US3488172A - Method and apparatus for making glass fibers from a palladium-iridium bushing - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for making glass fibers from a palladium-iridium bushing Download PDF

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Publication number
US3488172A
US3488172A US591423A US3488172DA US3488172A US 3488172 A US3488172 A US 3488172A US 591423 A US591423 A US 591423A US 3488172D A US3488172D A US 3488172DA US 3488172 A US3488172 A US 3488172A
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Prior art keywords
alloy
bushing
iridium
palladium
glass fibers
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US591423A
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Joseph Aliotta
Edward L Satterfield
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Owens Corning
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Owens Corning Fiberglas Corp
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Assigned to WILMINGTON TRUST COMPANY, WADE, WILLIAM, J. reassignment WILMINGTON TRUST COMPANY SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Assigned to OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE. reassignment OWENS-CORNING FIBERGLAS CORPORATION, A CORP. OF DE. TERMINATION OF SECURITY AGREEMENT RECORDED NOV. 13, 1986. REEL 4652 FRAMES 351-420 Assignors: WADE, WILLIAM J. (TRUSTEES), WILMINGTON TRUST COMPANY, A DE. BANKING CORPORATION
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
    • C03B37/00—Manufacture or treatment of flakes, fibres, or filaments from softened glass, minerals, or slags
    • C03B37/08—Bushings, e.g. construction, bushing reinforcement means; Spinnerettes; Nozzles; Nozzle plates
    • C03B37/095—Use of materials therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
    • C22C5/04—Alloys based on a platinum group metal

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of manufacturing glass fibers and is based on the discoverey of a new use for a highly resistant alloy of palladium and iridium.
  • the invention also includes a specific alloyof these metals having unusual and highly desirable properties.
  • the present method of manufacturing glass fibers comprises the issuance of streams of molten glass from orifices in a metallic part called a bushing, and the attenuation of the streams of molten glass to form fibers of a desired diameter.
  • a metallic part called a bushing
  • the bushing is conventionally an electrically heated wedge-shaped metal part through which a series of orifices are formed to deliver small streams of molten glass.
  • Such an assembly is shown in US. Patents 2,515,738 and 2,165,318.
  • the alloy from which the best bushings are fabricated is made from platinum and rhodium, usually consisting of 90% or more of platinum and up to rhodium.
  • any alloy to be suitable for use as a bushing in the manufacture of glass fibers must be such that it is not only weldable and mechanically workable, but more importantly that it be chemically and physically resistant to the action of the glass which, although molten, is nevertheless highly erosive to the bushing metal.
  • the bushing material must also be stable at high operating temperatures in the order, for example, of 1800 F. to 2100 F.
  • the platinum-rhodium alloy above described and commonly used in the art has all of the necessary characteristics. However, the platinumrhodium alloy is not only very expensive, but platinum is becoming increasingly scarce and in time of war or threat of war the platinum metal is virtually sequestered for defense purposes.
  • the primary object of the invention is to provide a method of making glass fibers by the use of a bushing composed of certain palladium-iridium alloys.
  • the invention comprises a method of making glass fibers wherein the glass fibers are formed by the attenuation of streams of molten glass issuing from orifices in a bushing fabricated from an alloy consisting essentially of from about to about 99.7% palladium and from about 5% to about .3% iridium, based on the weight of the alloy.
  • the invention comprises the fabrication of a bushing from an alloy consisting essentially of from about 95 to about 99.7% palladium and from about 5% to about .3% iridium in which the bushing is fabricated by melting and casting the metal under vacuum.
  • a bushing fabricated from an alloy of the above composition exhibits substantially the same characteristics as the platinum-rhodium alloy of the prior art, under use conditions.
  • the palladium-iridium alloy is less expensive to make (because the starting materials are less expensive) and the metals are easier to obtain than platinum and rhodium.
  • the alloy of this invention is substantially as resistant to abrasion and erosion as a platinum-rhodium alloy, and it stands up well at the temperatures to which it is subjected, i.e., in the order of 1800 F.-2100 F. or greater. Its stressstrain characteristics are also substantially the same as a platinum-rhodium alloy.
  • An especially preferred composition is one containing 98.5% palladium and 1.5% iridium.
  • the alloy of this preferred composition has better welding properties than the alloys having a higher iridium content so that the bushings can be more easily fabricated.
  • palladium-iridium bushings which will stand up under use conditions can best be fabricated from an alloy which has been melted and cast while under a vacuum.
  • the bushing when fabricated from a vacuum melted and cast alloy exhibits significantly greater stress-strain characteristics than an alloy not so made. The reason for this is not precisely known, but it is suspected that alloys which are vacuum melted are purer than those melted by conventional techniques.
  • the alloy described herein can contain minor impurities but such impurities should not be present in large enough quantities to affect the physical or chemical characteristics of the alloy.
  • a preferred apparatus for vacuum melting and casting the alloy is a Stokes Model 900-437-521 Induction Heated Vacuum Furnace, sold by the F. J. Stokes Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa.
  • the alloy is then melted for the desired time and at the desired temperature. Since metal working is essentially an art rather than a science, the exact conditions of the vacuum melting cannot be set down with specificity. It is essential, however, that the alloy be brought to such a state that when it is poured into the mold and solidified (still under vacuum) the shrinkage void stays near the top of the mold and is no more than about /2 inch deep. It is also essential that all gases be purged from the metal. This state is achieved when the molten metal stops bubbling.
  • the heat is turned off and the top of the melt is allowed to solidify or bridge over. Thereafter the heat After solidification, the mold is removed from the fur mace and the alloy is removed from the mold and the uneven surface shaved off. It is then annealed, rolled to the desired thickness, and cut into appropriate'sized pieces and fabricated, by welding, into a bushing. After the bushing is fabricated appropriate holes are cut in the bottom thereof (for glass streams) and the burrs are removed. It is preferred that the alloy be vacuum annealed but it can be annealed in the presence of argon or nitrogen with acceptable results.
  • the composition of the alloy from which the bushing is fabricated can be varied from about 95% palladium to about 5% iridium, to about 99.7% palladium to about .3% iridium, with substantially no diminution in the physical characteristics of the alloy.
  • the alloy containing about 98.5% palladium and about 1.5% iridium is preferred because of its superior weldability and thus the ease with which the bushing can be fabricated.
  • the method of manufacturing glass fibers which includes flowing streams of molten glass through a plurality of openings in a bushing composed of an alloy fabricated by melting and casting under vacuum in the order of about 1 mm. of mercury, said alloy consisting essentially of from about 95% to about 99.7% palladium and from about 5% to about .3% iridium by weight, and attentuating said streams to a desired fiber diameter.
  • a bushing comprising an electrically heated wedge-shaped metal part through which a series of orifices are formed to deliver small streams of molten glass, for'use in the manufacture of glass fibers, said bushing being composed of an alloy fabricated by melting and casting under vacuum in the order of about 1 mm. of mercury, said alloy consisting essentially of from about 95 to about 99.7% palladium and from about 5% to about .3% iridium by weight.
  • a bushing as claimed in claim 3 composed of an alloy consisting essentially of about 98.5% palladium and about 1.5% iridium.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacture, Treatment Of Glass Fibers (AREA)

Description

United States Patent 3,488,172 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAKING GLASS FIBERS FROM A PALLADIUM-IRIDIUM BUSHING Joseph Aliotta, Fords, N.J., and Edward L. Satterfield, Anderson, S.C., assignors to Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation, a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Nov. 2, 1966, Ser. No. 591,423
Int. Cl. C03b 37/00 US. Cl. 65--1 4 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This application discloses a method and apparatus for manufacturing glass fibers from a bushing fabricated from an alloy containing 95 to 99.7% palladium and from 5 to 0.3% iridium by weight. The bushing is fabricated by melting and casting under a vacuum of about 1 mm. of mercury.
This invention relates to a method of manufacturing glass fibers and is based on the discoverey of a new use for a highly resistant alloy of palladium and iridium. The invention also includes a specific alloyof these metals having unusual and highly desirable properties.
The present method of manufacturing glass fibers comprises the issuance of streams of molten glass from orifices in a metallic part called a bushing, and the attenuation of the streams of molten glass to form fibers of a desired diameter. Each part of the process has undergone rigorous research and development and is the subject of extensive patent literature. The bushing, referred to above, is conventionally an electrically heated wedge-shaped metal part through which a series of orifices are formed to deliver small streams of molten glass. Such an assembly is shown in US. Patents 2,515,738 and 2,165,318. In the prior art, the alloy from which the best bushings are fabricated is made from platinum and rhodium, usually consisting of 90% or more of platinum and up to rhodium. The characteristics of any alloy to be suitable for use as a bushing in the manufacture of glass fibers must be such that it is not only weldable and mechanically workable, but more importantly that it be chemically and physically resistant to the action of the glass which, although molten, is nevertheless highly erosive to the bushing metal. The bushing material must also be stable at high operating temperatures in the order, for example, of 1800 F. to 2100 F. The platinum-rhodium alloy above described and commonly used in the art has all of the necessary characteristics. However, the platinumrhodium alloy is not only very expensive, but platinum is becoming increasingly scarce and in time of war or threat of war the platinum metal is virtually sequestered for defense purposes.
Efforts have been made in the past to find other alloys which can be used to fabricate bushings for use in the production of glass fibers and which have characteristics chemically and mechanically at least equivalent to those of the platinum-rhodium alloy but which are much more readily obtainable and less expensive. The present invention is based upon the discoverey of such an alloy and its use thereof in the manufacture of glass fibers.
The primary object of the invention, therefore, is to provide a method of making glass fibers by the use of a bushing composed of certain palladium-iridium alloys.
It has been found that while many palladium-iridium alloys are suitable, particular ones of the alloys are preferred because of various properties thereof, and preferred methods of forming the bushings from the alloys are also a part of the invention.
In one embodiment the invention comprises a method of making glass fibers wherein the glass fibers are formed by the attenuation of streams of molten glass issuing from orifices in a bushing fabricated from an alloy consisting essentially of from about to about 99.7% palladium and from about 5% to about .3% iridium, based on the weight of the alloy.
In another aspect, the invention comprises the fabrication of a bushing from an alloy consisting essentially of from about 95 to about 99.7% palladium and from about 5% to about .3% iridium in which the bushing is fabricated by melting and casting the metal under vacuum.
It has been found that a bushing fabricated from an alloy of the above composition exhibits substantially the same characteristics as the platinum-rhodium alloy of the prior art, under use conditions. The palladium-iridium alloy, however, is less expensive to make (because the starting materials are less expensive) and the metals are easier to obtain than platinum and rhodium. The alloy of this invention is substantially as resistant to abrasion and erosion as a platinum-rhodium alloy, and it stands up well at the temperatures to which it is subjected, i.e., in the order of 1800 F.-2100 F. or greater. Its stressstrain characteristics are also substantially the same as a platinum-rhodium alloy. An especially preferred composition is one containing 98.5% palladium and 1.5% iridium. The alloy of this preferred composition has better welding properties than the alloys having a higher iridium content so that the bushings can be more easily fabricated.
It has been found that palladium-iridium bushings which will stand up under use conditions can best be fabricated from an alloy which has been melted and cast while under a vacuum. The bushing when fabricated from a vacuum melted and cast alloy exhibits significantly greater stress-strain characteristics than an alloy not so made. The reason for this is not precisely known, but it is suspected that alloys which are vacuum melted are purer than those melted by conventional techniques.
The alloy described herein can contain minor impurities but such impurities should not be present in large enough quantities to affect the physical or chemical characteristics of the alloy.
A preferred apparatus for vacuum melting and casting the alloy is a Stokes Model 900-437-521 Induction Heated Vacuum Furnace, sold by the F. J. Stokes Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa.
In the vacuum melting process small cubes (approximately inch on each side) of metal (2 kg. total) are placed in a zircon crucible, a layer of iridium on the bot tom and a layer of palladium on top of the iridium, followed by alternating layers of iridium and palladium. The reason for the sandwich of metals is to insure complete mixing when they are being melted. Thereafter the furnace chamber is purged with argon and subsequently evacuated down to about 1 mm. Hg and the induction heating coil turned on.
The alloy is then melted for the desired time and at the desired temperature. Since metal working is essentially an art rather than a science, the exact conditions of the vacuum melting cannot be set down with specificity. It is essential, however, that the alloy be brought to such a state that when it is poured into the mold and solidified (still under vacuum) the shrinkage void stays near the top of the mold and is no more than about /2 inch deep. It is also essential that all gases be purged from the metal. This state is achieved when the molten metal stops bubbling.
After the molten metal has been brought to the desired state, the heat is turned off and the top of the melt is allowed to solidify or bridge over. Thereafter the heat After solidification, the mold is removed from the fur mace and the alloy is removed from the mold and the uneven surface shaved off. It is then annealed, rolled to the desired thickness, and cut into appropriate'sized pieces and fabricated, by welding, into a bushing. After the bushing is fabricated appropriate holes are cut in the bottom thereof (for glass streams) and the burrs are removed. It is preferred that the alloy be vacuum annealed but it can be annealed in the presence of argon or nitrogen with acceptable results.
In accordance with the invention the composition of the alloy from which the bushing is fabricated can be varied from about 95% palladium to about 5% iridium, to about 99.7% palladium to about .3% iridium, with substantially no diminution in the physical characteristics of the alloy. The alloy containing about 98.5% palladium and about 1.5% iridium is preferred because of its superior weldability and thus the ease with which the bushing can be fabricated.
It will be appreciated that while the alloy of this invention has been described herein as particularly suitable for fabricating bushings for the manufacture of glass fibers, it can also be used for fabricating other forms of glass handling equipment, for example, as illustrated in U.S. Patent No. 2,031,083.
What we claim is:
1. The method of manufacturing glass fibers which includes flowing streams of molten glass through a plurality of openings in a bushing composed of an alloy fabricated by melting and casting under vacuum in the order of about 1 mm. of mercury, said alloy consisting essentially of from about 95% to about 99.7% palladium and from about 5% to about .3% iridium by weight, and attentuating said streams to a desired fiber diameter.
2. The method in accordance with claim 1 in which said bushing is composed of an alloy consisting essentially of about 98.5% palladium andabout 1.5 iridium.
3. As a new article of manufacture, a bushing comprising an electrically heated wedge-shaped metal part through which a series of orifices are formed to deliver small streams of molten glass, for'use in the manufacture of glass fibers, said bushing being composed of an alloy fabricated by melting and casting under vacuum in the order of about 1 mm. of mercury, said alloy consisting essentially of from about 95 to about 99.7% palladium and from about 5% to about .3% iridium by weight.
4. A bushing as claimed in claim 3 composed of an alloy consisting essentially of about 98.5% palladium and about 1.5% iridium.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,165,318 7/1939 Thomas et a1. 2,967,792 1/ 1961 Ruthardt.
v FOREIGN PATENTS 1,177,349 9/19 64 Germany.
OTHER REFERENCES Bestimmung der Schmelzpunkte von Platinlegierungen Von Ludwig Miiller; Gekiirzte Frankfurter Dissertation, May 24, 1930, in der 'Sitzung des Gauvereins Hessen der Deutschen Phys. Ges in Marburg, pp. 33 and 34, R. P.
Elliott; Constitution of Binary Alloys, First Supplement; McGraw-I-Iillv 1965, pp. 559-560.
Die Palladium-Iridium-Legierugen; E. Raub and W. Plate; Z. Metallk, 48, 1957, pp. 444-447.
S. LEON BASHORE, Primary Examiner R. L. LINDSAY, 111., Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R. 65374; 75--172 7
US591423A 1966-11-02 1966-11-02 Method and apparatus for making glass fibers from a palladium-iridium bushing Expired - Lifetime US3488172A (en)

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3622289A (en) * 1969-12-12 1971-11-23 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp Glass feeder made of pt-rh-mo high temperature-high strength alloy
US3647382A (en) * 1970-06-15 1972-03-07 Certain Teed Prod Corp Glass fiber cooling means made of palladium
US4099948A (en) * 1975-04-02 1978-07-11 Fibreglass Limited Bushing for processing molten glass
US5140732A (en) * 1991-06-13 1992-08-25 Manville Corporation Method of forming bushing plate for glass filaments
US5227250A (en) * 1991-09-20 1993-07-13 Fifth Dimension Inc. Glass-to-metal seal
US5244483A (en) * 1991-04-04 1993-09-14 Manville Corporation Apparatus for producing glass filaments
US20080141727A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2008-06-19 Sullivan Timothy A Refractory system for bushing assembly
US20080141726A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2008-06-19 Purvis David F Palladium screens for bushing assembly
US20080151687A1 (en) * 2006-12-21 2008-06-26 Lee Martin Adelsberg Method for minimizing erosion of refractory metal vessels in a glass making system
US20080227615A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 Mcginnis Peter B Low viscosity E-glass composition enabling the use of platinum and rhodium free bushings
US20080223082A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 Harms Todd M Multiple alloy bushing assembly

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2165318A (en) * 1935-12-26 1939-07-11 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp Apparatus for feeding molten glass
US2967792A (en) * 1953-12-01 1961-01-10 Heraeus Gmbh W C Spinnerette
DE1177349B (en) * 1962-03-19 1964-09-03 Mond Nickel Co Ltd Process for the production of easily deformable ruthenium

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2165318A (en) * 1935-12-26 1939-07-11 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp Apparatus for feeding molten glass
US2967792A (en) * 1953-12-01 1961-01-10 Heraeus Gmbh W C Spinnerette
DE1177349B (en) * 1962-03-19 1964-09-03 Mond Nickel Co Ltd Process for the production of easily deformable ruthenium

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3622289A (en) * 1969-12-12 1971-11-23 Owens Corning Fiberglass Corp Glass feeder made of pt-rh-mo high temperature-high strength alloy
US3647382A (en) * 1970-06-15 1972-03-07 Certain Teed Prod Corp Glass fiber cooling means made of palladium
US4099948A (en) * 1975-04-02 1978-07-11 Fibreglass Limited Bushing for processing molten glass
US5244483A (en) * 1991-04-04 1993-09-14 Manville Corporation Apparatus for producing glass filaments
US5140732A (en) * 1991-06-13 1992-08-25 Manville Corporation Method of forming bushing plate for glass filaments
US5227250A (en) * 1991-09-20 1993-07-13 Fifth Dimension Inc. Glass-to-metal seal
US8001807B2 (en) * 2006-12-14 2011-08-23 Ocv Intellectual Capital, Llc Palladium screens for bushing assembly and method of using
US20080141727A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2008-06-19 Sullivan Timothy A Refractory system for bushing assembly
US20080141726A1 (en) * 2006-12-14 2008-06-19 Purvis David F Palladium screens for bushing assembly
US20080151687A1 (en) * 2006-12-21 2008-06-26 Lee Martin Adelsberg Method for minimizing erosion of refractory metal vessels in a glass making system
US8256951B2 (en) * 2006-12-21 2012-09-04 Corning Incorporated Stirrers for minimizing erosion of refractory metal vessels in a glass making system
US8485717B2 (en) 2006-12-21 2013-07-16 Corning Incorporated Stirrers for minimizing erosion of refractory metal vessels in a glass making system
WO2008112978A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 Ocv Intellectual Capital Llc Low viscosity e-glass composition enabling the use of platinum and rhodium free bushings
US20080223082A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 Harms Todd M Multiple alloy bushing assembly
US7767606B2 (en) * 2007-03-15 2010-08-03 Ocv Intellectual Capital, Llc Low viscosity E-glass composition enabling the use of platinum and rhodium free bushings
US7980099B2 (en) * 2007-03-15 2011-07-19 Ocv Intellectual Capital, Llc Multiple alloy bushing assembly
US20080227615A1 (en) * 2007-03-15 2008-09-18 Mcginnis Peter B Low viscosity E-glass composition enabling the use of platinum and rhodium free bushings

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