US3541992A - Fluid light modulating mediums for image projection apparatus - Google Patents

Fluid light modulating mediums for image projection apparatus Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3541992A
US3541992A US589583A US3541992DA US3541992A US 3541992 A US3541992 A US 3541992A US 589583 A US589583 A US 589583A US 3541992D A US3541992D A US 3541992DA US 3541992 A US3541992 A US 3541992A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
fluid
light modulating
light
molecular weight
cot
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US589583A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Carlyle S Herrick
Frederick F Holub
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Co
Original Assignee
General Electric Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3541992A publication Critical patent/US3541992A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/74—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor
    • H04N5/7416—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal
    • H04N5/7425—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal the modulator being a dielectric deformable layer controlled by an electron beam, e.g. eidophor projector

Definitions

  • a light modulating fluid of considerably improved properties is prepared by adding a concentration of polymeric material to conventional light modulating fluid used in the projection of self-erasing, rapid decay images.
  • the polymeric material must not only be soluble in the base (conventional) fluid at the image forming temperature but must be soluble therein to the extent that a molecular weight/concentration relationship of the polymeric material can be established in the base fluid, which is productive o2 viscoelastic behavior in the modified fluid.
  • a simple test fol the routine identification of viscoelastic capability in thc modified fluid is described.
  • This invention relates to improvements in fluid light modulating mediums for the projection of self-erasing, rapid decay images in apparatus of the kind wherein a fluid light modulating medium is deformed into diffraction and/or refraction gratings by the impression of electron charges thereon as a function of electrical signals corresponding to the images.
  • One importantaspect of this invention is the discovery that the improved fluid mediums disclosed herein may be erased by the combined effects of self-erasure by the surface tension of the fluid medium and erasure by the imposition of an outside force.
  • a projection system comprising an evacuated glass envelope containing an electron gun for producing an electron beam, which is deflected in a rectangular raster over the surface of a light-transmitting electrondeformable light-modulating medium contained within a portion of the transparent glass envelope.
  • the electron beam is they produce deformations in this surface with the amplitude of the deformationsbeing a function (among other parameters) of the number of-electrons deposited by the electron beam at various points over the surface of the raster area.
  • the amplitudes of these deformations are a function of the electron beam modulation.
  • The'intensity of light refracted or diffracted by the deformation rises. exponentially to a maximum and thereafter decays as the charge on the surface of the light modulating medium decays due to charge transport through the bulk of the light modulating medium to the underlying conducting layer.
  • the time it takes for the deformation to reach 63 percent ofmaximum value in response to a step force function has been described in application Ser. No. 419,475 True et al. (filed Dec. 18, 1964 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,385,925 assigned to the assignee of this invention) as the mechanical time constant, and the time it takes for the electric force producing the deformation to decay to 63 percent of its peak value has also been described therein as the electrical time constant.
  • the, light modulating medium is a thin layer of light transmissive, fluid in which the electron beam forms phase diffraction gratings (and/or refraction gratings) in the form of alternate hills and valleys caused by the deforming effect of theelectron beam.
  • the adjacent -valleys are spaced apart by a predetermined distance such that each portion of light incident on a respective small area or point of the medium is deviated in a direction orthogonal to the direction of the valleys.
  • the intensity of the deviated light is a function of the depth of the valley and diminishes as. au-. toerasure of the deformation occurs wherein thehills and valleys diminish and the fluid is ready for the writing of a new image.
  • the mediumv must be compatible with the underlying conducting coating. Criteria are alsostated with respect to the volume resistivity of the deformable medium as varying within the range of from about .lO'l to about 104 ohm-cm, with the average resistivity at the stable (quiet mode been shown that when-electron charges are deposited on thick of operation) thickness being approximately 101 .ohm-cm.
  • 2,943,147 may be lower than 1011 ohm-cm. and such fluids,.as
  • methyl siltimes be of the order of the duration-oft! field ofscan, i.e., the
  • deformation should be reduced to. about one third of its peak value by the time the electronbeam is in a position to deposit another pattern of charge at that point.
  • the rise time to deform the fluid- is a function principally of the viscosity of the light modulating fluid, the depth of the light modulating fluid layer, the grating line spacing, and the surface tension of the fluid.
  • higher viscosity fluids are selected for use, larger rise times result an vice versa
  • thinner layers of fluid are employed the rise time is increased and vice versa.
  • the grating line spacing distance from crest to crest of adjacent hills
  • the decay'time which'is an expression of the autodecay feature, is principally a function of the manner ofconductionof charges through the fluid layer.
  • the decay time varies in a direct relationship with the product of viscosity and depth, and in an inverse relationship with electronbeam current. Ithas also been foundin the aforementioned unmodified fluids that mobility of charge carriers involved in thedecay of. charge in the fluid varies in an inverse relation with the viscosity.
  • noise are appreciable in depth in relation to the desired deformations and are substantial in extent. As a result, they produce deviation of light which deleteriously affects the contrasts in the projected image and these deviations become a part of the projected image destroying the distinctness of image boundaries.
  • These unwanted deformations can vary in their effect from causing a haziness to actually obliterating all traces of the signal modulation.
  • This critical value is referred to as the critical quieting thickness" (COT).
  • COT critical quieting thickness
  • each fluid has its own capacity to conduct electric charges impressed on its surface through the fluid to the ground plane base (conductive layer). It is believed that this charge transfer occurs both by electrical con duction phenomena and by various flow patterns coordinated with the raster lines. If the thickness of the fluid is greater than the COT, flow patterns uncoordinated with the raster lines or with the modulated signals are generated in the fluid. These uncoordinated flow patterns deform the surface resulting in the deviation of light not resulting from signal modulation. This phenomenon is known as optical noise" or "noise.
  • this uncoordinated flow occurs as the current density of the electron beam is increased from zero to some value beyond which a sudden and widespread initiation of uncoordinated flow occurs in the fluid.
  • the fluid thickness at this depth is at the COT for this value of current.
  • Operation with a fluid thickness of less than the COT value is desirably, because the noise referred to hereinabove is destructive of the signal-modulation produced image. More effective operation, greater flexibility for the system and improved image production are achieved by increasing this value of the COT whereby operation with a thicker layer of fluid without noise is made possible.
  • FIG. I is a schematic representation of optical and electrical elements comprising a projection system wherein fluid light modulating compositions in accordance with this invention may be employed.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the testing procedure for determining the incidence of viscoelastic behavior in solution of fluid light modulating mediums prepared in accordance with this invention
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B represent the comparative monochromatic light outputs for one frame (two fields) from a given diffraction grating (series of lines of uniform spacing) wherein interlacing lines are employed when unmodified fluid (FIG. 3A) and the viscoelastic fluids of this invention (FIG. 3B) are used.
  • the projection system comprises an evacuated glass envelope 10 containing an electron gun I] mounted therein for generating electron beam 13, which is deflected in the shape ofa rectangular raster over the surface of a transparent deformable light modulating liquid 15 that is disposed over at least a portion 17 of a conducting surface 19 disposed within envelope 10 in some convenient manner.
  • Electron beam 13 is modulated by a television signal applied to deflection means (not shown) in electron gun 11. Region 21 ofdeformable medium 15 is coincident with the raster area covered by the beam 13 and deformations are imposed thereon by electrons from beam 13 that are attracted to conducting coating 19 as described hereinabove.
  • deformations are utilized to diffract light from a light source 23 in an optical system which is illustrated as including a lens 24 that images light source 23 on the surface of medium 15 through a bar and slit system 25.
  • Another lens 29 images the slits of system 25 on the bars of another bar and a slit system 31 in the absence of deformations in the surface of the deformable medium.
  • any deformations phase diffract (or refract) the light so that it passes through the slits in the system 31 with an intensity that corresponds to the amplitudes of the deformations and thusthe amplitudes ofthe applied television signal.
  • the light passing through system 29 is imaged by a projection lens 33 on a screen 35 after reflection from a mirror 37.
  • viscoelastic behavior is defined in the text, Elastic Liquids A. S. Lodge, on page 71.
  • a liquid is viscoelastic if (a) the stress in the flowing liquid does not become instantaneously isotropic (or zero) as soon as the liquid is confined to a constant shape or (b) the flowing liquid does not remain at constant shape as soon as the stress is made instantaneously isotropic (or zero).
  • Shear thinning sensitivity is defined as the property of a liquid whereby the viscosity of the liquid decreases as the shear rate is increased, and vice versa.
  • a thread (a filament having a length-to-diameter ratio of about to l, or greater) will remain connecting the probe and the surface of the liquid as the probe is moved away therefrom as shown in FIG. 2 wherein thread 41 has been drawn from liquid 42 in container 43 by probe 44. Commonly such threads can be drawn to lengths ofover one-halfinch.
  • the above-described thread test can be conducted on the modified fluid at the operating temperature of the parent fluid. This temperature is somewhat lower than the operating temperature of the modified fluid. Repeating the test at the new, higher operating temperature confirms the viscoelastic behavior of the modified fluid under operating conditions.
  • suitable polymer additives can be checked to determine the threshold molecular weight required for the specific concentration tested. Any polymer soluble in the light modulating fluid will at high enough molecular weight induce viscoelastic behavior in the fluid due to chain entanglement. Therefore, having selected some given molecular weight of polymer additive, it is simply necessary to increase the concentration of polymer additive in the fluid until the development of threads in the conduct of the test described above. If the viscoelastic behavior is not manifest at any concentration, then a higher molecular weight ofthe polymer additive must be tested.
  • K has a value of about 2500.
  • a proper way to compare modified and unmodified fluids is to measure CQT under conditions of equal surface deformation created by equal electron beam currents and resulting in equal quantities for the sums (for each fluid) of the rise time and the decay time. Spacing of the surface deformations should be near the minimum required in use. This was the procedure used in the examples reported herein. In particular the summation of times is measured as the fraction of a field time (one-sixtieth second for television) required for the light diffracted and/or refracted by the surface deformations generated by 14 me. modulation (spacing in a 22 X26 mm. raster) to decrease to the fraction of Us of maximum light intensity.
  • the operating temperature must be raised to a higher value after the addition of a high molecular weight polymer.
  • the extent to which the operating temperature is raised depends upon whether erasure is to be accomplished solely by self-erasure or by combined self-erasure and imposed erasure. Because of this necessity of raising the operating temperature, in producing a practical writing fluid the vapor pressure characteristic of the writing fluid after modifications must be kept low enough as not to interfere with the electron beam generating and controlling mechanisms by diminishing the vacuum in the housing. 7
  • the polymer additive preferably should be a glassy-type polymer having a low glass temperature and with respect to such breakdown of the polymer additive as may occur, the resulting byproducts should not be incompatible with the performance requirements of the basic writing fluid.
  • a crystalline type high molecular weight polymer additive it should have the quality of not forming crystals in the fluid during use.
  • the minimum amount of high molecular weight polymer additive required to produce the requisite increase in COT is dependent on the particular combination of polymer additive and basic fluid, acting as the solvent. As indicated hereinabove, a threshold molecular weight exists for each polymer and solvent combination above which individual polymer chains of the additive material interact with each other or entangle each other to produce viscoelastic properties in the solution.
  • suitable additives are the high molecular weight linear methylphenylpolysiloxanes disclosed in the aforementioned Patnode patent having at least 20 mol percent siliconbonded phenyl groups, high molecular weight polystyrene and polyphenylene ethers, for example, those materials'described in British Pat. No. 930,993.
  • these patents are made part of the disclosure of the instant application.
  • the amount of additive material having the desired effect can be very small.
  • the parent and modified fluids were'exposed to an electron beam in a housing (such as shown in FIG. 1)
  • reproducing operating conditions i.e..those conditions at i which the proper summation of rise time and decay time is tures indicated herein are the temperatures of the fluid. during the particular operation and the amounts of additive material is expressed as percent by weight of base fluid.
  • EXAMPLE I A parent PBT fluid having a COT of about 9 microns at 0.7 field for the summation of the time constants at 30C. and 4 microamperes/in. writing current was modified by dissolving in the parent fluid 2 /i'percent by weight of highly branched chain polystyrene having a molecular weight of 2.4 X10". The temperature was raised to 495C. at which point the summation of rise time and decay time was again 0.7 field at 4.0 microampereslin. CQT of the solution was then found to be about l8 microns and viscoelasticity was exhibited at this operating temperature by the conduct of the thread test.
  • EXAMPLE2 A base PBT fluid having a COT of about 5 microns at 0.7 field (32C.) and 4.0 microamperes/in. was modified by dissolving 2%percent by weight therein of the same highly 4 requisite viscoelasticity by test.
  • the COT was about 15 microns and the modified fluid was viscoelastic.
  • EXAMPLE 4 EX A MPLE 5 PBT base fluid having a COT of about 5 microns at 0.7 field (32C.) and 4.0 microamperes/in. was modified by dissolving therein 16 percent by weight of linear chain polystyrene having a molecular weight of 9.7 X10. At 0.7 field (57C.) and 4.0 microamperes/in. the COT of the solution was 15 microns and the solution was found to be viscoelastic.
  • EXAMPLE 6 PBT base fluid having a COT of about 5 microns at 0.7 field (32C.) and 4.0 microamperes/in. was modified by dissolving therein 32 percent by weight of linear chain polystyrene having a molecular weight of 9.7 X10. At 0.7 field (92C.) and 4.0 microamperes/in. the COT of the solution was measured and found to be 16 microns. Under these operating conditions .the modified fluid exhibited the desired viscoelasticity upon being tested.
  • EXAMPLE 7 A parent PBT fluid having a COT of about 9 microns at 0.7 field (30C.) and 4 microamperes/i'n. was modified by dissolving therein l6 percent by weight of linear polystyrene having a molecular weight of 2 X10. At 0.7 field (53C.) and 4 microamperes/in.*8 microns.
  • EXAMPLE 8 Base PBN fluid having a COT of 6 microns at 4 microamperes/in. and 0.7 field (50C.) was modified by dissolving in it 2 percent by weight of linear chain polystyrene having a molecular weight of l X10. At 0.65 field and 4 microamperes/in. at a temperature of 62C. The CQT was 18 microns and the modified fluid, when tested, exhibited the proper viscoelasticity.
  • the base methylphenylsiloxane fluid of example 9 was modified by dissolving in it lpercent by weight of linear methylphenylsiloxane polymer of the general formula set forth in example 9 having an. intrinsic viscosity of 11.9 and a molecular weight of about X10. At 0.65 field (40C.) and 4 microamperes/in. the COT of the solution was 16 microns and viscoelastic, as shown by test.
  • EXAMPLE I To the base fluid of example 9 was added Zpercent by weight of a material prepared by copolymerizing 4 parts diphenyl tetrasiloxane and 1 part methylethyl tetrasiloxane to an intrinsic viscosity of 6.68. At 0.7 field (38C.) and 4 microamperes/inFlLS microns and testing verified that the modified fluid had the requisite viscoelastici- EXAMPLE 12 Methylphenylsiloxanefbase fluid as described in example 9 was modified by dissolving therein 3.8 percent by weight of linear methylphenylsiloxane polymer as described by the general formulain example 9 and having an intrinsic viscosity of 1.28. At 0.7 field (32C.) and 4 microamperes/in.”, the COT was 8 microns showing marginal improvement and exhibited viscoelasticity bythe thread test.
  • PBT base fluid having a CQT'of about microns at 0.7 field (28C.) was modified; by dissolving therein 1 percent by weight of poly-(2-phenyl-6-methyl-l ,4-phenylene ether), having an intrinsic viscosity of 1.03.
  • the writing beamcurrent density may be proportionately decreased thereby diminishing the damage to the writing medium increasing the life of the fluid and of the electron gun, as well.
  • the light efficiency was increased by about 100 percent.
  • the increased light was not necessary and this increased capacity was utilized by operating with decreased writing beam current density, i.e. l microamperes/in.-
  • FIG. 3A is a graphic representation of the light output (a narrow range of adjacent light frequencies) from a given diffraction grating wherein interlacing lines are employed and the writing fluid is the unmodified conventional fluid.
  • the total lumen output fora single field is proportional to the area under curve x.
  • the graph in FIG. 313 represents operation under the same conditions, e.g. writingbeam current, illumination, diffraction grating, etc., except that the writing fluid is modified in accordance with this invention and has a substantially higher viscosity thereby necessitating a higher operating temperature.
  • the lumen outether is described in the aforementioned British Pat. No.
  • additive polymers for PET and PBN include, for example, polyvinylnaphthalene, polyacenapthalene and poly-2-vinlybenzofuran.
  • methylphenyl'siloxane base fluids and silicate fluids include various copolymers of diphenyl tetrasiloxane and dimethyl tetrasiloxane.
  • the improved light modulating fluid described herein has been prepared by modifying a conventional light modulating fluid to illustrate this invention, the criteria necessary for any fluid (single fluid; mixture or solution) to operate satisfactorily as a light modulating medium are identified 1 herein and such fluids may be selected by reference thereto.
  • a fluid i.e. asingle fluid
  • viscoelastc behavior evidenced as shear thinning sensitivity and/or the aforementioned thread formation to be put/field is considerably increased.
  • the unmodified fluid FIG. 3A
  • the profile impressed on the fluid has .been substantially erased by the surface tension'of the fluid by the time the interlacing lines are imposed on the system at the end of the first field.
  • Another important aspect of this invention is the discovery of the inherent capacity of the viscoelastic fluids of this invention to respond to imposed erasure in the manner illustrated at a higher operating viscosity for the writing fluid than has previously -beenfound to be acceptable.
  • the outside force imposing erasure in the illustration of this phenomenon set forth above comes from interlacing, it is possible that other force applications can be employed to exercise the same unique mechanism.
  • a fluid light modulating medium foruse in apparatus in which a thin layer of said fluid light modulating medium is supported on a conducting plane located relative to means for producing an electron beam so that said beam is directed at said plane to build up charge in said fluid light modulating medium, which charge produces self-erasing deformation in the surface of said layer, each such deformation acting to diffract light directed at said layer from a light source in a light 1 optical system, the diffracted light being projected by the optical system as a function of each deformation to form self-erasing, rapid,decay images, the improvement comprising said fluid having in solution therein polymeric material, said polymeric material being soluble in said fluid at the image said probe, the formation of such a filament being indicative of the requisite viscoelasticity.
  • polymeric material is poly-(2-phenyl-6-methyl-l,4-phenylene ether).
  • a system for the projection of self-erasing, rapid-decay images comprising a container having a quantity of fluid light modulating medium, a conducting surface and an electron gun enclosed therein, said conducting surface being adapted to receive a coating of said fluid light modulating medium over atleast a portion thereof and being located within said container in position to receive an electron beam from said electron gun impinging on said portion, a light optical system being disposed relative to said container adapted to direct light through said container, through said portion and the fluid light modulating medium supported thereon and into projection apparatus, said fluid light modulating medium having additive material dissolved therein, said additive material comprising a polymeric material soluble in said fluid light modulating medium at the image forming temperature thereof and being present therein in anamount ranging from' an amount effective to produce viscoelastic behavior in said fluid light modulating medium up to about 35 percent by weight of the additive-free fluid, the requisite property of viscoelasticity being ascertainable by dipping a pointed probe into said fluid light modulating medium at the image forming
  • the fluid light modulating medium comprises polybenz yltolu'ene containing poly-(Z-phenyl-ti-methyl-l ,4-phenylene ether) dissolved therein.
  • the fluid light modulating medium comprises methylphenylsiloxane containing a methylphenylsiloxane polymer dissolved therein.
  • the fluid light modulating medium comprises silicate liquid containing a methyjphenylsiloxane polymer dissolved therein.
  • a metho for increasing the critical quieting thickness of a fluid light modulating medium for use in apparatus in which a thin layer of said fluid light modulating medium is supported on a conducting plane located relative to means for producing an electron beam so that said beam is directed at said 'plane to build up charge in said fluid light modulating medium, which charge produces self-erasing deformation in the surface of said layer, each such deformation acting to diffract light directed at said layer from a light source in a light optical system, the diffracted light being projected by the optical system as a function of each deformation to form self-erasing, rapid-decay images comprising the step of dissolving in said fluid light modulating medium an amount of polymeric material ranging from an amount effective to produce viscoelastic behavior in said fluid light modulating medium at the image forming temperature up to about 35 percent by weight of said fluid light modulating medium, the requisite property of viscoelasticity being ascertainable by dipping a pointed probe into the solution at the image forming temperature thereof, withdrawing said probe therefrom and inspecting
  • the fluid light modulating medium has a viscosity in the range of from about 100 centipoises to about 100,000 centipoises.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Non-Silver Salt Photosensitive Materials And Non-Silver Salt Photography (AREA)
US589583A 1966-10-26 1966-10-26 Fluid light modulating mediums for image projection apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3541992A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US58958366A 1966-10-26 1966-10-26

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3541992A true US3541992A (en) 1970-11-24

Family

ID=24358619

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US589583A Expired - Lifetime US3541992A (en) 1966-10-26 1966-10-26 Fluid light modulating mediums for image projection apparatus

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US3541992A (de)
CH (1) CH514667A (de)
GB (1) GB1190825A (de)
NL (1) NL6713969A (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3774233A (en) * 1972-02-14 1973-11-20 Eidophor Ag Method and apparatus for reproducing television images from a video signal
DE2324652A1 (de) * 1972-05-18 1974-01-31 Gen Electric Lichtmodulationsmedium fuer bildprojektionsapparate
US4529620A (en) * 1984-01-30 1985-07-16 New York Institute Of Technology Method of making deformable light modulator structure
US4954896A (en) * 1989-02-08 1990-09-04 Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Fur Nachrichtentechnik Berlin Gmbh Electronic projector system such as a high definition television (HDTV) projection television system or the like having a fluid therein with increased resistance to damage from projection system radiation
US5124834A (en) * 1989-11-16 1992-06-23 General Electric Company Transferrable, self-supporting pellicle for elastomer light valve displays and method for making the same

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3774233A (en) * 1972-02-14 1973-11-20 Eidophor Ag Method and apparatus for reproducing television images from a video signal
DE2324652A1 (de) * 1972-05-18 1974-01-31 Gen Electric Lichtmodulationsmedium fuer bildprojektionsapparate
US4529620A (en) * 1984-01-30 1985-07-16 New York Institute Of Technology Method of making deformable light modulator structure
US4954896A (en) * 1989-02-08 1990-09-04 Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Fur Nachrichtentechnik Berlin Gmbh Electronic projector system such as a high definition television (HDTV) projection television system or the like having a fluid therein with increased resistance to damage from projection system radiation
US5124834A (en) * 1989-11-16 1992-06-23 General Electric Company Transferrable, self-supporting pellicle for elastomer light valve displays and method for making the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1720869B2 (de) 1975-06-05
NL6713969A (de) 1968-04-29
GB1190825A (en) 1970-05-06
DE1720869A1 (de) 1970-07-30
CH514667A (de) 1971-10-31

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US3113179A (en) Method and apparatus for recording
US5563182A (en) Electromagnetic radiation absorbers and modulators comprising polyaniline
CA2067142C (en) Polyaniline compositions, process for their preparation and uses thereof
Cox et al. Crystallization‐resistant photorefractive polymer composite with high diffraction efficiency and reproducibility
US5079334A (en) Electromagnetic radiation absorbers and modulators comprising polyaniline
US3291601A (en) Process of information storage on deformable photoconductive medium
US3541992A (en) Fluid light modulating mediums for image projection apparatus
US3276031A (en) Thermoplastic information recording utilizing electrets
US3719483A (en) Methods of organized thermoplastic xerography and photoreceptor structure therefor
Batchelder Colour and chromism of conjugated polymers
US3397086A (en) Photoconductive composition and coated article
US2943147A (en) Projection system
CN100595636C (zh) 电光转换器、用于电光转换器的凝胶状层、生产凝胶状层的方法及实现该方法的组合物
US3436216A (en) Image storage comprising a thermoplastic deformation pattern
US4065308A (en) Deformation imaging element
Colburn et al. Photoconductor-thermoplastic image transducer
US4163667A (en) Deformable imaging member used in electro-optic imaging system
US2575742A (en) Device for copying records on a proportional scale
US4002902A (en) Optical image converting relay having an electro-optical element and a photoconductive element
US3687535A (en) Optical demodulation system
Ueno et al. PLZT spatial light modulator for a 1-D hologram memory
US3766081A (en) Light modulating medium for image projection apparatus
US4162118A (en) Waveguide imaging system
US3698892A (en) Methods of thermoplastic xerography and apparatus therefor
US3519422A (en) Deformation recording without electrical charging