US3471733A - High current vacuum gap devices - Google Patents

High current vacuum gap devices Download PDF

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US3471733A
US3471733A US639693A US3471733DA US3471733A US 3471733 A US3471733 A US 3471733A US 639693 A US639693 A US 639693A US 3471733D A US3471733D A US 3471733DA US 3471733 A US3471733 A US 3471733A
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electrode
arc
current
electrodes
gap
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Joseph A Rich
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/60—Switches wherein the means for extinguishing or preventing the arc do not include separate means for obtaining or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/66—Vacuum switches
    • H01H33/664—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings
    • H01H33/6646—Contacts; Arc-extinguishing means, e.g. arcing rings having non flat disc-like contact surface
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes

Definitions

  • Vacuum are devices such as triggerable vacuum gaps and vacuum switches are formed with at least one primary arc-electrode in the form of a reentrant conductor so that arcing current flowing along the re-entrant path results in zero net magnetic field between the primary arc-electrodes.
  • the other arc-electrodes is of such a configuration that it causes no net magnetic field within the interelectrode gap. In the absence of magnetic field, arc currents do not bunch up and form anode spots.
  • Second arc-electrode may be made to have no magnetic field effect in the interelectrode gap by causing it to completely enclose the gap within its volume, or to be re-entrant itself or both.
  • the present invention relates to the copending, concurrently filed application of J. M. Latferty, Ser. No. 639,844, and my copending, concurrently filed applications, Ser. Nos. 639,834 and 639,843, assigned to the present assignee.
  • the present invention relates to vacuum gap devices adapted to operate at high currents without the formation of anode spots therein. More particularly, the present invention relates to such devices in which the formation of anode spots is avoided by the configuration and position of the electrodes such that essentially no magnetic field exists within the interelectrode gap.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide vacuum arc discharge devices which are capable of carrying much higher currents than prior art devices without the formation of anode spots.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide vacuum arc discharge devices in which the interelectrode gap is substantially free of any magnetic field.
  • I provide improved vacuum arc discharge devices having high current thresholds for the formation of anode spots and including a pair of primary arc-electrodes nited States Patent 3,471,733 Patented Oct. 7, 1969 "ice wherein at least one of the electrodes has a re-entrant form and current flow between the arc-electrode in the reentrant electrode causes a doubling back of the current path, resulting in cancellation of the net magnetic field due to current conduction by the re-entrant electrode.
  • the other primary electrode is formed in such a manner so that it too has zero magnetic field to the interelectrode gap.
  • the second arcelectrode in the form of an encompassing cylinder over the first primary arc-electrode so that, in accord with amperes law, there is substantially no net magnetic field within the interelectrode gap.
  • FIGURE 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a triggerable vacuum gap constructed in accord with the present invention
  • FIGURE 2 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a vacuum switch constructed in accord with the present invention
  • FIGURE 3 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a portion of the electrode structure of an alternative embodiment to the device of FIGURE 1,
  • FIGURE 4 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the electrode structure illustrated in vertical section in FIG- URE 3,
  • FIGURES 5 and 6 represent horizontal cross-sectional views of alternative structures to the structure illustrated in FIGURE 4,
  • FIGURE 7 is a vertical cross-sectional view of a device constructed in accord with the invention similar to the device of FIGURE 1, but with improved current carrying capabilities,
  • FIGURE 8 is a perspective view of an alternative device to that illustrated in FIGURE 7, and
  • FIGURE 9 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of the electrode structure of the device illustrated in FIG. 8.
  • FIGURE 10 is a vertical cross-sectional view of an improved alternative embodiment functionally equivalent to the device of FIGURE 7.
  • the current threshold marking the onset of the formation of anode spots is a function of electrode geometry and electrode material. For a given material, therefore, the formation of anode spots is a function of electrode geometry. In the plane-parallel geometry, frequently used in switches in general and vacuum switches in particular, the threshold is relatively low since a spot is formed at any point at which current density becomes high, either due to surface irregularities or anchoring of the are due to the interaction of electric and magnetic fields.
  • One means of inhibiting the forma tion of anode spots is to use electrodes having a very large area, so that the currents between the arc-electrodes are diffused over a large area to prevent the formation of anode spots at low currents. Yet another means utilized is to cause any spot which has been formed, and its associated arc, to rotate by the interaction of electric and magnetic fields so that electrode burning and erosion at any given point is kept to a minimum.
  • I increase the threshold current for the formation of anode spots by essentially eliminating the magnetic field within the interelectrode gap, so that currents therein are not caused to bunch together, thus substantially eliminating anode spots due to the high current densities.
  • the are in the absence of an externally applied magnetic field to cause arc rotation, the are (other than that of the plane parallel electrode configuration) is acted upon by a force which is orthogonal to the current path between the electrodes and the magnetic field caused by the path of current through the arc-electrodes.
  • anode spots are caused by numerous conduction paths between the arc-electrodes being acted upon by the foregoing force, causing all of the conduction paths to move to a point which is a point of equilibrium at which the force tending to move the conduction paths is minimum. Accordingly, at the point at which the conduction currents become concentrated, a high current density results and an anode spot is formed.
  • the bunching-up of conduction paths between the primary arc-electrodes is avoided, thus avoiding the formation of anode spots, except at exceedingly high currents.
  • a triggerable vacuum gap includes an hermetically sealed envelope 11 including a pair of upper and lower end plates 12 and 13, respectively, connected together in hermetic seal by a substantially cylindrical insulating sidewall member 14.
  • Sidewall member 14 is connected to end wall members 12 and 13 by appropriate metal-to-glass seals 15, as is well known in the art.
  • a pair of primary arc-electrodes 16 and 17 are disposed from respective end-wall members 12 and 13 by upper and lower electrode support members 18 and 19.
  • a first arc-electrode 17 is in the form of a re-entrant cup having a flanged outer cylindrical member 21 surrounding an inner re-entrant cup 20.
  • a trigger device 23 comprising a scored hydride film, for example, on a ceramic cylinder, with one side of the hydride film connected to arc-electrode 17 and the other connected to a trigger electrode 25, is attached to a portion of flanged end piece 22 on electrode 17.
  • Trigger device 23 may, for example, be the trigger assembly disclosed in Latferty application Ser. No. 564,132, filed July 11, 1966, and assigned to the present assignee.
  • An outer, cylindrical, cup-shaped primary electrode 16 substantially completely encompasses the volume of re-entrant primary electrode 17 and defines therewith a hollow cylindrical annular interelectrode gap 26.
  • a second trigger electrode 27 comprising a trigger electrode 28, similar to that of trigger electrode 23, is inserted within aperture 29 in the side of cylindrical outer electrode 16.
  • the trigger electrode lead 30 of trigger electrode 27 passes through an aperture 31 in upper end wall member 12 and passes through an hermetic seal to exit from envelope 11.
  • trigger electrode 25 exits through an aperture 33 in lower end wall member 13 through hermetic
  • gap device 10 is connected in series or parallel circuit relation with an electric load, as desired, and, when it is desired to have the device 10 switch from a non-conducting to a conducting condition, a pulse of ionized plasma is propelled into the interelectrode gap 26 by one of th trigger assemblies 23 or 27. If the device is connected with arc-electrode 16 as anode, the trigger assembly 23 injects a plasma into the arcing region, if arc-electrode 17 is connected as anode, trigger assembly 27 is utilized to trigger conduction.
  • This force is orthogonal to both the current density and the azimuthal magnetic field and, in a structure such as that illustrated in FIGURE 1, in the absence of re-entrant electrode portion 20, would result in a force being applied upward to force the arclets to rise upward to the points indicated as B, at which points bunching of the current would occur and anode spots would be formed.
  • FIGURE 1 of the drawing In one device constructed in accord with the present invention, and substantially as illustrated in FIGURE 1 of the drawing, with arc-eelctrodes 16 and 17 formed from OFHC copper, with envelope 10 evacuated to a vacuum of 10 mm. of mercury, an outer electrode 16 having a diameter of 6" and a length of 9", the inner electrode 17 having an OD of 4%" and a length of 8" and defining a primary arc gap spacing of currents of 50,000 amperes were repeatedly carried without any trace of electrode melting or erosion.
  • FIGURE 2 of the drawing illustrates a vacuum switch constructed in accord with the present invention in vertical cross-section.
  • Vacuum switch 40 comprises an evacuable envelope 41 including the walls of outer electrode member 42 and inner electrode member 43.
  • Inner electrode member 43 comprises a central re-entrant cylindrical member 44 and an exterior cylindrical member 45. Cylindrical members 44 and 45 are joined together at the uppermost end by an annular cap member 46.
  • Outer electrode member 42 is comprised of a fiat end member 47 and a hollow cylindrical sidewall member 48.
  • Inner electrode 43 and outer electrode 42 are sealed together to form an hermetic seal to close evacuable envelope 41 by annular glass-to-metal seal 49. Electrical contact to arc-electrode 43 is made by connecting with threaded stud 50.
  • starter electrode 52 which is electrically connected to outer electrode 42 in the cylindrical sidewall portion 48 thereof. Reciprocating motion to establish contact between the two electrodes is permitted by means of sylphon bellows 53.
  • Contact piece 54 of starter electrode 52 is suitably curved or otherwise shaped so as to fit the configuration of exterior cylindrical member 45 of arc-electrode 43. Alternatively, a plurality of small contact fingers may contact different surface portions of cylindrical member 45. If an alternative embodiment is utilized, in which a flat portion of surface 45 is contacted, a fiat plate electrode may be utilized at 54.
  • starter electrode 52 which is conveniently selected to be of a refractory material, as for example tungsten, molybdenum, or the like, an electric arc is struck between the starter electrode and th surface of the inner electrode sidewall member 45.
  • the material utilized as the electrode thereof as for example copper, copper-beryllium alloys, copper-bismuth alloys and the like as are well known to the art
  • FIGURE 3 is a perspective view illustrated in vertical cross-section of an alternative embodiment of the invention which departs from circular symmetry.
  • an evacuable envelope 60 comprises outer electrodes 61, inner electrode 62, defining therebetween an interelectrode gap 68, and glass-to-metal seal 63 therebetween.
  • a trigger electrode assembly 64 is located in the sidewall 65 of outer electrode 61.
  • a second trigger electrode 69 is located in the flanged portion 67 of inner electrode 62. If electrode 62 is to be utilized as cathode, trigger assembly 69 may be utilized. If outer electrode 61 is to be utilized as cathode, trigger 64 may be utilized. If alternating voltages are to be applied both triggers 64 and 69 may be simultaneously pulsed in order to cause breakdown between arc-electrodes 61 and 62.
  • FIGURE 3 may be utilized as a vacuum switch by eliminating triggers 64 and 69 and installing a starter electrode at 64 in FIGURE 3, similar to starter electrode assembly 52 of FIGURE 2 of the drawing.
  • the envelope structure of FIGURE 1 may be utilized to enclose the device of FIG- URE 3.
  • FIGURE 4 of the drawing illustrates in plan view the electrode configuration of the device illustrated in perspective in FIGURE 3.
  • outer electrode 61 and inner electrode 62 have an elongated semi-cylindrical, partial-parallel configuration with rounded ends and planar center portions.
  • the interelectrode gap 68 between outer and inner electrodes is smallest in the flat plate portion to cause a concentration of the discharge between electrodes 61 and 62 to be concentrated thereat.
  • a starter electrode which is reciprocable to initiate breakdown between arc-electrodes 61 and 62 may conveniently be located at 71.
  • triggers may be located at 70, 71 and also at 72 and 73.
  • FIGURES 5 and 6 illustrate plan sectional views of devices in accord with the present invention alternative to the structure illustrated in FIGURE 4. These alternative embodiments illustrate respectively in FIGURE 5 a rectangular cross-section; in FIGURE 6 an eliptical cross-section.
  • an outer electrode 61 and an inner electrode 62 define an interelectrode gap 68 therebetween, the thickness of which is relatively small in the planar sections as compared with the end sections so that, due to conservation of energy, electric discharges between the outer and inner electrodes 61 and 62 are confined to the plane-parallel portions of the electrode in FIGURE 5 where the arc length is shortest and to the most nearly parallel portions of the electrodes in FIG- URE 7.
  • the outer arc-electrode and current conductor has been a cylinder and current is longitudinal in direction, resulting in no interior net field.
  • the inner electrode and current conductor is re-entrant so that substantially no body force is exerted upon current carriers in the inter-electrode gap because of substantial cancellation of magnetic fields due to currents within the arc-electrode and conductor constituting the interior re-entrant cylinder.
  • I utilize a doubly re-entrant structure.
  • the inner arc-electrode and conductor made re-entrant, but also the outer arc-electrode and conductor is made re-entrant to double the interelectrode gap area and thus permit a substantial doubling of the current carrying capacity of the devices.
  • a triggerable vacuum gap device comprises an inner re-entrant arc-electrode 81, comprising a flat end piece 82, an inner cylindrical reentrant member 83, an outer cylindrical member 84, and an annular member joining cylindrical members 83 and 84 at the upper portion thereof.
  • An annular flange member 86 extends outwardly from the lower portion of cylindrical portion 84.
  • a second, outer arc-electrode 87 comprises an outer cylindrical sidewall member 88 havmg a flanged outer edge 89, a first re-entrant inner sidewall member 90 and an annular flat portion 91 joining the upper edges of cylindrical members 88 and 90.
  • a third cylindrical sidewall member 92 completes the active portions of outer electrode 87 and is capped with a flat disc member 93. Contact is made to outer electrode member 87 at stud 94 and connection is made to inner electrode member 81 at stud 95.
  • the flanged members 86 of inner electrodes 81 and 89 of outer electrode 87, respectively, are connected by an annular glass seal 96 to form an hermetic, insulating seal so that the interior of the device may be evacuated, as for example to a pressure of 10- mm. of mercury, for vacuum operation.
  • the structure of the device 80 defines a first, outer interelectrode gap 97 between outer cylindrical member 88 of outer arc-electrode 87 and the cylindrical member 84 of inner electrode 81.
  • a second interelectrode gap 98 is defined by cylindrical member 83 of inner electrode 81 and cylindrical member 90 of outer electrode 94.
  • current is directed within the in dividual arc-electrode member portions as follows.
  • outer cylindrical member 88 of outer re-entrant arc-electrode 87 current is directed upwardly for example.
  • cylindrical member 90 of outer electrode 88 current is then directed downwardly.
  • cylindrical member 92 of arc-electrode 87 current is then directed upwardly.
  • Current in inner electrode 81 is then as follows.
  • In cylindrical member 83 current is directed upwardly; in cylin drical member 84 of electrode 81 current is directed downwardly.
  • conduction between arc-electrodes 81 and 87 of triggerable vacuum gap 80, to cause the device to switch from a non-conducting to a conducting state, is initiated by causing a trigger pulse of electric energy to be supplied to trigger assemblies 100-, located in flanged member 86 of arc-electrode 81, and 101 located within sidewall member 88 of outer electrode 87, respectively.
  • trigger assemblies 100- located in flanged member 86 of arc-electrode 81, and 101 located within sidewall member 88 of outer electrode 87, respectively.
  • These trigger assemblies are substantially the same as those illustrated in FIGURE 1 of the drawing and are triggered under similar conditions.
  • the device of FIGURE 8 includes a doubly re-entrant structure and defines two coaxial interelectrode gaps, additional triggers may be supplied at 102 and 103, if desired. These triggers would have the same construction and would be pulsed in tandem with triggers 101 and 102, respectively, or simultaneously with all, if alternating current
  • Device 80 of FIGURE 7 may be utilized as a vacuum switch by replacing trigger 101 and triggers 102 and 103 if desired, with reciprocable starter electrodes as illustrated in FIGURE 2 of the drawing, wherein the structure of FIGURE 1 is adapted for use as a vacuum switch.
  • the starter electrodes would be initially in contact with the inner electrode 81 and a burst of electron-ion plasma would be introduced into the inter-electrode gap by reciprocably withdrawing the starter electrodes therefrom to cause an initial arc to be initiated which would cause material from the arcing arc-electrode to be vaporized and ionized, causing the electric discharge to spread throughout inter-electrode gaps 97 and 98 to cause a high current to be conducted between arc-electrodes 81 and 87 without increasing the current density at any portions thereof.
  • the device 80 of FIGURE 7 may be constructed so as to depart from circular symmetry and provide flat plate electrode surfaces substantially as is done with the devices of FIGURES 1 and 2, as illustrated in FIGURES 3 and 4 of the drawing. Such a modification is illustrated in FIGURE 8 of the drawing.
  • FIGURE 8 illustrates in perspective, with a vertical cross-section therethrough, a triggerable vacuum gap 110 having an inner re-entrant arc-electrode 81 and an outer re-entrant arc-electrode 87 with sidewall members 83, 84, 88 and 90, and interelectrode spaces 97 and 98.
  • arc-electrode members 83, 84, 88 and 90 have a plane parallel relationship except at the ends thereof whereat the device is terminated in a curvature which renders the interelectrode spacings much larger than the interelectrode spacing between the electrodes in the plane parallel section of the device.
  • FIGURE 9 of the drawing is a plan view of the modified device of FIGURE 8, as illustrated in perspective in FIGURE 8.
  • the end portion of the interelectrode gaps 97 and 98 are much greater than the plane parallel sections thereof to preclude bunchiug of the conduction paths thereat.
  • FIGURE 10 illustrates an alternative to the device of FIGURE 7 in which the re-entrant electrodes are not closed.
  • the generalized concept of the present invention is the substantial elimination of anode spots in vacuum are devices such as triggerable vacuum gap devices and vacuum switches. This is opposed to the normal means for allowing for high current operation of such devices which accepts the fact that such spots do form and use various techniques to move the are, thus minimizing electrode erosion and deterioration.
  • I accomplish the elimination of anode spots at higher currents than has been obtained heretofore by substantial elimination of azimuthal magnetic fields which may act upon current paths by utilization of re-entrant electrode structures to cause substantial cancellation of external magnetic fields.
  • such re-entrant structures may be utilized with one or both electrodes with substantially the same-result.
  • the structure utilizing two re-entrant electrodes is preferred due to the increase current capacity attained thereby.
  • a gaseous vacuum discharge device adapted to carry high currents without the formation of anode spots comprising:
  • the device is a triggerable vacuum gap and the means for causing an electric breakdown to be established between said electrodes is at least one trig er assembly adapted to inject an electronion plasma in the interelectrode gap.
  • the device of claim 1 wherein the device is a vacuum switch and the means for causing an electric breakdown between the said arc-electrodes is a starter electrode in contact with one arc-electrode and adapted to make and break contact with the other are electrode.
  • one arc-electrode is a re-entrant cylinder which produces substantially no net azimuthal magnetic field at the exterior thereof.
  • both of said arc-electrodes have re-entrant structure and result in substantially no net magnetic field in the gap between said arcelectrodes.
  • both of said reentrant arc-electrodes current in adjacent portions of the same electrode is in opposite directions and the external magnetic field due to said current is substantially zero external to said portions.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • High-Tension Arc-Extinguishing Switches Without Spraying Means (AREA)
US639693A 1967-05-19 1967-05-19 High current vacuum gap devices Expired - Lifetime US3471733A (en)

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US63969367A 1967-05-19 1967-05-19

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US (1) US3471733A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS497421B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1765430A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1564387A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1225832A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3858076A (en) * 1973-05-11 1974-12-31 Gen Electric Vacuum-type circuit interrupter with interleaving spiral electrodes
DE2603579A1 (de) * 1975-02-03 1976-08-05 Westinghouse Electric Corp Leistungssicherung mit koaxialen zylindern in einem evakuierten gehaeuse
US4386249A (en) * 1980-11-25 1983-05-31 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Vacuum circuit interrupter with auxiliary contact for plural arc path device with arc rotating means associated with the primary and auxiliary contacts
US4553002A (en) * 1983-12-05 1985-11-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Axial magnetic field vacuum-type circuit interrupter
US5126638A (en) * 1991-05-13 1992-06-30 Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. Coaxial pseudospark discharge switch
WO1993011591A1 (en) * 1991-11-29 1993-06-10 Sovmestnoe Sovetsko-Germanskoe Predpiyatie 'nova' Method and device for obtaining an electric discharge
US6037715A (en) * 1997-11-19 2000-03-14 Maxwell Technologies Systems Division, Inc. Spark switch having coaxial electrodes with increased electrode surface area exposure

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3356894A (en) * 1966-10-14 1967-12-05 Gen Electric Multiple stage cascaded triggered vacuum gap devices
US3356893A (en) * 1966-03-21 1967-12-05 Gen Electric High power vacuum discharge device having a pair of interleaved multivaned arcing electrodes

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3356893A (en) * 1966-03-21 1967-12-05 Gen Electric High power vacuum discharge device having a pair of interleaved multivaned arcing electrodes
US3356894A (en) * 1966-10-14 1967-12-05 Gen Electric Multiple stage cascaded triggered vacuum gap devices

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3858076A (en) * 1973-05-11 1974-12-31 Gen Electric Vacuum-type circuit interrupter with interleaving spiral electrodes
DE2603579A1 (de) * 1975-02-03 1976-08-05 Westinghouse Electric Corp Leistungssicherung mit koaxialen zylindern in einem evakuierten gehaeuse
US4386249A (en) * 1980-11-25 1983-05-31 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Vacuum circuit interrupter with auxiliary contact for plural arc path device with arc rotating means associated with the primary and auxiliary contacts
US4553002A (en) * 1983-12-05 1985-11-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Axial magnetic field vacuum-type circuit interrupter
US5126638A (en) * 1991-05-13 1992-06-30 Maxwell Laboratories, Inc. Coaxial pseudospark discharge switch
WO1993011591A1 (en) * 1991-11-29 1993-06-10 Sovmestnoe Sovetsko-Germanskoe Predpiyatie 'nova' Method and device for obtaining an electric discharge
US5701057A (en) * 1991-11-29 1997-12-23 Rossisko-Shveitsarskoe Aktsionernoe Obschestvo Zakrytogo Tipa "Nova" Method of obtaining electric discharge and device for effecting same
US6037715A (en) * 1997-11-19 2000-03-14 Maxwell Technologies Systems Division, Inc. Spark switch having coaxial electrodes with increased electrode surface area exposure

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DE1765430A1 (de) 1971-07-29
JPS497421B1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1974-02-20
GB1225832A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1971-03-24
FR1564387A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1969-04-18

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