US3573427A - Electrically conductive asphaltic concrete - Google Patents

Electrically conductive asphaltic concrete Download PDF

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Publication number
US3573427A
US3573427A US846231A US3573427DA US3573427A US 3573427 A US3573427 A US 3573427A US 846231 A US846231 A US 846231A US 3573427D A US3573427D A US 3573427DA US 3573427 A US3573427 A US 3573427A
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concrete
asphaltic concrete
electrically conductive
asphaltic
percent
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US846231A
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Louis David Minsk
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US Department of Army
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
    • H01B1/24—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material the conductive material comprising carbon-silicon compounds, carbon or silicon

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the generation of heat electrically in an asphaltic concrete pavement or other surface. More particularly, this invention relates to the prevention of the accumulation of ice and snow on pavement by use of an asphaltic concrete made electrically conductive by the addition of graphite particles thereto and by the passage of an electrical current through such asphaltic concrete to generate sufficient heat to melt the ice or snow.
  • Such electrically conductive paving material can be easily applied as a thin continuous overlay to existing pavements avoiding the type of major construction involved in burying cables or pipes in existing pavements. Repair work is easily accomplished by patching with a mix of the same electrically conductive material. In addition, since there would be significantly fewer electric cables or pipes used there would be a concomitant reduction in the likelihood of damage to such cables.
  • concrete also known as bituminous concrete is a widely available article of commerce which varies somewhat in the percentage of its components.
  • Such concrete consists, in the main, of a sand, crushed stone or gravel aggregate combined with an asphalt cement binder.
  • the properties of the resulting concrete surface will depend on the relative proportions of sand and crushed stone or gravel as well as the size of the stone and gravel.
  • the asphalt cement acts as a binder for the aggregate and generally comprises from 5 to 15 percent or more by weight of the composition.
  • High purity graphite is graphite containing percent or more pure carbon and 10 percent or less of ash or volatiles.
  • Graphite particles suitable for use in the present invention range in size from particles no larger than those which can completely pass through a No. 4 Sieve and no smaller than particles which can pass through a No. 200 Sieve, said Sieve numbers being in the US. Standard Sieve Series.
  • the following two Examples illustrate the preparation of typical asphaltic concrete compositions according to the present invention.
  • EXAMPLE II In this example, 450 lbs. of high purity graphite particles (95 percent pure carbon), particle size being such as to completely pass through a No. 65 Sieve and only 41.2 percent to pass through a No. 200 Sieve, preheated to a temperature above F. were added to an asphaltic concrete hot mix in a pug mill.
  • the concrete mix consisted of lbs. of zinch crushed gravel, 630 lbs. of a %-inch crushed gravel, 540 lbs. sand and 200 lbs of asphalt cement (85100 penetration).
  • the graphite was thoroughly blended in the hot mix and the temperature of the completed mix as discharged from the mill was within the range of 275 F. to 325 F.
  • Pavement or other asphaltic concrete surfaces are constructed in a manner well known in the art which consists generally of spreading the hot mix uniformly over a suitable base followed by compacting.
  • the thickness of surfaces formed with the asphaltic concrete compositions of this invention may be varied within wide limits. Because of cost considerations, however, we prefer not to exceed 2 inches in thickness and for durability, we prefer not to have a surface less than one-half inch in thickness. If the surface is expected to be subjected to heavy wear, it is desirable to cover the electrically conductive surface with a nonconductive wear course of from one-half inch to l- /zinches in thickness. Such a wear course would also serve as a protective surface coating to prevent large increases in current flow caused by metal conductors falling across or penetrating the conductive asphaltic material. It is, of course, desirable to have the conductive asphaltic concrete surface as uniform in thickness as possible so as to avoid hot or cold spots in the pavement.
  • copper conductor cables are placed within this layer of material.
  • the cables are spaced at regular intervals and connected to a suitable voltage source so that the desired electrical potential may be maintained between the copper conductors.
  • EXAMPLE llI Six 6"X6 holes or panels were cut in an existing asphalt parking lot and backfilled with sand and a standard asphaltic concrete hot mix to give two holes each having an unfilled depth of one-half inch, 1 inch and l /zinches.
  • the conductive asphaltic concrete composition of Example I was poured into each of the holes up to grade and compacted. Prior to comple- 2.
  • said electrically conductive asphaltic concrete consists of asphaltic concrete mixes having dispersed therein high purity graphite particles, said graphite particles constituting from 20 percent to 30 percent by weight of the mixture based on the total weight of the concrete aggregates.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Abstract

The passage of an electric current through an electrically conductive asphaltic concrete surface generates sufficient heat within the surface to prevent the accumulation of snow and ice thereon. The asphaltic concrete is made electrically conductive by incorporating graphite particles within the concrete mix.

Description

United States Patent lnventor Appl. No.
Filed Patented Assignee Louis David Minsk Hanover, N.H.
July 30, 1969 Apr. 6, 1971 The United States of America as represented by the Secretary 01 the Army ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE 5 Claims, No Drawings U.S. Cl 219/213, 252/503 Int. Cl H05b 3/60 Field ofSearch 219/213, 19.4,
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,314,766 3/1943 Bull et a1 219/213 3,047,701 7/1962 Frungel 219/213 3,166,518 1/1965 Barnard 252/511X Primary Examiner-J. V. Truhe Assistant Examiner-Hugh D. .laeger Attorneys-Harry M. Saragovintz, Edward J. Kelly, Herbert Berl and Lawrence E. Labadini ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE ASPHALTIC CONCRETE The invention described herein if patented, may be manufactured and used by or for the Government for governmental purposes, without the payment to me of any royalty thereon.
This invention relates to the generation of heat electrically in an asphaltic concrete pavement or other surface. More particularly, this invention relates to the prevention of the accumulation of ice and snow on pavement by use of an asphaltic concrete made electrically conductive by the addition of graphite particles thereto and by the passage of an electrical current through such asphaltic concrete to generate sufficient heat to melt the ice or snow.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Present practical methods of control of snow and ice accumulation on paved surfaces can be classified as chemical, mechanical and thermal. Melting of frozen precipitation by heat can be accomplished by direct application of thermal energy from an exposed flame or an electrically energized radiant source, by pipes carrying hot liquid or by electrical resistance cables buried in the upper portion of the pavement. The application of heat from above the surface by radiant energy requires the melting of the entire ice or snow mass to effect removal, a method that consumes large quantities of energy. The buried electrical cable method is preferable since it enables the heat to be applied more efficiently to the snow or ice than the other methods. However, there are drawbacks to the use of buried heating cables. Either the spacing between the cables must be very small or the temperature of the cables must be very high to obtain adequate heat input to melt snow or ice in the areas between them. Furthermore, cables must be buried relatively deep in the pavement to obtain the optimum distribution of heat for a given electrical input and cable size. This requires a major construction job for placement of the cables as well as the undesirable task of breaking the pavement surface in old construction. The use of imbedded pipes carrying hot fluid is subject to the same disadvantages as set forth for buried electrical cables. Additionally, if repair work on the pipes or cables is required, then the pavement must be torn up which is both costly and disruptive of normal operations on the paved surface.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION I have discovered a novel method and novel materials which make it possible to generate heat uniformly and efficiently at the ice-pavement interface to effect separation of ice with a minimum energy or to effect melting of snow or ice. The heat is generated by passage of an electrical current through an asphaltic concrete pavement layer having a resistivity within the range from about 1 to about 5 ohm-inch. Asphaltic concrete paving material having the desired resistivity characteristics is prepared by incorporating within conventional asphaltic concrete mixes a quantity of graphite particles. Electricity is carried to the conductive asphaltic concrete pavement layer by conductor busses or cables spaced widely apart (3 to feet or more, depending on the voltage gradient selected). Such electrically conductive paving material can be easily applied as a thin continuous overlay to existing pavements avoiding the type of major construction involved in burying cables or pipes in existing pavements. Repair work is easily accomplished by patching with a mix of the same electrically conductive material. In addition, since there would be significantly fewer electric cables or pipes used there would be a concomitant reduction in the likelihood of damage to such cables.
Accordingly, it is among the objects of the present invention to provide a method and means for efficiently generating heat at the surface of an asphaltic concrete pavement to prevent accumulation of snow or ice thereon. Other objects will become apparent in the following detailed description of the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS concrete, also known as bituminous concrete is a widely available article of commerce which varies somewhat in the percentage of its components. Such concrete consists, in the main, of a sand, crushed stone or gravel aggregate combined with an asphalt cement binder. The properties of the resulting concrete surface will depend on the relative proportions of sand and crushed stone or gravel as well as the size of the stone and gravel. The asphalt cement acts as a binder for the aggregate and generally comprises from 5 to 15 percent or more by weight of the composition. High purity graphite is graphite containing percent or more pure carbon and 10 percent or less of ash or volatiles. Graphite particles suitable for use in the present invention range in size from particles no larger than those which can completely pass through a No. 4 Sieve and no smaller than particles which can pass through a No. 200 Sieve, said Sieve numbers being in the US. Standard Sieve Series. The following two Examples illustrate the preparation of typical asphaltic concrete compositions according to the present invention.
EXAMPLE I An asphaltic concrete mixture containing 276 lbs. 9ll6-inch crushed stone, 550 lbs. %-inch crushed stone, 642 lbs. of sand and I66 lbs. of asphaltic cement (l00l20 penetration) was prepared according to techniques known in the art. 366 lbs. of a high purity graphite (98 percent carbon, 2 percent ash and volatiles) particles, which will pass 100 percent of the particles through a No. 4 Sieve and 0 percent through a No. 20 Sieve was added to a pug mill after the aggregares had been batched and thoroughly blended in the hot asphaltic concrete mixture while the mix is maintained at a temperature of 350 F.
EXAMPLE II In this example, 450 lbs. of high purity graphite particles (95 percent pure carbon), particle size being such as to completely pass through a No. 65 Sieve and only 41.2 percent to pass through a No. 200 Sieve, preheated to a temperature above F. were added to an asphaltic concrete hot mix in a pug mill. The concrete mix consisted of lbs. of zinch crushed gravel, 630 lbs. of a %-inch crushed gravel, 540 lbs. sand and 200 lbs of asphalt cement (85100 penetration). The graphite was thoroughly blended in the hot mix and the temperature of the completed mix as discharged from the mill was within the range of 275 F. to 325 F.
Pavement or other asphaltic concrete surfaces are constructed in a manner well known in the art which consists generally of spreading the hot mix uniformly over a suitable base followed by compacting. The thickness of surfaces formed with the asphaltic concrete compositions of this invention may be varied within wide limits. Because of cost considerations, however, we prefer not to exceed 2 inches in thickness and for durability, we prefer not to have a surface less than one-half inch in thickness. If the surface is expected to be subjected to heavy wear, it is desirable to cover the electrically conductive surface with a nonconductive wear course of from one-half inch to l- /zinches in thickness. Such a wear course would also serve as a protective surface coating to prevent large increases in current flow caused by metal conductors falling across or penetrating the conductive asphaltic material. It is, of course, desirable to have the conductive asphaltic concrete surface as uniform in thickness as possible so as to avoid hot or cold spots in the pavement.
As the conductive concrete composition is spread over the surface to be covered, copper conductor cables are placed within this layer of material. The cables are spaced at regular intervals and connected to a suitable voltage source so that the desired electrical potential may be maintained between the copper conductors.
tion, copper conductors were placed in the conductive concrete material and spaced feet apart. Conductors were connected to center tap transformers which, in turn, were connected to auto transformers for voltage control. 60 cycle In operation, the power dissipation required to prevent the 5 AC current was used to supply the transformers. In Table l, accumulation of ice and snow should fall within the range of the thickness of the electrically conductive concrete material to 40 watts per square foot. and the gauge of the copper conductors used are identified for Power is consumed when current flows through a purely reeach hole or panel. Table [1 demonstrates the effectiveness of sistive load under an applied potential according to the relapanels prepared according to my invention in clearing snow tion (Equation 1) 10 and ice from the paved surface over a period of time during E2 which the surfaces were covered with fresh snow of varying P=EI= depths. The poor results for panel No. 2 are traceable to the fact that the power dissipation of this panel range between 3 where and 7 watts per square foot, below the desired range of 10 to P= power dissipated (w) 40 watts per square foot.
E applied potential difference (v) I= current (amp) TABLE I R resistance (ohm) Gage of Material exhibit a resistance directly proportional to the Thickness, copper length of the conducting path and inversely proportional to PanelN0- Conduct the cross-sectional area of the conducting element, A or 1 A #10 2 #6 (Equation 2) 3 1 #6 1 z i 1? ii p 2 6 1 2 R A, tw 2s yz TABLE II New Wind Air Percent clear of panel snow, speed, temp., Date in. m.p.h. F. 2 3 4 5 6 12/20/65 Ca1m 7 100 0 100 80 90 100 1/13/67 2 undo. 27 100 95 100 100 100 100 2/2/67 #4 do. 34 100 slush 100 100 100 100 2/21/67 5 .do 23-28 100 50 100 100 100 100 3/6/67 --do 29 100 0 100 100 100 100 3/16/67 4 5 26 100 Oice 100 100 100 100 Where Iclaim:
R resistance (ohm) p proportionality constant, resistivity (ohm-in.) I conducting path length (ft.) t= thickness of conducting sheet (in.)
w width of conducting sheet (ft.)
Substituting eq. 2 to eq. 1 gives Power dissipation per unit surface area, A is E tw E 2 t P/Ar wl I (2 For safety reasons, it is preferred that the potential drop between electrodes not exceed 30 volts. While we have found an approximate 5 foot spacing between electrodes to be preferable, since this establishes a potential gradient of 6 volts per foot, other spacings (3- l 5 feet) are possible provided the 30 volt potential between electrodes not be exceeded.
EXAMPLE llI Six 6"X6 holes or panels were cut in an existing asphalt parking lot and backfilled with sand and a standard asphaltic concrete hot mix to give two holes each having an unfilled depth of one-half inch, 1 inch and l /zinches. The conductive asphaltic concrete composition of Example I was poured into each of the holes up to grade and compacted. Prior to comple- 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the current is passed through the electrical conductive asphaltic concrete by spaced-apart electrodes imbedded within the concrete.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the potential difference between the electrodes does not exceed 30 volts.
4. A method according to claim 3 wherein the power dissipated within said electrical conductive layer of asphaltic concrete ranges from 10 to 40 watts per square foot.
5. A method according to claim 4 wherein said electrically conductive asphaltic concrete consists of asphaltic concrete mixes having dispersed therein high purity graphite particles, said graphite particles constituting from 20 percent to 30 percent by weight of the mixture based on the total weight of the concrete aggregates.

Claims (4)

  1. 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the current is passed through the electrical conductive asphaltic concrete by spaced-apart electrodes imbedded within the concrete.
  2. 3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the potential difference between the electrodes does not exceed 30 volts.
  3. 4. A method according to claim 3 wherein the power dissipated within said electrical conductive layer of asphaltic concrete ranges from 10 to 40 watts per square foot.
  4. 5. A method according to claim 4 wherein said electrically conductive asphaltic concrete consists of asphaltic concrete mixes having dispersed therein high purity graphite particles, said graphite particles constituting from 20 percent to 30 percent by weight of the mixture based on the total weight of the concrete aggregates.
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Cited By (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3935422A (en) * 1974-02-12 1976-01-27 Burlington Industries, Inc. Electrically heated laminate with a glass heating fabric
US4564745A (en) * 1984-02-24 1986-01-14 Geant Entrepeneur Electrique Ltee Pre-cast heating panel
US5026508A (en) * 1990-05-11 1991-06-25 Cathodic Engineering Equipment Co., Inc. Ground electrode backfill composition, anode bed
US5080773A (en) * 1990-05-11 1992-01-14 Cathodic Engineering Equipment Co., Inc. Ground electrode backfill
US5707171A (en) * 1995-09-26 1998-01-13 Zaleski; Peter L. Electrically conductive paving mixture and pavement system
WO1999014435A1 (en) * 1997-09-18 1999-03-25 Applied Plasma Physics As Method for controlling the amount of ionised gases and/or particles over roads, streets, open spaces or the like
WO2000045620A1 (en) * 1999-01-29 2000-08-03 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Heated bridge deck system and materials and method for constructing the same
US6461424B1 (en) 2001-02-21 2002-10-08 Wisconsin Electric Power Company Electrically conductive concrete and controlled low-strength materials
WO2002040807A3 (en) * 2000-11-16 2003-02-06 Superior Graphite Co Electrically conductive pavement mixture
US20040099982A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2004-05-27 Sirola D. Brien Conductive concrete compositions and methods of manufacturing same
US6821336B1 (en) 2003-08-15 2004-11-23 Wisconsin Electric Power Co. Electrically conductive concrete and controlled low strength materials having carbon fibers
US6825444B1 (en) 1999-01-29 2004-11-30 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Heated bridge deck system and materials and method for constructing the same
US20050205834A1 (en) * 2004-01-29 2005-09-22 Matula Gary W Composition and method for dissipating heat underground
US20050257470A1 (en) * 2002-02-07 2005-11-24 Masao Inuzuka Block having surface layer piece attached thereto
US20060005967A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2006-01-12 Sirola D B Deep well anodes for electrical grounding
US20060231966A1 (en) * 2005-04-18 2006-10-19 Tsung Tsai C Method for forming electrically conductive graphite concrete block
US20060243166A1 (en) * 2004-01-29 2006-11-02 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole servicing compositions having high thermal conductivities and methods of using the same
US20070187854A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2007-08-16 Sirola D B Deep well anodes for electrical grounding
US20070240620A1 (en) * 2006-04-12 2007-10-18 Ramme Bruce W Electrically conductive concrete and controlled low strength materials having spent carbon sorbent
US20080056830A1 (en) * 2004-08-12 2008-03-06 Francois Depardon Device and Method for a Tower Reinforcing Foundation
WO2010059169A1 (en) * 2008-11-24 2010-05-27 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Conductive concrete for heating and elelctrical safety
US8617309B1 (en) 2013-02-08 2013-12-31 Superior Graphite Co. Cement compositions including resilient graphitic carbon fraction
US9206084B2 (en) 2004-01-29 2015-12-08 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Composition and method for dissipating heat underground
EP3545133A4 (en) * 2016-11-23 2020-07-08 Jason Ayoub Pty Limited Transportation pathway and method of forming same
US10912154B1 (en) 2020-08-06 2021-02-02 Michael E. Brown Concrete heating system
US11121482B2 (en) 2017-10-04 2021-09-14 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Electrically-conductive corrosion-protective covering
US11349228B2 (en) 2017-08-14 2022-05-31 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Corrosion-protective jacket for electrode
US11421392B2 (en) 2019-12-18 2022-08-23 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Metallic structure with water impermeable and electrically conductive cementitous surround
US11753337B2 (en) 2019-02-14 2023-09-12 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Electrically conductive concrete composition and system design for resistive heating of pavements with low volume fractions of carbon microfiber

Citations (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2314766A (en) * 1940-04-17 1943-03-23 Us Rubber Co Surface heating element
US3047701A (en) * 1960-03-03 1962-07-31 Frungel Frank Device for heating a ground covering
US3166518A (en) * 1960-12-29 1965-01-19 Schlumberger Well Surv Corp Electrically conductive concrete

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2314766A (en) * 1940-04-17 1943-03-23 Us Rubber Co Surface heating element
US3047701A (en) * 1960-03-03 1962-07-31 Frungel Frank Device for heating a ground covering
US3166518A (en) * 1960-12-29 1965-01-19 Schlumberger Well Surv Corp Electrically conductive concrete

Cited By (43)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3935422A (en) * 1974-02-12 1976-01-27 Burlington Industries, Inc. Electrically heated laminate with a glass heating fabric
US4564745A (en) * 1984-02-24 1986-01-14 Geant Entrepeneur Electrique Ltee Pre-cast heating panel
US5026508A (en) * 1990-05-11 1991-06-25 Cathodic Engineering Equipment Co., Inc. Ground electrode backfill composition, anode bed
US5080773A (en) * 1990-05-11 1992-01-14 Cathodic Engineering Equipment Co., Inc. Ground electrode backfill
US5707171A (en) * 1995-09-26 1998-01-13 Zaleski; Peter L. Electrically conductive paving mixture and pavement system
WO1999014435A1 (en) * 1997-09-18 1999-03-25 Applied Plasma Physics As Method for controlling the amount of ionised gases and/or particles over roads, streets, open spaces or the like
AU733886B2 (en) * 1997-09-18 2001-05-31 Applied Plasma Physics As Method for controlling the amount of ionised gases and/or particles over roads, streets, open spaces or the like
US6511258B1 (en) 1997-09-18 2003-01-28 Applied Plasma Physics As Method for controlling the amount of ionized gases and/or particles over roads, streets, open spaces or the like
US6825444B1 (en) 1999-01-29 2004-11-30 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Heated bridge deck system and materials and method for constructing the same
WO2000045620A1 (en) * 1999-01-29 2000-08-03 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Heated bridge deck system and materials and method for constructing the same
US6971819B2 (en) 2000-11-16 2005-12-06 Superior Graphite Co. Electrically conductive pavement mixture
USRE43044E1 (en) * 2000-11-16 2011-12-27 Superior Graphite Co. Electrically conductive pavement mixture
WO2002040807A3 (en) * 2000-11-16 2003-02-06 Superior Graphite Co Electrically conductive pavement mixture
US20040062606A1 (en) * 2000-11-16 2004-04-01 Zaleski Peter L. Electrically conductive pavement mixture
US6461424B1 (en) 2001-02-21 2002-10-08 Wisconsin Electric Power Company Electrically conductive concrete and controlled low-strength materials
US20050257470A1 (en) * 2002-02-07 2005-11-24 Masao Inuzuka Block having surface layer piece attached thereto
US20050194576A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2005-09-08 Sirola D. B. Conductive concrete compositions and methods of manufacturing same
US7578910B2 (en) 2002-08-19 2009-08-25 Sae Inc. Deep well anodes for electrical grounding
US20060005967A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2006-01-12 Sirola D B Deep well anodes for electrical grounding
US20070187854A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2007-08-16 Sirola D B Deep well anodes for electrical grounding
US20040099982A1 (en) * 2002-08-19 2004-05-27 Sirola D. Brien Conductive concrete compositions and methods of manufacturing same
US6821336B1 (en) 2003-08-15 2004-11-23 Wisconsin Electric Power Co. Electrically conductive concrete and controlled low strength materials having carbon fibers
US20050205834A1 (en) * 2004-01-29 2005-09-22 Matula Gary W Composition and method for dissipating heat underground
US9206084B2 (en) 2004-01-29 2015-12-08 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Composition and method for dissipating heat underground
US20060243166A1 (en) * 2004-01-29 2006-11-02 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole servicing compositions having high thermal conductivities and methods of using the same
US20080251755A1 (en) * 2004-01-29 2008-10-16 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole servicing compositions having high thermal conductivities and methods of using the same
US7452417B2 (en) 2004-01-29 2008-11-18 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Downhole servicing compositions having high thermal conductivities and methods of using the same
US7993079B2 (en) * 2004-08-12 2011-08-09 Societe Centrale D'etudes Et De Realisations Routieres Scetauroute Device and method for a tower reinforcing foundation
US20080056830A1 (en) * 2004-08-12 2008-03-06 Francois Depardon Device and Method for a Tower Reinforcing Foundation
US20060231966A1 (en) * 2005-04-18 2006-10-19 Tsung Tsai C Method for forming electrically conductive graphite concrete block
US7578881B2 (en) 2006-04-12 2009-08-25 Wisconsin Electric Power Company Electrically conductive concrete and controlled low strength materials having spent carbon sorbent
US20070240620A1 (en) * 2006-04-12 2007-10-18 Ramme Bruce W Electrically conductive concrete and controlled low strength materials having spent carbon sorbent
WO2010059169A1 (en) * 2008-11-24 2010-05-27 Board Of Regents Of University Of Nebraska Conductive concrete for heating and elelctrical safety
US8617309B1 (en) 2013-02-08 2013-12-31 Superior Graphite Co. Cement compositions including resilient graphitic carbon fraction
EP3545133A4 (en) * 2016-11-23 2020-07-08 Jason Ayoub Pty Limited Transportation pathway and method of forming same
US11349228B2 (en) 2017-08-14 2022-05-31 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Corrosion-protective jacket for electrode
US11757211B2 (en) 2017-08-14 2023-09-12 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Electrical grounding assembly
US11121482B2 (en) 2017-10-04 2021-09-14 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Electrically-conductive corrosion-protective covering
US11894647B2 (en) 2017-10-04 2024-02-06 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Electrically-conductive corrosion-protective covering
US11753337B2 (en) 2019-02-14 2023-09-12 Iowa State University Research Foundation, Inc. Electrically conductive concrete composition and system design for resistive heating of pavements with low volume fractions of carbon microfiber
US11421392B2 (en) 2019-12-18 2022-08-23 Shore Acres Enterprises Inc. Metallic structure with water impermeable and electrically conductive cementitous surround
US10912154B1 (en) 2020-08-06 2021-02-02 Michael E. Brown Concrete heating system
US11683862B2 (en) 2020-08-06 2023-06-20 Michael E. Brown Concrete heating system

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