US3534829A

US3534829A - Lightweight,low sound transmission partition

Info

Publication number: US3534829A
Application number: US785625A
Authority: US
Inventors: Edward J Schneider
Original assignee: Dow Chemical Co
Current assignee: Dow Chemical Co
Priority date: 1968-12-20
Filing date: 1968-12-20
Publication date: 1970-10-20
Anticipated expiration: 1987-10-20

Description

United States Patent [72] Inventor Edward J. Schneider Midland, Michigan Dec. 20, 1968 Oct. 20, 1970 The Dow Chemical Company Midland, Michigan a corporation of Delaware [21 Appl. No. [22] Filed [45] Patented [73] Assignee [54] LIGHTWEIGHT, LOW SOUND TRANSMISSION 2,880,471 4/1959 VonMunchhausen ..;18]/33,](UX) FOREIGN PATENTS 921,161 1/1947 France 'l8l/33.l(UX) 1,263,131 4/1961 France ..;l8l/33.l(UX) 412,923 7/1934 GreatBritain ..il8l/33.l(UX) 581,207 10/1946 GreatBritain.. ..l8l/33.l(UX) 1,052,865 12/1966 GreatBritain ..E18l/33.1(UX) Primary Examiner-Robert S. Ward, .lr. Attorneys-Griswold and Burdick, L. J. Dank ert and I. A.

Murphy PARTITION 6 Claims, 6 Drawing Figs.

[52] U.S.Cl 181/33 [51] Int. Cl E04b 1/86 [50] Field of Search 181/33, ABSTRACT: An acoustical partition comprising at least two 33.1, 33.11 panels generally parallel to each other and maintained in a spaced apart relationship to define an air space between ad- Refining-S Cited jacent panels, each such panel having a stiff, impermeable, UNITED STATES PATENTS sheet-like member coated on at least the side thereof facing 2,199,946 5/1940 Barnhart l8l/33.l(UX) the defined air space with a layer of a p s. fl x b e foa .r 5g 4 Z 51 f I E j Z6 Patentad Oct. 20, 1.970

Sheet errok/vt' rs Patented Oct. 20, 1970 Sheet Cum e0 Curvef' H mm 4 mn m 0 ms 0. .v q 0 0 J w a 0 d 0 F. Y 6 B l I I 75 I50 7 300 v /50 300 600 Freyuenqg bands, Cyc/es LIGHTWEIGHT, LOW SOUND TRANSMISSION PARTITION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION rier having the structural rigidity required, partitions or walls are generally formed of materials'having a sufficiently large mass so that the mass of material in itself creates a sound barrier. Such a sound barrier reduces the sound propagated therethrough to an exponential degree provided that the material is impervious to air flow. Unfortunately, materials economically feasible for use in panels if used in the requisite amount to yield the desired attenuation of sound would be particularly unsuitable for partitions or walls, primarily because of excess thickness or weight particularly when such partitions are of the movable type.

In order to-overcome the disadvantages of weight and thickness, it has been the practice in the art to construct partitions of two or more thin sheet or panel members rigidly affixed to each other so as to form a stiff partition. Said partitions, when exposed to the range of sound frequencies normally associated with speech do not achieve the sound level reduction characteristically observed in the heavier and thicker partitions. In fact, transmission loss characteristics of these partitions having rigidly attached members are often so low that the sound is actually propagated through the partition. Such sound propagation through the partition is caused by the rigidity of construction of the partition so that when sound strikes one of the stiff side members, the latter flexes and vibrates along its entire area, and the other side member is also caused to vibrate in substantial synchronization therewith. As a result sound is caused to be emitted from the other side wall.

To improve the acoustical properties of such partitions, it is known that if an air space is interposed between the stiff side members that sound propagation is substantially reduced. However, even in these improved partitions sound absorption and reduction of sound transmission is not as great as is often desired. Transmission of sound through these partitions is caused primarily when sound causes one stiff side member to vibrate, which in turn sets the air in the air space between the stiff side members into vibration. The vibrating air causes the opposite stiff side member to vibrate which in turn sets into vibration the air on the opposite side of the partition.

In order to overcome the acoustical problems arising from use of lightweight partitions, it would be highly desirable to provide a thin, lightweight partition having better sound absorption and vibration dampening properties.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly described, the present invention is a relatively thin, lightweight partition having much improved acoustical properties, particularly in regard to sound absorption and vibration dampening, said partition comprising at least two panels generally parallel to each other, said panels being maintained in a spaced apart relationship to define a continuous air space between adjacent panels. Each such panel has a stiff imperme- The layers of porous, flexible foam affixed to the interior surfaces of the stiff side members in combination with the air space between the members provide a means for inhibiting the transfer of vibrations of one stiff outer member to the other. The gaseous medium of the air space is not stiff and can sustain vibration without transmitting the back and forth motion to the other side member, except at certain resonant frequencies. At these resonant frequencies, i.e., frequencies in which the velocity of the bending wave of the side member coincides with velocity of sound in the air space, the partition would be quite transparent to sound if the layers of the porous, flexible foam did not face the defined air space. By the term bending wave is meant a motion operating back and forth which is thought to cause standing waves in the air space. As a result of positioning the layers of foam on the interior walls of the partition, the layers act as sound -absorbent blankets which reduce standing sound waves in the air space and dampen the back and forth vibrations of the side members appreciably.

The thin, lightweight partitions of this invention serve as effective acoustical walls, and are especially useful in enclosures such as offices, hospitals, schools, rooms and other associated areas. I

The invention possesses other advantageous features some of which with the foregoing will be set forth at length in the following description with those forms of the invention which have been selected for illustration in the drawings accompanying and forming a part of the present specification.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 3 graphically depicts the transmission loss at various frequencies of a partition having the interior surfaces of the panels of the partition covered with latex foam versus the transmission loss at the same frequencies of a partition having bare interior surfaces; and

FIG. 4 graphically depicts the transmission losses at various frequencies of different partitions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS Referring now more particularly to the drawings, FIG. I is a cross-sectioned end elevation view of an acoustical partition comprising the essential elements of the novel partitions of this invention. This partition 9 comprises at least two panels 10 having an impervious stiff member 12, preferably composed of a rigid material in the form of thin slabs or sheets having the desired length and width and a thickness ranging from about one-fourth to about 1 inch. The stiff members may have planar or j curved geometry. The face elevation of the stiff members may have any shape, for example, triangular, rectangular, trapezoidal, hexagonal, octagonal, circular, elliptical and the like. Each stiff member has a layer 13 of a flexible, porous foam affixed on one side. Beneficially for most applications, the foam layer has a thickness from about one-fourthto about l inch. The panels are generally parallel and spaced apart'to define a continuous air space 14 having a width from about one-half to about 6 inches. The panels are oriented such that two layers 13 of flexible, porous foam face the air space.

The panels 10 are adjoined, preferably at their edges, by a connecting means 15 sufficient to maintain the panels in good structural integrity for the designed purposes of the partition, the means 15 being preferably of visco-elastic material in order that transmission of sound through the means is minimized. A visco-elastic material aids in dampening vibrations which would readily pass through more rigid connecting means. It is understood that the connecting means may consist entirely of the visco-elastic material as illustrated in FIG. la, or it may comprise two rigid panel holding members b and a visco-elastic material 15b connecting said panel holding member as illustrated in FIG. 112.

FIG. 2 illustrates a preferred acoustical partition in accordance with this invention which has two panels 20, each consisting of a core 22 of a visco-elastic material, a first stiff member 23 affixed to surface 24 of the core and a second stiff member 25 affixed to surface 26 of the core 22, a first layer 27 of a flexible, open cell foam affixed to surface 28 of the first stiff member 23 and a second layer 29 of a flexible, open cell foam affixed to surface 30 of the second stiff member 25, said layers having dimensions and being positioned on the stiff members such that the affixed stiff members and core extend beyond the

end surfaces

31 and 32 of the layers to form a' tongue 35. The panels are mirror images of each other; therefore the number in the drawing which refers an element of one panel is also applicable to the corresponding element of the other panel. The two panels 20 are oriented in a parallel fashion and are adjoined together with connecting means 36 such that the panels are spaced apart from each other to enclose an open space 37 with the layers 27 of flexible, open cell foam facing the open space 37. Said connecting means 36 comprise an insulated viscoelastic midsection 40; rigid peripherally disposed panel holding members 38, each having a recess for receiving and holding an edge of a panel 20 and a flange extending generally normal to the panel 20 and inwardly to the visco-elastic midsection which connects opposed panel holding members together; and a plurality of hollow acoustical energy absorbers 39 of a vised-elastic material partially imbedded in the surfaces of the panel holding members. In an especially preferred embodiment, the visco-elastic midsection is I-I-shaped with a hollow in the midsection of the H. A tongue 35 of a first panel is inserted into the recess of a first panel receiving member 38 of a first connecting means 36 such that the surfaces of the tongue 35 rest entirely on the ho]- low absorbers 39 and in a similar manner a tongue of a second panel is inserted into the recess of the second panel receiving member of the first connecting means. The tongues on the opposite ends of the first and second panels are likewise inserted in a second connecting means 36 identical to the first.

The exterior surfaces of the partition are covered with a decorative material such as a vinyl coating, fiber, fabric, paper and the like where desired or required.

For the purposes of showing the distinct advantages of this invention, a first partition is constructed of an aluminum frame and two side panels having a I00 mil thick chlorinated polyethylene core laminated on both sides with aluminum sheets having a thickness of I292 mils, each panel also having an inner /4 inch thick layer of latex foam and an outer A inch thick layer of latex foam having a fiber cover. The panels are adjoined at their edges by an adjoining means, as described in the above-described exemplary preferred embodiment, such that the partition has an inch of air space between the panels.

A second partition is similarly constructed except it has no inner or outer layers of latex foam and encloses a 2 inch air space between the panels.

The sound transmission loss in decibels for each of the two partitions is determined by measuring the drop in sound intensity when the particular partition is inserted into a 6 inch air space between a plywood shell housing a sound transmitting device and a plywood shell housing a sound recording device.

The plywood shells are carefully insulated with polyurethane foam to minimize sound leakage through the outside and to reduce structural vibrations.

FIG. 3 shows the sound transmission losses of the two partitions at various frequencies. Curve A represents the transmission loss of the first partition, Curve B represents the transmission loss of the second partition and Curve C represents the transmission loss of a solid wall having an average weight between 2.5 and 3.5 lbs/sq. ft. The first and second partitions have average weights falling within this range. As evidenced in FIG. 3 the first partition which has the structure of the partitions of this invention has greater transmission losses over a wide range of frequencies than is observed with a solid wall having the specified density. In contrast thereto, the second partition, which is not an embodiment of this invention, has a transmission loss at 300 to 600 cycles/second barely equal to that of the solid wall at this frequency and at 2,400 to 4,800 cycles/second the transmission loss for the second partition is actually less than that of the solid wall.

For the purposes of further comparison a third partition is constructed of two A inch thick hardboard panels generally parallel and adjoined peripherally at their edges with a connecting means similar to that'shown in FIG. 2 to enclose a 2 inch air space between the adjacent panels. A fourth partition has a structure similar to the third partition except that the sides of the panels facing the enclosed air space are coated with a inch thick layer of foam rubber. A fifth partition has a structure similar to the fourth partition except that the exterior sides of the panels are coated with a inch thick layer of the latex foam rubber and a thin fibrous cover.

FIG. 4 shows the sound transmission loss at various frequencies of the three partitions. Transmission loss is determined according to the technique described for FIG. 3. Curve D represents the transmission loss in decibels of the third partition, Curve E represents the transmission loss for the fourth partition and Curve F represents the transmission loss for the fifth partition. As evidenced in FIG. 4 the bare-sided third partition shows poor transmission losses at and 300 cycies/second. In contrast thereto, the partitions having the interior sides of their panels covered with a layer of latex foam rubber show substantially improved transmission losses in this frequency range. A comparison of Curves E and F shows that covering the exterior sides of the panels with latex foam rubber is not as effective in increasing transmission loss as covering the interior sides of the panels with latex foam of the same thickness.

Materials suitably used as stiff members are fairly rigid, impermeable materials such as the hard metals, e.g., steel, aluminum, alloys thereof and the like; wood and wood veneer; hard resinous materials, e.g., resinous sheet reinforced with glass fiber; plastic-metal laminates, plastic cores covered with a hard metal skin, e.g., chlorinated polyethylene covered with an aluminum skin; and other well-known stiff substances.

Suitable porous, flexible foams include foamed plastic materials having flexible character such as synthetic rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane and other plastic materials of open cell construction. An open cell foam has a pattern of interconnecting internal holes which provide a maze or labyrinth to aid in trapping sound waves. By open cell foam is meant a cellular foam in which the cells are either all intercommunicating or partly intercommunicating. A suitable foam has a resilient character and a structural body sufficient to permit its being cemented directly to a stiff member without additional structural mounting or covers. Preferred flexible, porous foams are the foamed plastics, especially the open cell types such as latex foam rubber. Representative oflatexes used in making open cell foams include the natural rubber and synthetic latexes and mixtures thereof. Specific examples of synthetic latexes include latexes of polybutadiene, styrene/butadiene copolymers, butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymers, chloroprene homopolymers and copolymers, and so forth.

Preferred synthetic latexes having very desirable properties such as durability, good color, good resiliency and heat aging resistance, are prepared from the so-called reactive latex compositions comprising a polymer having at least one pendant reactive substituent group and intimately admixed therewith an aqueous or water-miscible solution or an aqueous dispersion of a coreactive material containing one or more carbon atoms and additionally which has at least two of certain substituent groups coreactive with the reactive groups on the latex polymer. By reactive groups is meant such groups as carboxy, sulfo, amino, hydroxyl, carboxyamido and the like. The preferred reactive latexes, suitable water-dispersible coreactive materials, and method for the preparation thereof are described more fully in US. Pat. No. 3,2l5,647 which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

The layers of porous, flexible foam are laminated to the stiff members by cementing the two components; by applying a wet froth of a plastic material to the stiff member and then post-curing the froth; and other known techniques.

The visco-elastic material used in the connecting means dampens the vibrations passing from one panel to the rigid end of the connecting means and which would otherwise pass undampened to the other rigid end of the connecting means and then into the opposite panel. Representative of suitable viscoelastic materials are those which are well-known as dampening materials. Examples include rubber, flexible, rubbery thermoplastic, lapped layers of dampening tape, appropriately impregnated felt materials and the like, with rubber in the form of hollow rubber tubing and flexible rubbery thermoplastics such as chlorinated polyethylene being preferred. The proportion of visco-elastic material used in the connecting means is dependent upon the rigidity desired in the connecting means. Generally, however, a piece of visco-elastic material having a thickness from about one-sixteenth to about 1 inch inserted between the rigid components of the connecting means effectively dampens vibrations passing from one rigid component to the other.

While the invention has been heretofore specifically described as being .a sound-absorbing partition, it is understood that a structure according to that described in FIG. 1 can be applied in construction of cabinets, rooms, furniture, musical instruments. recording apparatus, etc. Therefore, while certain preferred embodiments of the invention have been specifically illustrated and described, it is understood that the invention is not limited thereto as many variation will be apparent to those skilled in the art and the invention is to be given its broadest interpretation within the terms of the following claims.

lclaim:

1. An acoustical partition having improved sound attenuation comprising at least two panels generally parallel to each other, said panels adjoined at the edges thereof with a viscoelastic connecting means and thereby maintained in a spaced apart relationship to define a continuous air space between adjacent panels, each such panel having a stiff impermeable. shectlike member having affixed on at least the side thereof facing the defined air space a layer of porous, flexible foam.

2. The partition according to claim 1 wherein the porous, flexible foam is an open cell latex foam.

3. The partition according to claim 1 wherein said panels are adjoined peripherally about the edges thereof to enclose a continuous air space.

4. The partition according to claim 3 wherein the connecting means has rigid panel holding members and visco-elastic means connecting the opposed said members together.

5. An acoustical partition having improved sound attenuation comprising at least two panels generally parallel to each other, said panels adjoined peripherally about the edges thereof with visco-elastic connecting means to maintain said panels in a spaced apart relationship and to enclose a continuous air space, each of said panels having a stiff impermeable, sheetlike member having affixed on at least the side thereof facing the enclosed air space a layer of porous flexible foam, said visco-elastic connecting means having rigid panel holding members and visco-elastic material connecting opposed said holding members together, each of said rigid panel holding members having a recess for receiving and holding an edge of the panel and a flange extending generally normal to the panel and inwardly to the visco-elastic means connecting said opposed panel holding mcmbers together.

6. The partition according to claim 5 wherein both sides of each stiff impermeable sheetlike member have affixed thereto a layer of porous, flexible foam.