US3573464A - Photoelectron multiplier - Google Patents

Photoelectron multiplier Download PDF

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Publication number
US3573464A
US3573464A US710860A US3573464DA US3573464A US 3573464 A US3573464 A US 3573464A US 710860 A US710860 A US 710860A US 3573464D A US3573464D A US 3573464DA US 3573464 A US3573464 A US 3573464A
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United States
Prior art keywords
electrons
dynode
photocathode
waveguide section
gap
Prior art date
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Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US710860A
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English (en)
Inventor
Masao Miya
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NEC Corp
Original Assignee
Nippon Electric Co Ltd
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nippon Electric Co Ltd filed Critical Nippon Electric Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements
    • H01J43/14—Control of electron beam by magnetic field
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
    • H01J25/76—Dynamic electron-multiplier tubes, e.g. Farnsworth multiplier tube, multipactor

Definitions

  • the invention provides a photodetector responsive to modulated laser light.
  • a multiplier phototube is used having a photocathode and a dynode arranged on the same plane.
  • An electric field is used to accelerate the electrons from the photocathode and a high frequency standing wave is provided adjacent to the dynode.
  • the trajectories of the electrons are phase compressed and the electron stream is highly localized.
  • the arrangement of the dynodes disposed within a plane cannot cause sufficient electron emission to induce the emission at the next adjacent dynode stage.
  • the dynodes should be disposed in a staircase configuration. In such a configuration, however, the complete elimination of the influence of the random emission velocity is impossible. Moreover, the residual effect accumulates as the number of dynodes increases. Also, since the radius of the circular trajectory of an electron varies in proportion to its initial emission velocity, the electrons, even if emitted from one point of a dynode stage, arrive at different points at the next stage, causing spatial dispersion. Furthermore, this dispersion also considerably accumulates as the number of the stages increases. Consequently, it is difficult with the disclosed device to design the electrode for finally collecting the electron beam having been subjected to secondary electron emission multiplication.
  • Another example is a dynamic crossed-field electron multiplier proposed in a paper disclosed in the Proceedings of the IEEE, Jan. 1963, pp. l53l62.
  • the device utilizes the behavior of an electron moving in the mutually crossed microwave electric and static magnetic fields. This device suggests a solution to the above-mentioned problem of the electron transit time dispersion caused by the random emission velocity, and provides a means for causing electron bunching on the time axis.
  • this device With this device, the energy for emitting the secondary electrons is transferred to each of the emitted electrons from the microwave electric field, the mutual phases of the electrons emitted from the preceding state are relatively compressed owing to the bunching action, causing more inten- I sified collision of electrons against the next-stage dynode disposed on the same plane. Therefore, this device is operative at the microwave frequency with the driving electric field of the appropriate microwave frequency, because the electron transit time is precisely controlled. However, this device does not include any means for suppressing the spacial dispersion of electrons which accumulates as the number of the stages increases, as is the case with the above-mentioned photomultiplier of the static electric and magnetic fields type.
  • the object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide an improved photomultiplier free from any defects of the above-mentioned conventional photomultipliers of the crossed electric and magnetic fields type.
  • the present invention is based on the above-mentioned principle of the photomultiplier of crossed electric (high frequency) and magnetic fields type, and provides an improvement in that the electric field is produced by the standing wave of microwave frequency. Owing to the existence of the microwave standing-wave field, the trajectories of the electrons are successfully phase compressed, with the result that the intensification of the successive secondary electron emissions are facilitated.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the relations between the trajectories of the electrons and the high frequency electric field intensity, used for explaining the principle of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a longitudinal sectional view of the structure of an embodiment of the invention.
  • Static magnetic field Bis applied in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the sheet of drawing or, in other words, in the x-axis direction.
  • the electrons can be bunched field is supplied to the wavequide through window 11 disposed along the z-axis by subjecting the electrons repetitively to the at the end of waveguide 9 for forming a part of the vacuum enacceleration phase of the standing-wave electric field.
  • the wavelength and phase of the microwave are More particularly, since the electrons returning to the z-axis selected so that a standing wave may be formed under the inhave been twice subjected to velocity-modulation by the fluence 0f reflection caused by plate 12 disposed at the end.
  • the resultant incre- The electrons pass through an elongated central opening 12' ment AE of the kinetic energy of an electron is given by: 10 formed in plate 12 into gap 10, and are subjected to velocity modulation during their traveling in the gap 10 from photocathode 6 to waveguide 9 and then caused to return to the gap 10 following a circular trajectories owing to the in- 2mvo m fluence of the magnetic field B.
  • the present invention has provided a (med process is repeated to the end of the cycloidal or photodetector of high sensitivity responsive to a wide band trochoida] trajectory modulating signal extending to the microwave frequency re-
  • the ma etic field gioh' B, direcwunem voltage V0 and g d began the While the foregoing description sets forth the principles of the invention in connection with specific apparatus, it is to be t ⁇ 23:5 222x385: al. 553 1,; glif aff satisfy the fol understood that this description rs made only by way of exam- (1) f ple and not as a limitation of the scope of the invention as set forth in the Objects thereof.
  • a multiplier phototube comprising:
  • said standing wave means further causes said accelerated deflected electrons to bunch.
  • said waveguide section comprises, a ridge waveguide for forming said gap.
  • the phototube of claim 1 including, DC-biasing means coupled to said dynode.
  • a transmitted laser beam 3 is introduced to a photocathode 2 through a transparent window 8 attached to the envelope of the device.
  • a system for demodulating a modulated laser light beam means directing the light beam to said photocathode; and anode for collecting said electrons; at least one dynode to provide secondary emission; said photocathode, dynode and anode being contained within said envelope and defining a drift space through which said electrons may move along chained-semicircular trajectories; said dynode being disposed within substantially the same plane as said photocathode; a
  • said waveguide section disposed substantially parallel to said dynode and having one of its ends shorted for providing a high frequency standing electric wave within said drift space along said dynode to accelerate said electrons; said waveguide section having a gap for allowing said standing electric wave to interact with said electrons, said gap being smaller than the distance of the furthest end of each of said trajectories from said semicircular dynode as measured in the direction perpendicular to the axis of said waveguide section, and means for applying a static magnetic field within said drift space to deflect the accelerated electrons; whereby said standing wave comprising; means providing a modulated laser light beam; eans further causes said accelerated deflected electrons to photomultiplier means for demodulating said laser light including; an envelope, a photocathode for emitting electrons;

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  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
US710860A 1967-10-13 1968-03-06 Photoelectron multiplier Expired - Lifetime US3573464A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP42065820A JPS4813864B1 (ja) 1967-10-13 1967-10-13

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US3573464A true US3573464A (en) 1971-04-06

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US710860A Expired - Lifetime US3573464A (en) 1967-10-13 1968-03-06 Photoelectron multiplier

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JP (1) JPS4813864B1 (ja)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2160928A1 (ja) * 1971-11-26 1973-07-06 Varian Associates
EP1717843A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2006-11-02 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3388282A (en) * 1965-03-29 1968-06-11 Hallicrafters Co Biased crossed field dynamic electron multiplier
US3431420A (en) * 1966-12-30 1969-03-04 Sylvania Electric Prod Crossfield photoelectron multiplier tube having channeled secondary emissive dynodes

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3388282A (en) * 1965-03-29 1968-06-11 Hallicrafters Co Biased crossed field dynamic electron multiplier
US3431420A (en) * 1966-12-30 1969-03-04 Sylvania Electric Prod Crossfield photoelectron multiplier tube having channeled secondary emissive dynodes

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2160928A1 (ja) * 1971-11-26 1973-07-06 Varian Associates
EP1717843A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2006-11-02 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method
US20070194713A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2007-08-23 Hiroyuki Kyushima Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method
US20080018246A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2008-01-24 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier
EP1717843A4 (en) * 2004-02-17 2008-12-17 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk FOTOVERVIELFACHER AND MANUFACTURING PROCESS THEREFOR
US7602122B2 (en) 2004-02-17 2009-10-13 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier
US7977878B2 (en) 2004-02-17 2011-07-12 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method
US20110221336A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2011-09-15 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method
US8242694B2 (en) 2004-02-17 2012-08-14 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method
US8643258B2 (en) 2004-02-17 2014-02-04 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method
US9147559B2 (en) 2004-02-17 2015-09-29 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method
EP2993685A1 (en) * 2004-02-17 2016-03-09 Hamamatsu Photonics K. K. Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method
US9460899B2 (en) 2004-02-17 2016-10-04 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier and its manufacturing method

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS4813864B1 (ja) 1973-05-01

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