Germany [32] Priority Feb. 16, 1965 [33] Germany [31] F45,256
[54] DRILLING TOOLS 10 Claims, 2 Drawing Figs.
[52] US. Cl 175/39 [51] Int. Cl E21b 13/00 [50] Field ofSearch 175/39,42; 166/4 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,457,960 1/1949 Walker 175/42X Warren 2,658,724 11/1953 Arps 175/39X 2,659,046 1 H1953 Arps 175/42X 2,868,506 1/1959 Nestle 175/42X 3,011,566 12/1961 Graham 175/39 OTHER REFERENCES Oil & Gas Journal" Publication of August 29, 1955 Pages 77 79 relied on. Copy in 166/4 Primary Examiner-Nile C. Byers, Jr. Att0rneyCurtis, Morris and Safford ABSTRACT: A drilling tool has been provided which has a method of marking the tools as well as the tools thus marked I are within the scope of the invention. Further, the improvement in the method of drilling deep bore holes with a tool possessing these indicating means is similarly within the scope of the disclosed invention.
DRILLING TOOLS The present invention relates to the marking of tools and instruments used for deep drilling with radioactive tracer substances which serve to indicate the occurrence of the critical wear.
When using the drilling instruments which are generally applied for geological and industrial deep drilling, for example, roller bits, diamond bits, drilling turbines, reamers and smoothing instruments, it is necessary to know with a high degree of certainty when a predetermined, namely the highest permissible, amount of wear has occurred upon the tools and instruments, which are exposed to a high stress. In roller bits, for example, an excessive wear on the roller bearings which are exposed to a very high degree of abrasion causes the rolls to be out of a true alignment and this may result in the destruction of the cutter head of the drill bit. Extensive and expensive locating and catching operations are then necessary as a result. When the reamers and smoothing instruments have undergone excessive wear the well bores obtained are badly sized and this requires a time-consuming additional treatment.
Up to now it has to be judged by experience and feeling whether or not the highest tolerable service life of such tools and instruments has been reached. When the tools or instruments are brought to the surface for visual inspection it turns out in most cases that they could have been used for a much longer period or that they should have been replaced already a long time ago because a dangerous amount of wear has occurred. The removal of the tools or instruments requires much time and expenditure, especially when the well is very deep.
lt has previously been proposed to indicate to the driller that his bit has worn away the highest admissible amount by providing the instruments for drilling deep wells with recesses into which a radioactive tracer substance is embedded, the recesses being closed in such a manner that the tracer substance is released as soon as the highest tolerable amount of wear has occurred whereupon the radioactive tracer substance becomes suspended or dissolved in the circulating drilling fluid and is brought in it to the earth s surface where it is detected by a measuring and indicating instrument. It has also been proposed to embed in the recesses provided for this purpose in addition to the tracer substance, a propellent which when coming into contact with the drilling fluid decomposes with the evolution of gas and expels the tracer substance from the recess. It has further been proposed to mark the propellent itself by a radioactive substance for example, to use as the propellent sodium amide containing nitrogen or tritium. an alanate or boranate containing tritium, carbon dioxide containing carbon" or a carbide containing carbon. lt has also been proposed to use water-soluble radioactive tracer substances, for example, a chloride containing chlorine or a radioactive cation such as potassium, sodium or cesium The hitherto known processes have not been used for practical drilling. Soluble tracer substances cannot be used because they contaminate the drilling fluid and this has to be avoided at all costs. lonogenic tracer substances are not reliable as indicators in the processes concerned since they may be retained in the well bore by ion exchange or other interferring effects. Besides, many of the tracer substances which have been proposed for marking purposes emit gamma particles which must be prevented from penetrating into the well bore for they would very much complicate the measurement of natural radioactivity which has to be carried out during the drilling operation.
The substances emitting beta particles which have hitherto been proposed are either not suitable for the marking of drilling instruments for one of the aforesaid reasons as is for example, the case with the ionogenic chlorine, or they are difficulty accessible substances such as, for example, carbon,
which are too expensive for use in practice or they are substances having too short a hair life, as is the case with nitrogen, or they are substances emitting very soft betaparticles, for example, tritium, which can only be detected by means of sensitive measuring instruments which are expensive and not able to withstand the hard usage at drilling sites.
The present invention provides a process for indicating the occurrence of the critical amount of wear upon instruments and tools by means of a radioactive tracer substance in which the radioactive tracer substance is krypton? The tracer substance is advantageously used in the form of an inclusion compound. It is particularly advantageous to use krypton in the form of its clathrate with hydroquinone.
The tracer substance is introduced in known manner into the bore holes with which the instrument is provided and which are cut open and release the tracer substance as soon as the critical amount of wear has occurred.
In cases in which the well bores are deeper than about 300 meters the proper pressure of the gas released from the inclusion compound is in general too small as compared with the pressure of the supernatant liquid column so that the gas cannot leave the bore hole in which it is embedded. Even in cases in which the gas is embedded as such in the bore hole the pressure cannot be increased to any desired degree since the increase of the pressure is limited by increasing tightening difflculties.
In such a case it is preferred to introduce into the tracer bore hole not only the tracer substance but also a propellent which when coming into contact with the drilling fluid decomposes with the evolution of gas. For this purpose there may be used, for example, mixtures of water-soluble acids and carbonates. There may also be used alkali metals, for example, sodium or potassium. It is particularly advantageous to use hydrides, in particular lithium hydride or calcium hydride, since these compounds enable a particularly high yield of gas to be obtained in comparison with the volume of solid substances introduced.
Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawing in which FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a smoothing instrument which has been marked in accordance with the invention,
FIG. 2 illustrates a roller bit marked in accordance with the invention.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 the tracer bore hole 1 contains the tracer substance 2 and, if desired or required, the propellent 3. The hole is closed by an appropriate closure 5, for example, a riveted screw or a shrinking closure, so as to be impermeable to gas. Numerals 4 designate the surfaces of the marked tool which are exposed to abrasion. The thickness of the material between the bore hole 1 and the surface 4 is so designed as to correspond to the highest tolerable amount of wear. As soon as such an amount of material has been abraded from the surface 4 that the bore hole 1 is cut open the drilling fluid penetrates into the bore hole 1 and the tracer substance 2 leaves the hole, is carried to the earths surface by the drilling fluid and can there be determined by means of a known counter which by way of known devices can actuate an indicator, a warning signal or a stopping device.
When the external pressure is high, as is always the case when the drilling is carried out in a great depth, the discharge of the tracer substance 2 is supported by the propellent 3 which upon reacting with the drilling fluid that has entered develops a gas which expels the tracer substance 2 out of the bore hole 1.
ln instruments and tools in which much material is available where the bore hole for the marking can be made, for example, in smoothing instruments, the tracer substance may be embedded in the bore hole in a relatively large, closed capsule which may also contain the propellent. In such a case the marking need not be carried out by the manufacturer. It is sufficient to provide the part to be marked with the bore hole and to introduce the capsule immediately before use.
The following example serves to illustrate the invention but it is not intended to limit it thereto.
EXAMPLE The process according to the invention was tested in practice on a drilling site in a series of experiments. The results of a typical test will now be described.
Data of the Drilling Core boring with a diamond bit;
depth: between 2345.3 and 2363.3 meters tubing of the well to a depth of 2250 meters diameter of the well bore in the depth according to the experiment: 216 mm;
geological formation: transition from Zechstein to carboniferous formation (layers of sandstone and argillaccous slate);
circulating fluid: fluid of clay and brine; total quantity 80 cubic meters;
speed of circulation of the fluid: 82 minutes per circulation; throughput of fluid: approximately 1 cubic meter/min. drilling load at the bottom of the well: 5 to 7 tons;
number of revolutions of the drill poles: 120 revolutions per minute;
arrangement of the drill poles from bottom to top: diamond head, core barrel, smoothing instrument, l2 heavy bars, the rest being normal drill bars.
Test Proceeding lnto appropriate pocket holes disposed in the three ribs of the smoothing instrument brass capsules were introduced in such a manner that their points were 1. millimeter below the surface of the ribs. The upper parts of the capsules were embedded in screws which had been hollowed by boring, the capsules being thus secured in the pocket holes. The parts of the screws projecting over the surface of the ribs were filed off so that the said surface was smooth. The brass capsules had walls 1 millimeter thick and a total length of 30 millimeters. In their front part which had a length of 20 millimeters they had a diameter of 5.6 millimeters and in their back part which was designed as a lock they had a diameter of 9 millimeters. In their front parts, which were next to the surface of the ribs, the capsules contained a mixture of about 100 millicuries of krypton in the form of hydroquinone clathrate 40 milligrams) and 150 milligrams of Lil-l which latter when reacting completely with water sufficed to produce at 100 C. pressure of l 100 atmospheres in the capsule which had a volume of 0.5 cubic centimeter. At its end the capsule was closed with a conical lead plug which had been pressed into it by means of a threaded pin. The place into which the screw was introduced had been filled with a cold-setting plastic so that no gas could escape through the threads after the screw had been in troduced.
After the smoothing ribs had undergone an abrasion of 1.5 to 2 millimeters during the drilling operation the point of the capsule was opened, drilling fluid entered the capsule, dissolved the clathrate and by reacting with the propellent produced hydrogen which expelled the krypton from the capsule, so that it entered the ascending fluid. The krypton distributed in the fluid, one-third of the total quantity of krypton being contained in the first, uppermost cubic meter of fluid and the rest being contained in diminishing concentration in the remaining 9 of the 10 cubic meters. Immediately behind the fluid funnel a large area counter tube was arranged which had a surface of 260 sq. centimeters and was mounted on a float. The measuring arrangement comprising counter tube, cathode follower, cable and ratemeter had a blind counting rate of 600 impulses per minute.
Result After the first capsule had been perforated by abrasion in the earth's fonnation 3.4Xl0 impulses per minute'were first indicated. After the first circulation (82 minutes) only 4X10 impulses per minute were indicated had further dropped to 1 2X10", no considerable increase of the degree of mixing with the fluid taking place. The experiment shows that 10 millicuries of krypton which corresponds to five times the blind counting rate are sufficient to produce an alarm. Also, after another three or four circulations the activity drops to l percent of the value first indicated, so that further indications will not be disturbed.
We claim:
1. A drilling tool containing in a closed cavity therein krypton?" or a compound thereof, as a gaseous nonionogenic the cavity being so positioned in the too that the krypton or the compound thereof is liberated when the tool has been subjected to the highest permissible amount of wear.
2. A tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the krypton is present in the form of an inclusion compound.
3. A tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the krypton is present in the form of a hydroquinone clathrate.
4. A process for marking a drilling tool to indicate when the highest permissible amount of wear has taken place, the improvement of which comprises inserting in a cavity in the tool krypton" or a compound thereof as a gaseous nonionogenic indicator.
5. A process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the krypton is present in the form of an inclusion compound.
6. A process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the krypton is present in the form of a hydroquinone clathrate.
7. In a process for marking tools and instruments for drilling deep wells with the aid of a circulating drilling fluid using radioactive tracer substances which serve to indicate the occurrence of the highest permissible amount of wear and which are embedded in bore holes in the tools or instruments in such a manner that upon the occurrence of the highest permissible amount of wear, these tracer substances occur in the circulating fluid and with it are carried to the earth's surface, the improvement which comprises using krypton as a gaseous nonionogenic radioactive tracer substance in conjunction with a propellant expelling the same from the tool into the fluid.
8. A process as claimed in claim 7, wherein the krypton is present in the form of an inclusion compound.
9. A process as claimed in claim 7, wherein the krypton is present in the form of a hydroquinone clathrate.
l0. ln a process for drilling deep bore holes by means of a drilling tool containing indicating means said drilling being aided by a fluid, the improvement which comprises:
a. placing in the tool in a gastight cavity krypton and an agent to expel from the tool krypton if needed, said cavity being placed at a distance away from a wear surface with a filling opening away from said wear surface for filling said cavity in the tool, said distance corresponding to the permissible amount of wear of said surface,
b. indicating a permissible amount of wear of the drilling tool by puncturing said compartment by abrasive wear of said tool, and
c. recording a wear indicating occurrence of said krypton aided by the drilling fluid acting as a carrier for krypton.
Claims (10)
1. A drilling tool containing in a closed cavity therein krypton85 or a compound thereof, as a gaseous nonionogenic the cavity being so positioned in the tool that the krypton85 or the compound thereof is liberated when the tool has been subjected to the highest permissible amount of wear.
2. A tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the krypton85 is present in the form of an inclusion compound.
3. A tool as claimed in claim 1, wherein the krypton85 is present in the form of a hydroquinone clathrate.
4. A process for marking a drilling tool to indicate when the highest permissible amount of wear has taken place, the improvement of which comprises inserting in a cavity in the tool krypton85 or a compound thereof as a gaseous nonionogenic indicator.
5. A process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the krypton85 is present in the form of an inclusion compound.
6. A process as claimed in claim 11, wherein the krypton85 is present in the form of a hydroquinone clathrate.
7. In a process for marking tools and instruments for drilling deep wells with the aid of a circulating drilling fluid using radioactive tracer substances which serve to indicate the occurrence of the highest permissible amount of wear and which are embedded in bore holes in the tools or instruments in such a manner that upon the occurrence of the highest permissible amount of wear, these tracer substances occur in the circulating fluid and with it are carried to the earth''s surface, the improvement which comprises using krypton85 as a gaseous nonionogenic radioactive tracer substance in conjunction with a propellant expelling the same from the tool into thE fluid.
8. A process as claimed in claim 7, wherein the krypton85 is present in the form of an inclusion compound.
9. A process as claimed in claim 7, wherein the krypton85 is present in the form of a hydroquinone clathrate.
10. In a process for drilling deep bore holes by means of a drilling tool containing indicating means said drilling being aided by a fluid, the improvement which comprises: a. placing in the tool in a gastight cavity krypton 85 and an agent to expel from the tool krypton85 if needed, said cavity being placed at a distance away from a wear surface with a filling opening away from said wear surface for filling said cavity in the tool, said distance corresponding to the permissible amount of wear of said surface, b. indicating a permissible amount of wear of the drilling tool by puncturing said compartment by abrasive wear of said tool, and c. recording a wear indicating occurrence of said krypton85 aided by the drilling fluid acting as a carrier for krypton85.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEF45256A DE1220357B (en) | 1965-02-16 | 1965-02-16 | Abrasion control through radioactive labeling |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US3578092A true US3578092A (en) | 1971-05-11 |
Family
ID=7100409
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US526740A Expired - Lifetime US3578092A (en) | 1965-02-16 | 1966-02-11 | Drilling tools |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US3578092A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1220357B (en) |
GB (1) | GB1126916A (en) |
NL (1) | NL6516097A (en) |
Cited By (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3865736A (en) * | 1972-08-18 | 1975-02-11 | Chevron Res | Radioactive grease containing krypton 85 |
US4346591A (en) * | 1981-08-21 | 1982-08-31 | Evans Robert F | Sensing impending sealed bearing and gage failure |
WO1999028590A1 (en) * | 1997-11-27 | 1999-06-10 | Weatherford U.S., L.P. | Drilling tools and wear detection methods |
WO2001021927A2 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | Vermeer Manufacturing Company | Real-time control system and method for controlling an underground boring machine |
FR2815999A1 (en) * | 2000-10-31 | 2002-05-03 | Entpr Quilleru Et Cie | Tunneler cutting tool with wear detection comprises longitudinal housing containing substance detected in excavated materials when in contact with them |
US20030042049A1 (en) * | 2001-04-26 | 2003-03-06 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Roller cone bits with reduced packing |
US6631772B2 (en) | 2000-08-21 | 2003-10-14 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Roller bit rearing wear detection system and method |
US6634441B2 (en) | 2000-08-21 | 2003-10-21 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | System and method for detecting roller bit bearing wear through cessation of roller element rotation |
US6648082B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2003-11-18 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Differential sensor measurement method and apparatus to detect a drill bit failure and signal surface operator |
US6691802B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2004-02-17 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Internal power source for downhole detection system |
US6712160B1 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2004-03-30 | Halliburton Energy Services Inc. | Leadless sub assembly for downhole detection system |
US6722450B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2004-04-20 | Halliburton Energy Svcs. Inc. | Adaptive filter prediction method and system for detecting drill bit failure and signaling surface operator |
US6725947B2 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2004-04-27 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Roller bits with bearing failure indication, and related methods, systems, and methods of manufacturing |
US6817425B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2004-11-16 | Halliburton Energy Serv Inc | Mean strain ratio analysis method and system for detecting drill bit failure and signaling surface operator |
US20060180244A1 (en) * | 1997-07-24 | 2006-08-17 | Adan Ayala | Portable work bench |
DE102005016346B3 (en) * | 2005-04-09 | 2007-01-04 | Hochtief Construction Ag | Device for measuring wear in disc cutters, especially on tunnel drilling machines, has a magnet in the wearing layer at the circumference of the disc and a sensor for measuring the magnetic field strength |
US20080000687A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having fusible material and uses therefor |
US20080000690A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Downhole abrading tool having taggants for indicating excessive wear |
US20080000634A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having excessive wear indicator |
US20080000633A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having a hydrostatic chamber and uses therefor |
AU2007211901B2 (en) * | 2007-08-23 | 2010-02-18 | Sandvik Intellectual Property Ab | A reamer |
WO2013032420A1 (en) | 2011-08-26 | 2013-03-07 | Volvo Construction Equipment Ab | Excavating tooth wear indicator and method |
US9169697B2 (en) | 2012-03-27 | 2015-10-27 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Identification emitters for determining mill life of a downhole tool and methods of using same |
US9551192B2 (en) | 2011-07-10 | 2017-01-24 | Ulterra Drilling Technologies, L.P. | Solid state wear tracers for drill bits |
US10378188B2 (en) | 2016-09-23 | 2019-08-13 | Rockland Manufacturing Company | Bucket, blade, liner, or chute with visual wear indicator |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111911077A (en) * | 2020-07-20 | 2020-11-10 | 中石化江钻石油机械有限公司 | Drilling device with alarming function |
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Cited By (43)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3865736A (en) * | 1972-08-18 | 1975-02-11 | Chevron Res | Radioactive grease containing krypton 85 |
US4346591A (en) * | 1981-08-21 | 1982-08-31 | Evans Robert F | Sensing impending sealed bearing and gage failure |
US20060180244A1 (en) * | 1997-07-24 | 2006-08-17 | Adan Ayala | Portable work bench |
WO1999028590A1 (en) * | 1997-11-27 | 1999-06-10 | Weatherford U.S., L.P. | Drilling tools and wear detection methods |
WO2001021927A2 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | Vermeer Manufacturing Company | Real-time control system and method for controlling an underground boring machine |
WO2001021927A3 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2001-10-25 | Vermeer Mfg Co | Real-time control system and method for controlling an underground boring machine |
US6308787B1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-10-30 | Vermeer Manufacturing Company | Real-time control system and method for controlling an underground boring machine |
US6470976B2 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2002-10-29 | Vermeer Manufacturing Company | Excavation system and method employing adjustable down-hole steering and above-ground tracking |
US20040256159A1 (en) * | 1999-09-24 | 2004-12-23 | Vermeer Manufacturing Company | Underground drilling device employing down-hole radar |
US6755263B2 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2004-06-29 | Vermeer Manufacturing Company | Underground drilling device and method employing down-hole radar |
US6634441B2 (en) | 2000-08-21 | 2003-10-21 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | System and method for detecting roller bit bearing wear through cessation of roller element rotation |
US6725947B2 (en) * | 2000-08-21 | 2004-04-27 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Roller bits with bearing failure indication, and related methods, systems, and methods of manufacturing |
US6631772B2 (en) | 2000-08-21 | 2003-10-14 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Roller bit rearing wear detection system and method |
FR2815999A1 (en) * | 2000-10-31 | 2002-05-03 | Entpr Quilleru Et Cie | Tunneler cutting tool with wear detection comprises longitudinal housing containing substance detected in excavated materials when in contact with them |
US7357197B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2008-04-15 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Method and apparatus for monitoring the condition of a downhole drill bit, and communicating the condition to the surface |
US6691802B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2004-02-17 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Internal power source for downhole detection system |
US6712160B1 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2004-03-30 | Halliburton Energy Services Inc. | Leadless sub assembly for downhole detection system |
US6722450B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2004-04-20 | Halliburton Energy Svcs. Inc. | Adaptive filter prediction method and system for detecting drill bit failure and signaling surface operator |
US6817425B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2004-11-16 | Halliburton Energy Serv Inc | Mean strain ratio analysis method and system for detecting drill bit failure and signaling surface operator |
US6648082B2 (en) | 2000-11-07 | 2003-11-18 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Differential sensor measurement method and apparatus to detect a drill bit failure and signal surface operator |
US20030042049A1 (en) * | 2001-04-26 | 2003-03-06 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Roller cone bits with reduced packing |
US7044242B2 (en) | 2001-04-26 | 2006-05-16 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Roller cone bits with reduced packing |
DE102005016346B3 (en) * | 2005-04-09 | 2007-01-04 | Hochtief Construction Ag | Device for measuring wear in disc cutters, especially on tunnel drilling machines, has a magnet in the wearing layer at the circumference of the disc and a sensor for measuring the magnetic field strength |
US7404457B2 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-07-29 | Baker Huges Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having fusible material and methods of detecting tool wear |
US20090095470A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2009-04-16 | Gaudette Sean L | Downhole abrading tools having excessive wear indicator |
US20080000633A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having a hydrostatic chamber and uses therefor |
US20080000690A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Downhole abrading tool having taggants for indicating excessive wear |
US20080000687A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Baker Hughes, Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having fusible material and uses therefor |
US7424910B2 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2008-09-16 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having a hydrostatic chamber and uses therefor |
US20080230271A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-09-25 | Yang Xu | Downhole abrading tools having fusible material and uses therefor |
US7464771B2 (en) | 2006-06-30 | 2008-12-16 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Downhole abrading tool having taggants for indicating excessive wear |
US7484571B2 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2009-02-03 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having excessive wear indicator |
US20080000634A1 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2008-01-03 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having excessive wear indicator |
US7575070B2 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2009-08-18 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having excessive wear indicator |
US7600581B2 (en) * | 2006-06-30 | 2009-10-13 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Downhole abrading tools having fusible material and uses therefor |
AU2007211901B2 (en) * | 2007-08-23 | 2010-02-18 | Sandvik Intellectual Property Ab | A reamer |
US9551192B2 (en) | 2011-07-10 | 2017-01-24 | Ulterra Drilling Technologies, L.P. | Solid state wear tracers for drill bits |
WO2013032420A1 (en) | 2011-08-26 | 2013-03-07 | Volvo Construction Equipment Ab | Excavating tooth wear indicator and method |
US20140173948A1 (en) * | 2011-08-26 | 2014-06-26 | Volvo Construction Equipment Ab | Excavating tooth wear indicator and method |
EP2748380A4 (en) * | 2011-08-26 | 2015-11-04 | Volvo Constr Equip Ab | Excavating tooth wear indicator and method |
US9169697B2 (en) | 2012-03-27 | 2015-10-27 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Identification emitters for determining mill life of a downhole tool and methods of using same |
US10378188B2 (en) | 2016-09-23 | 2019-08-13 | Rockland Manufacturing Company | Bucket, blade, liner, or chute with visual wear indicator |
US11111655B2 (en) | 2016-09-23 | 2021-09-07 | Rockland Manufacturing Company | Bucket, blade, liner, or chute with visual wear indicator liner |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE1220357B (en) | 1966-07-07 |
NL6516097A (en) | 1966-08-17 |
GB1126916A (en) | 1968-09-11 |
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