US3537518A - Safety drill pipe float valve with heat responsive shut off sleeve - Google Patents

Safety drill pipe float valve with heat responsive shut off sleeve Download PDF

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Publication number
US3537518A
US3537518A US3537518DA US3537518A US 3537518 A US3537518 A US 3537518A US 3537518D A US3537518D A US 3537518DA US 3537518 A US3537518 A US 3537518A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
valve
sleeve
drill pipe
head
drill
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
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English (en)
Inventor
Wayne M Sullivan
John W Turner Jr
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hughes Tool Co
Byron Jackson Inc
Original Assignee
Byron Jackson Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Byron Jackson Inc filed Critical Byron Jackson Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3537518A publication Critical patent/US3537518A/en
Assigned to HUGHES TOOL COMPANY, A CORP. OF DEL. reassignment HUGHES TOOL COMPANY, A CORP. OF DEL. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: BJ-HUGHES INC.,
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/10—Valve arrangements in drilling-fluid circulation systems
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B35/00—Methods or apparatus for preventing or extinguishing fires
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K15/00—Check valves
    • F16K15/02—Check valves with guided rigid valve members
    • F16K15/06—Check valves with guided rigid valve members with guided stems
    • F16K15/063—Check valves with guided rigid valve members with guided stems the valve being loaded by a spring
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16K—VALVES; TAPS; COCKS; ACTUATING-FLOATS; DEVICES FOR VENTING OR AERATING
    • F16K2200/00—Details of valves
    • F16K2200/30—Spring arrangements
    • F16K2200/303—Means for protecting the spring in the fluid flow path
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/1624—Destructible or deformable element controlled
    • Y10T137/1797—Heat destructible or fusible
    • Y10T137/1819—Safety cut-off
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/7722—Line condition change responsive valves
    • Y10T137/7837—Direct response valves [i.e., check valve type]
    • Y10T137/7854—In couplings for coaxial conduits, e.g., drill pipe check valves
    • Y10T137/7857—Valve seat clamped between coupling elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/7722—Line condition change responsive valves
    • Y10T137/7837—Direct response valves [i.e., check valve type]
    • Y10T137/7904—Reciprocating valves
    • Y10T137/7922—Spring biased
    • Y10T137/7923—With means to protect spring from fluid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/7722—Line condition change responsive valves
    • Y10T137/7837—Direct response valves [i.e., check valve type]
    • Y10T137/7904—Reciprocating valves
    • Y10T137/7922—Spring biased
    • Y10T137/7929—Spring coaxial with valve
    • Y10T137/7935—Head slides on guide-rod concentric with spring
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
    • Y10T137/7722—Line condition change responsive valves
    • Y10T137/7837—Direct response valves [i.e., check valve type]
    • Y10T137/7904—Reciprocating valves
    • Y10T137/7922—Spring biased
    • Y10T137/7929—Spring coaxial with valve
    • Y10T137/7939—Head between spring and guide

Definitions

  • a so-callcd drill pipe float which comprises a valve adapted to be normally closed during running of the drill string into the well bore to prevent the upward passage of air and cuttings into the drill string but the valve being held open by the downward flow of drilling fluid during drilling.
  • the valve automatically closes to prevent back flow ofdrilling fluid through the bit into the drill string. If a fire in the bore hole is detected the circulationof drilling air can be stopped so as to not feed air to the fire. and at the same time the valve will automatically close.
  • the present invention provides a drill pipe float valve which is adapted to automatically close in the presence of a down hole fire.
  • the invention employs a drill pipe float so modified that a valve sleeve will shift from a normal position to a second position in engagement with the float valve head.
  • a sleeve having the usual float valve seat thereon is fixed in an initial position by a medium responsive to heat for releasing the sleeve, so that the sleeve is moved by fluid pressure to a second position of engagement with the valve head while the latter is in its open position, thereby shutting off the flow of air into the well bore through the drill string and causing an increase in air pumping pressure at the surface to indicate to the driller that a tire exists in the well bore.
  • FIG. 1 is a view in longitudinal section showing the drill pipe float in a normal closed position
  • FIG. 2 is a view corresponding to FIG. 1, butshowing the valve open;
  • FIG. 3 is a transverse section, as taken on the line 3-3 of FIG. 1',
  • FIG. 4 is a transverse section, as taken on the line 4-4 of FIG. I;
  • FIG. 5 is a view in longitudinal section showing the valve in emergency closed condition.
  • valve mechanism V is incorporated in a string of drill pipe or drill collar D which is adapted to extend to the top of the well bore, and through which drilling fluid is pumped in a downward direction as the drill string is rotated to rotate a drill bit on its lower end, the drill bit sub being designated B.
  • the valve V may be incorporated at any convenient location along the drill string D, but, as here shown, it is mounted in a short drill collar sub ordinarily placed just above the bit sub B.
  • the drillcollar sub 10 has an enlarged bore 11 providing a cylindrical wall and a lower radial shoulder 12.
  • the sub 10 has a lower threaded pin 13 engaged in the upper threaded box 14 of the bit sub B.
  • the upper end of the sub 10 is constituted as a threaded box 15 secured to the lower pin end I6 of the adjoining drill collar or pipe section 17.
  • the lower shoulder 12 and the lower end 18 of the collar or pipe section l7 provide axially spaced abutments between which the valve assembly V now to be described is disposed.
  • the valve assembly V includes a body 20 adapted to fit in the bore ll of collar 10, and the length ofthe body 20 may be slightly less than the distance between the shoulders 12 and I8.
  • the body 20 includes an upper cylindrical portion 2
  • the body 20 At its lower end, the body 20 has a lower cylindrical portion 23 adapted to flt within the bore 11. Otherwise, the body 20 may be oflesser diameter than the bore 11.
  • valve chamber 24 having an upwardly tapered conical surface 25 constituting a valve seat which circumscribes a flow passage 26 which extends between the upper end of the body 20 and the valve chamber 24.
  • Reciprocable in the valve chamber 24 is a valve head 27, this head being supported and centered on a valve stem 28 and spring biased to a seated position (FIG. 1) by a coiled compression spring 29 which abuts at its upper end on an internal shoulder 30 in the head 27 and which seats at its lower end on a spider-like supporting disc 31.
  • This disc 31 seats in a bore 32 at the lower end of the valve body 20, there being a downwardly facing shoulder 33 engaged by the disc 31, and a snap ring 34 or other retainer means being employed to retain the disc 31 in place.
  • the valve stem 28 is formed integral with the disc 31 and projects upwardly therefrom into a reduced cavity 35 formed in the underside of the valve head 27.
  • a skirt 36 which, when the valve is open (FIG. 2) shields the spring 29 and the stem 28 from the erosive action of drilling lluid flowing downwardly past the valve head and through a number of ports 37 formed in the disc 31.
  • the upper end of the valve head 27 is formed as a conical frustum 38 corresponding to a conical seat 25 for effectively sealing the valve assembly against the upward flow offluid when the valve is closed.
  • the construction described above is a durable one, in that the head 27 is separate from the stem 28 and is a one piece construction.
  • the stem 28 is durable in that it is an integrated unit with the disc 31 and is shielded by the skirt 36 during exposure to maximum wear.
  • FIG. 3 shows to best advantage that the cavity 35 in the valve head 27 is non-circular or square in cross section, and likewise, the upper end portion 280 of the stem 28 is correspondingly nomcircular or square in cross section, whereby the valve head is incapable of spinning on the stem 28 as would be the case were the pin circular.
  • the connection between the valve head 27 and the stem is not subject to rapid wear due to relative movement in an abrasive environment during drilling operations.
  • valve V In use, the valve V will be normally closed during running of the pipe string into the well bore, so that the entry of fluid into the drill string with cuttingsentrained in the fluid is prevented. the tendency of the bit orifices to be plugged thereby being substantially reduced. However, when drilling fluid circulation resumes, the valve will be opened but held against spinning of the head by the non-circular engagement between the stem and head, the stem and the valve spring being protected from the erosive action ofthe drilling fluid.
  • the valve is a combined poppet and sleeve valve in the illustrative embodiment, in that above the conical portion 38 of the valve head 27 there is formed an upwardly extended sleeve 40. This sleeve section 40 extends into the flow passage 26 a.
  • the sleeve 40 has a central bore 41 therein and a plurality of radially opening and circumferentially spaced and extended ports 42.
  • the ports Preferably, the ports have a combined flow area equal to or greater than the flow area through the valve in the absence of the sleeve 40 and ports 42 so that no restriction to flow is caused thereby.
  • the subject valve is adapted to automatically close in the event that a down hole fire creates heat.
  • the valve body is a composite structure, including the internal sleeve 43 which is disposed within an upper bore 44, the sleeve 43 providing the above-mentioned flow passage 26 and having the conical valve seat at its lower end.
  • the sleeve 43 has a bottom flange 45 which projects radially outward to form an upwardly facing shoulder 46 which is adapted to engage a downwardly facing body shoulder 47 to prevent upward movement of the sleeve 43 within the body 20.
  • the sleeve 43 can withstand substantial upward force when the valve is closed.
  • the sleeve 43 is held in the upper position, with shoulders 46 and 47 engaged, by means which releases the sleeve 43 for downward movement responsive to excessive heat.
  • Such means is here shown as a layer of bonding material 48 interposed between or at the interface of the sleeve 43 and the wall of the body bore 44.
  • This bonding material may be lead solder, babbitt or other thermoplastic material having a suitable melting point, whereby when fire in the well causes the bonding agent to liquefy, the sleeve 43 will be released for downward movement to the emergency closed position of FIG. 5, at which the sleeve 43 has moved downwardly to contact the valve head 27, shutting off ports 42 and engaging seat 25 on the valve head surface 38.
  • a drill pipe float having a valve body provided with portions adapted to be engaged in the bore of a drill collar sub, a downwardly tapered valve seat in said body, a flow passage circumscribed by said seat, a valve head reciprocable in said body between a position engaged with said seat and an open position displaced downwardly from said seat, a valve stem supporting said head, and spring means acting on 'said head to bias the same into engagement with said seat, the improvement wherein said body includes a sleeve having said flow passage and said seat, said sleeve being movable between an upper position engageable by said head and a lower position in engagement with said head. and means responsive to excessive heat for releasably maintaining said sleeve in said upper position.
  • a drill pipe float as defined in claim material is a metal.
  • a drill pipe float as defined in claim material is a solder.
  • a drill pipe float as defined in claim material is babbitt.
  • valve head has an upwardly extending cylindrical portion disposed in said sleeve, said portion having a central bore and a radially opening port for the flow offluid when said valve is open.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Lift Valve (AREA)
  • Details Of Valves (AREA)
  • Safety Valves (AREA)
US3537518D 1969-04-22 1969-04-22 Safety drill pipe float valve with heat responsive shut off sleeve Expired - Lifetime US3537518A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US81826069A 1969-04-22 1969-04-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3537518A true US3537518A (en) 1970-11-03

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ID=25225086

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US3537518D Expired - Lifetime US3537518A (en) 1969-04-22 1969-04-22 Safety drill pipe float valve with heat responsive shut off sleeve

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US3537518A (de)
JP (1) JPS51521B1 (de)
AT (1) AT297629B (de)
DE (1) DE2017938B2 (de)
FR (1) FR2039357B1 (de)
GB (1) GB1274958A (de)
NL (1) NL7005800A (de)

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3895568A (en) * 1973-07-26 1975-07-22 Ventrola Mfg Co Ventilator
US4213508A (en) * 1977-10-03 1980-07-22 Smith International, Inc. Downhole fire control
US4403628A (en) * 1981-01-21 1983-09-13 Wood George & Company Inside blowout preventer
WO1985002674A1 (en) * 1983-12-13 1985-06-20 Hanson Research Limited Device for measuring internal dimensions of tubes
US4622993A (en) * 1986-02-20 1986-11-18 Taylor Julian S Well pipe float valve
US5950656A (en) * 1994-06-24 1999-09-14 Mertik Maxitrol Gmbh & Co., Kg Thermal safety fitting for automatically shutting down fluid lines
RU2160358C2 (ru) * 1999-01-10 2000-12-10 Оренбургская военизированная часть по предупреждению возникновения и по ликвидации открытых газовых и нефтяных фонтанов Фирмы "Газобезопасность" Клапан-отсекатель
US6460620B1 (en) * 1999-11-29 2002-10-08 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Mudsaver valve
US20070065241A1 (en) * 2003-07-08 2007-03-22 Daniel Gerald A Dry drilling
US20080110508A1 (en) * 2006-11-13 2008-05-15 Honeywell International, Inc. Guiding of short aspect ratio poppets in a hot gas application
US8739820B1 (en) * 2010-03-23 2014-06-03 Vecna Technologies, Inc. Pressure relief valve
US20140312257A1 (en) * 2013-04-18 2014-10-23 National Oilwell Varco, L.P. Poppet Valve with Variable Dampener and Elastically Supported Guide
CN107605431A (zh) * 2017-09-11 2018-01-19 中国石油大学(华东) 空气钻井用井下灭火短节
US20180291692A1 (en) * 2014-07-18 2018-10-11 Bly Ip Inc. Drill rod having internally projecting portions
CN110485998A (zh) * 2019-08-31 2019-11-22 山东益矿钻采科技有限公司 一种用于钻探孔内高温灾害控制的安全防护技术
US10695598B2 (en) 2017-08-28 2020-06-30 Justrite Manufacturing Company, Llc Vented safety cabinet with thermally-actuated damper
CN114293937A (zh) * 2022-02-11 2022-04-08 牡丹江鑫北方石油钻具有限责任公司 一种具有遮挡结构的高寿命板式浮阀
EP4553353A1 (de) * 2023-11-13 2025-05-14 Robert Bosch GmbH Rückschlagventil und verteiler mit rückschlagventil

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB8326961D0 (en) * 1983-10-08 1983-11-09 Hogarth P J M Bore-hole drilling device
FR2556406B1 (fr) * 1983-12-08 1986-10-10 Flopetrol Procede pour actionner un outil dans un puits a une profondeur determinee et outil permettant la mise en oeuvre du procede
GB2424259A (en) * 2005-03-19 2006-09-20 Linden Shield Ltd Valve assemblies

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2956574A (en) * 1960-10-18 Fusible valve

Cited By (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3895568A (en) * 1973-07-26 1975-07-22 Ventrola Mfg Co Ventilator
US4213508A (en) * 1977-10-03 1980-07-22 Smith International, Inc. Downhole fire control
US4403628A (en) * 1981-01-21 1983-09-13 Wood George & Company Inside blowout preventer
WO1985002674A1 (en) * 1983-12-13 1985-06-20 Hanson Research Limited Device for measuring internal dimensions of tubes
GB2161272A (en) * 1983-12-13 1986-01-08 Hanson Res Device for measuring internal dimensions of tubes
US4622993A (en) * 1986-02-20 1986-11-18 Taylor Julian S Well pipe float valve
US5950656A (en) * 1994-06-24 1999-09-14 Mertik Maxitrol Gmbh & Co., Kg Thermal safety fitting for automatically shutting down fluid lines
RU2160358C2 (ru) * 1999-01-10 2000-12-10 Оренбургская военизированная часть по предупреждению возникновения и по ликвидации открытых газовых и нефтяных фонтанов Фирмы "Газобезопасность" Клапан-отсекатель
US6460620B1 (en) * 1999-11-29 2002-10-08 Weatherford/Lamb, Inc. Mudsaver valve
US20070065241A1 (en) * 2003-07-08 2007-03-22 Daniel Gerald A Dry drilling
US7694752B2 (en) * 2003-07-08 2010-04-13 British Nuclear Fuels Plc Dry drilling
US20080110508A1 (en) * 2006-11-13 2008-05-15 Honeywell International, Inc. Guiding of short aspect ratio poppets in a hot gas application
US8739820B1 (en) * 2010-03-23 2014-06-03 Vecna Technologies, Inc. Pressure relief valve
US20140312257A1 (en) * 2013-04-18 2014-10-23 National Oilwell Varco, L.P. Poppet Valve with Variable Dampener and Elastically Supported Guide
US10514106B2 (en) * 2013-04-18 2019-12-24 National Oilwell Varco, L.P. Poppet valve with variable dampener and elastically supported guide
US20180291692A1 (en) * 2014-07-18 2018-10-11 Bly Ip Inc. Drill rod having internally projecting portions
US10626681B2 (en) * 2014-07-18 2020-04-21 Bly Ip Inc. Drill rod having internally projecting portions
US10695598B2 (en) 2017-08-28 2020-06-30 Justrite Manufacturing Company, Llc Vented safety cabinet with thermally-actuated damper
US11957942B2 (en) 2017-08-28 2024-04-16 Justrite Manufacturing Company, L.L.C. Vented safety cabinet with thermally-actuated damper
CN107605431A (zh) * 2017-09-11 2018-01-19 中国石油大学(华东) 空气钻井用井下灭火短节
CN110485998A (zh) * 2019-08-31 2019-11-22 山东益矿钻采科技有限公司 一种用于钻探孔内高温灾害控制的安全防护技术
CN114293937A (zh) * 2022-02-11 2022-04-08 牡丹江鑫北方石油钻具有限责任公司 一种具有遮挡结构的高寿命板式浮阀
EP4553353A1 (de) * 2023-11-13 2025-05-14 Robert Bosch GmbH Rückschlagventil und verteiler mit rückschlagventil
WO2025103790A1 (de) * 2023-11-13 2025-05-22 Robert Bosch Gmbh Rückschlagventil und verteiler mit rückschlagventil

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2017938B2 (de) 1973-02-08
NL7005800A (de) 1970-10-26
DE2017938A1 (de) 1970-11-19
AT297629B (de) 1972-04-10
JPS51521B1 (de) 1976-01-08
FR2039357A1 (de) 1971-01-15
GB1274958A (en) 1972-05-17
FR2039357B1 (de) 1973-05-25

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: HUGHES TOOL COMPANY, P.O. BOX 2539, HOUSTON, TX. 7

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BJ-HUGHES INC.,;REEL/FRAME:004098/0273

Effective date: 19821231