US3464522A

US3464522A - Extension ladders

Info

Publication number: US3464522A
Application number: US663284A
Authority: US
Inventors: Hyman Kramer
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1967-08-25
Filing date: 1967-08-25
Publication date: 1969-09-02
Anticipated expiration: 1986-09-02

Description

Sept. 2, 1969 H. KRAMER 3,464,522

EXTENSION LADDERS Filed Aug. 25, 196'. 2 sheets-sheet 1 INVENTOR /fyM/y/v KRF/V15?,

ATTORN EY Sept. 2, i969 H, KRAMER EXTENSION LADDERS 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Aug. 25. 1967 INVENTOR BY I ATTORNEY tate 3,464,522 EXTENSON LADDERS Hyman Kramer, 2764 E. 16th St., Brooklyn, NX. 11235 Filed Aug. 25, 1967, Ser. No. 663,234 int. Cl. E06c 7/06 U.S. Cl. 132-211 12 Claims ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE This invention relates to improvements in extension ladders and more particularly to improvements therein having to do with the mounting and/or biasing of the stop hooks thereof and with the construction of the stophook retracting levers, sometimes also called slip-by levers.

To assist in a proper understanding of the objectives of the invention, it is explained that whereas the pivoted stop hooks which, by hooking to the rungs of the relatively xed lower section of an extension ladder, function to secure the upper section thereof in raised position, are in theory mounted to swing in planes disposed closely adjacent to but of course spaced from the inner faces of the side rails of said upper section, such for a variety of reasons is not always the case. For example, the economics of manufacturing extension ladders do not always permit of the stop hooks being mounted with the precision required to insure their movement in fixed planes which are invariably spaced from the inner sides of the side rails of the upper section. Again, extension ladders in use are sometimes subjected to rough handling and such may cause either or both of the stop hooks incorporated therein to become bent or even twisted slightly out of their normal shape and, when such conditions prevail, the bent or twisted hook or hooks may rub on the inner surfaces of the upper-section side rails to the degree marring if not damaging said surfaces and impeding the free and easy swinging action of the stop-hooks between their active and retracted positions, as is necessary to the smooth and certain operation of said stop hooks. Obviously, the likelihood of the stop hooks marring the inner surfaces of upper-section side rails increases if the stop hooks are formed as metal stampings provided for strength with marginal flanges and are mounted with their recessed faces disposed towards said side faces, rather than being formed as relatively smooth-faced castings.

An important object of the present invention, therefore, is the provision of improved means for mounting the stop hooks of extension ladders which functions positively to prevent the hooks rubbing on the inner sides of the side rails of the upper section of such a ladder as they partake of their swinging motion between their normally active and their retracted positions.

atent O W 3,464,522 Patented Sept. 2, 1969 ACC More particularly, in the aspect of the invention under consideration, the invention contemplates and provides an improved hook-mounting fixture capable of ready attachment to the side rails of the upper section of an extension ladder, which serves the plural functions of effectively mounting the stop hooks employed in such a ladder so that they may swing between their active and retracted positions as required, of spacing the hooks relatively inwardly away from the inner side surfaces of the side rails mounting same thereby insuring that said stop hooks will not rub against said side surfaces as they partake of their swinging mot-ion, of supporting and guiding the hooks in manner as insures that they will invariably swing in their intended planes, and, finally, assuming that the hooks are of the type which are springbiased to their normally active position, of providing both a novel simplified mounting and a housing for the biasing spring associated with each stop hook.

As to another aspect of the invention which relates to the construction of the stop-hook retracting or slip-by levers, it is explained that normally such levers are made righthand and lefthand, just as the stop hooks themselves are made righthand and lefthand, and thus they cannot be used interchangeably with righthand and lefthand stop hooks. Such non-interchangeability of the levers was previously reflected in increased cost of ladder manufacture since the righthand and lefthand levers had to be individually fabricated and inventoried and such also introduced some difficulties in the use of ladders in the eld in the event replacement of one of the levers should be required.

Accordingly, the invention in this aspect thereof contemplates and provides an improved design of stop-hook retracting or slip-by lever which enables it to be used interchangeably with both righthand and lefthand stop hooks. Thus, one and the same lever may be used interchangeably as a rightside or leftside lever, which of course introduces economies in ladder manufacture since only one design or style of lever need be inventoried.

The above and other objects and features of advantage accuring from the improvements of the invention will bcome apparent from a consideration of the following detailed description thereof, taken with the accompanying illustrative drawings, wherein FIG. 1 is a fragmentary part-sectional view looking towards the inner sides or faces of the left side-rails of the sections of an extension ladder incorporating the improvements of the invention and showing an improved stop-hook mounting and biasing means of the invention in front elevation;

FIG. 2 is a section taken along line 2-2 of FIG. l;

FIG. 3 is a section taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 1 which illustrates the hook-retracting action of the lever shown in FIG. 1 which enables its associated stop hook to slip by the rungs of the lower ladder section when it is desired to lower the upper section of the ladder with respect to said lower section thereof;

FIG. 5 is a broken-away perspective view illustrating the capability of the stop-hook retracting levers of the invention each to serve either as a right-hand or left-hand lever;

FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a sub-assembly of a stop-hook mounting fixture, stop hook, stop-hook pivot and stop-hook biasing spring prior to the assembly thereof to the side rail of the upper section of the ladder with which the stop-hook is to be associated; f

FIG. 7 is a section of the mounting fixture taken along line 7-7 of FIG. 6;

FIGS. 8 and 9 are sections corresponding to that shown in FIG. 7 but taken through modified forms of stop-hook mounting fixture; and

FIG. l is a perspective view similar to FIG. 6 which illustrates a modified sub-assembly of fixture, stop-hook, stop-hook pivot and hook biasing spring, wherein the fixture has variant form as compared to Vthat employed in the FIG. 6 sub-assembly.

Referring to the drawings in greater detail, an extension ladder for which the improvements of the present invention were devised basically comprises lower and upper ladder sections designated A and B, respectively, each made up of the

side rails

10, 12 and associated cross rungs 14, 16 (of which only the left-side rails are shown). Near its lower end, the upper section B mounts a pair of stop hooks 18, 20 (both of which are partially shown in FIG. which are adapted to swing in planes closely adjacent the inner-sides or faces of the upper-section side rails to which they are mounted between their active locking positions, in which they are adapted to hook over a cross rung 14 of the lower section (full lines, FIG. 1), and their retracted position in which they clear the rungs of the lower section A of the ladder (broken lines, FIG. 1).

Each of the stop hooks pivotally mounts via a pivot pin 26 a retracting or slip-by lever, such being generally designated 22, 24 in FIG. 5, whose action is first to close the openings of the hooks and thereupon to effect the retracting movement of said hooks to a rung slip-by position, as permits lowering of the ladder section B with respect to the lower fixed section A when such is desired, in manner well understood in the art.

By reference to FIG. 2 which illustrates preferred side rail construction, it will be seen that the

aforesaid side rails

10, 12 are fashioned from metal, preferably a lightweight metal such as aluminum or magnesium, and that such have shallow channel construction, with the channels being provided with inwardly turned side flanges or beads designated b, 12b which interlock when the upper section of the ladder is assembled to the lower section thereof. It will be understood, however, that the improvements to be described are not limited to ladders whose side rails and rungs are made of metal (commonly referred to as aluminum ladders), since the herein irnprovements are equally useful when applied to the older style ladders whose side rails and rungs are of wood.

With the exception of the detailed construction of said retracting

levers

22, 24 which will be later described, the extension ladder construction so far described is conventional.

According to an important aspect of the present invention, the aforesaid stop-

hooks

18, 20, which illustratively are of the type which are spring-biased towards their locking position shown in FIG. l, are so mounted that in partaking of their swinging movement between active and retracting positions, they are positively prevented from rubbing against the inner side faces of the side rails of the upper section to which they are mounted. More particularly, rather than being pivotally connected directly to said upper-section side rails so that they must swing in planes closely adjacent the inner-side faces thereof, as is conventional, they are instead pivotally connected to mounting fixtures secured to the side rails which perform the manifold functions of disposing their swing planes an appreciable distance inwardly of the side-rail inner faces; of providing confining and guiding surfaces for the lower or shank ends of the hooks which in large measure insure against said ends twisting or slewing about their pivots even though the ladder is subjected to rough handling in use; and, assuming that the stop hooks are spring-biased to their `active position, of mounting and housing the springs which so bias said stop hooks.

A mounting fixture capable of performing the aforesaid functions may take the various physical forms illustrated in FIGS. 6-10, for example, with all such forms having the common features of being of modified channel section and of incorporating means providing for readily afiixing same to the inwardly facing side or wall of a ladder side rail, in position such that the channel thereof extends vertically and is closed on its normally open side by the side rail to which the fixture is affixed. More particularly, the mounting fixture 30 shown in FIG. 6 has a body of channel section, as defined by laterally

spacedapart side walls

32, 34 and a flat bottom wall 36 extending therebetween. By design, the width and depth of the channel provided by said side and bottom walls is substantially greater than the width and thickness, respectively, of the shank end of the stop hook (1S or 20) which is to be mounted by said fixture. Thus, the channel of the fixture body provides for the ready reception of said shank end, and said fiat bottom wall 36 of the fixture is adapted to provide a rigid wall or surface which is spaced inwardly from the side rail to which the fixture is secured (by inwardly is meant in the direction of the opposite side rail) a distance which is appreciably greater than the thickness of the stop-hook shank portion and to which the stop hook may be pivotally secured. According to the invention, the shank end of the stop hook, following its insertion into the fixture channel through an open end thereof to a housed position therein, is pivotally connected to the fixture bottom wall 36 for bodily swinging movement relative to said fixture by means of a pivot bolt 38 (FIGS. 3 and 6) which is projected through an opening provided therefor in the side rail with which the fixture is associated. Said bolt 38 is secured in place as by a nut 38a threaded thereon, the bolt thus serving as a hook pivot and as a means for securing the fixture 30 to its associated side rail.

Preferably, each fixture 30 is provided with means in addition to said pivot bolt 3S for locating it on its side rail as aforesaid.Illustratively, such means comprises L- shaped hooks 42a, 42b which project from the relatively upper-end corners of the

fixture side walls

32, 34 and straightway projecting tabs 44a, 441) projecting from the opposite corners of said side walls. The inner wall of each side rail to which a fixture is to be mounted will be punched with apertures arranged for the insertion of said hooks and tabs and, when such insertion has been effected, the tabs 44a, 4417 may be inturned as shown in FIG. 2, thus to lock the fixture body to said side rail.

When a stop hook is pivotally connected to the bottom wall 36 of a channel-section fixture 30 in the manner just described and with nothing more than the pivot 38 to hold it in its intended plane of motion, it is quite possible for the hook to slew or twist out of said plane and should this occur it would in large measure defeat a major objective of the invention. To prevent any such objectionable slewing or twisting, the fixture body incorporates strap means spaced relatively upwardly from the point of pivotal connection of hook to fixture as defined by the pivot bolt 38, which functions, in concert with the bottom wall proper, both to confine and to guide the hook so that it is free to swing only in is proper plane of motion. Such means illustratively comprises a cross strap generally designated 46 which extends between the

side Walls

32, 34 of the fixture body intermediate the ends thereof and at a level such that the relatively outer surface of said strap is spaced from the under surface of the fixture bottom 36 by an amount substantially equal to the thickness of the stop hook received in the fixture channel.

As seen in FIG. 7, said cross strap 46 may be formed by two like half-length strap sections 46a, 4611 comprising areas struck out from the bottom and side walls of the fixture, but said cross strap may also be formed as a unitary crosswise-extending strap struck or drawn out from the metal of the xture body, with any excess metal being taken up by a single deep U-bend 48 (FIG. 8) or by plural U-bends 48a, 481? (FIG. 9) of lesser depth. But regardless of how formed, the cross strap 46, acting in concert with the bottom-wall end sections 36a, 36b which remain following fashioning of the cross-strap therefrom, provide opposed vertically spaced, transversely extending strap-like guiding and confining surfaces for the hook shank pivotally connected to the bottom wall section 36a by the pivot 38 as aforesaid and which, by being spaced apart a distance corresponding substantially to the thickness of said shank portion, maintain the hook mounted by the fixture in its proper plane during the course of its movements between active and retracted positions.

As forecast above, and this assumes that the stop hooks 18, 29 mounted via their mounting fixtures 30 as described are spring-biased to their respective active or rung-hooking positions, each said fixture also incorporates means for mounting and housing the spring which biases the stop hook mounted thereby. More particularly, and now referring to FIGS. l and 6, a hook-biasing spring 50` as herein contemplated preferably comprises a simple leaf spring whose lower end is affixed to the inner side of the relatively rearward side wall 32 of the fixture and whose upper free end which inclines relativelyforwardly engages on the rearward edge of the hook shank extending into said fixture, thus to press or bias same and thereby the entire hook in forward direction.

The means for affixing the lower end of each leaf spring 50 to the fixture side wall 32 as aforesaid is best shown in FIG. 6, and comprises an indented slot-like eye formation generally designated 52 sunk into said side wall near its lower edge and having width and depth as to snugly receive the lower end of the leaf spring when the latter is projected thereinto. Illustratively, said eye formation is provided by incising said wall with two parallel cuts or slits a, b and thereafter pressing the area of the side wall extending between the slits inwardly so that it forms a strap extending generally parallel to the inner surface of said side wall, whereupon the slits define eye openings. The spring end to be cooperated with said eye formation 52 is formed with an outwardly projecting dimple 50a which, upon insertion of the spring end in said eye formation, locks the spring in place, by reason of its ability to lockingly abut the edges of the silts which define the eye openings.

By providing an eye formation 54 corresponding in all respects to the aforesaid eye formation 52. in the opposite side wall 34 of the fixture body, and by arranging the aperture which is provided in the bottom wall 36 of said fixture body for the pivot bolt 38 on the longitudinal center line of said body, as results in the fixture being symmetrical to both sides of its longitudinal center plane, the one and the same fixture can be used interchangeably to mount either a righthand or lefthand stop hook.

While also characterized by a fixture body of channel section, the modified form of fixture illustrated in FIG. differs from the FIGS. 6-9 forms of fixture in providing for the mounting of the stophook shank externally rather than internally of the channel thereof. More particularly, the modified fixture body designated 60- shown in FIG. 10 and which is defined by spaced-apart side walls 62, 64 and a bottom wall 66, is adapted toreceive and secure the shank end of a stop hook laid substantially flat against the outer face of said bottom wall and projecting into the space between said outer face and the effectively opposed under face of a saddle-like cross strap 68 preferably deepdrawn out of the material of said bottom wall. Thus, said cross strap 68, rather than the channel bottom-wall 66, provides the fixed part for the passage of the pivot 70 which pivotally connects the stop-hook shank and thereby the stop-hook proper to the fixture body 6() and via said fixture body to the side rail to which said fixture body is fixed by said pivot bolt. The aforesaid modified fixture 60 thus acts not only to positively space the shank end of a stop-hook mounted thereby relatively inwardly from the inner face of the ladder side rail to which it is secured, but also to confine and guide said shank end so that it can swing only in a fixed plane which is the plane normal to the axis of the pivot bolt 7 0.

It will also be seen from a consideration of FIG. l0 that the side walls 68a, 68b of the saddle-like cross strap 68 can be and are shown to be provided with

eye formations

72, 74 comparing in all substantial respects with the eye formations 52, S4 of the FIG. 6 form for the reception of a hook-biasing spring 74 also comparing to the aforesaid hook-biasing spring 50 of the FIG. 6 form. Thus, while differing somewhat in structure, the modified fixture body 60 according to FIG. 10 performs the same functions as the fixture body 30 shown in FIG. 6.

At this point of the description, it is noted that the

fixture bodies

30 and 60 are each shown to be provided with notches designated 30x and 60x in the upper edges of their side walls. Such notches serve to receive and anchor the ends of the I -shaped springs (not shown) conventionally employed to bias extension ladder stop hooks to their active position, should such be used in place of the leaf-spring biasing means of the present invention, for example, to exhaust a supply of such J-shaped springs.

Corning now to the improved construction of stop-hook retracting lever contemplated and provide by the present invention, it is first explained that while the curved cam edges C with which the extension ladder stop hooks 18, 22 are each conventionally provided function by engagement thereof with the rungs of the lower ladder section A to effect successive retractions of the stop hooks from their corresponding active position (full lines, FIG. l) to their retracted or inactive position (broken lines, FIG. l) during the course of the ladder being lengthened or extended, said hooks each also pivotally mounts its aforesaid retracting lever (22 or 24) which, when swung to its hook-closing position responsive to its being lowered against a rung of the fixed lower section of the ladder (full lines, FIG. 4), also effects successive retractions of the stop hooks to their full retracted position (broken lines, FIG. 4), as permits shortening of the ladder to meet varying use conditions or the complete collapse of the ladder for transport or storage. Previously, the retracting levers serving this function were so configured as to permit their assembly on either a right-side or left-side stop hook but not on both; that is to say, said retracting levers as previously constructed were of either fixed right-hand or left-hand construction and hence could not be used interchangeably on right-side or left-side stop-hooks.

According to the present invention7 the construction of the hook-retracting

levers

22, 24 is such that one and the same lever can be used interchangeably with either a right-side or a left-side stop hook of the type designated 18, 20 and, since but a single lever construction is contemplated, a description of one such lever will sufiice for both. More particularly, and referring to FIGS. l, 4 and 5, a stop-hook retracting lever according to the invention comprises, in the rst instance, a sheet-metal stamping configured to provide a planar, vertically disposed, rearward tail portion and a similarly vertically disposed, co-planar arm portion 162 extending forwardly therefrom; and projecting forwardly from said arm portion a rungand hook-engaging tip portion 104 which is generally horizontally disposed and extends laterally and symmetrically to opposite sides of the common vertical plane of said tail and arm portions.

As is best seen in FIG. l, such a stop-hook retracting lever is of the balanced type so that it will normally assume a generally horizontal position. Accordingly, its pivot or fulcrum point, as determined by the aforesaid pivot pin 26 which secures it to its stop lever 1.8 or 20 is disposed near its geometric center, and the area of its rearward tail portion will by design be such as to provide the necessary weight as balances the weight of the forward arm and rungand hook-engaging tip portions thereof.

As further seen in FIG. 5, the rungand hook-engaging tip portion 104 of each said

lever

22, 24 and which is shown to be integrally connected to the arm portion of said lever by an offset web 108 has substantial width, being preferably somewhat greater than twice the width of the free or nose end of a stop hook. Thus, and because said tip end extends substantially equal amounts to both sides of the common plane of the lever proper, it is adapted when moved towards the nose end of its stop hook to engage said nose end and thereby close the opening of the stop hook to which it is assembled, regardless of whether said hook is of right-side or left-side construction.-

FIG. further illustrates the preferred curvature applied to the tip ends 104 of the stop-hook retracting levers. More particularly, said tip end is formed with upwardly concave-downwardly convex curvature, with the resulting convexity and concavity extending transversely across said tip end. Accordingly, when the ladder is being lengthened by upward movement of the upper section B, the concave upper surface of the tip ends of the

levers

22, 24 will glide on the curved under peripheral surface of the rungs of the lower section engaged thereby without undue friction. Conversely, when the ladder is being lowered or collapsed, as successively brings the downwardly convex under surfaces of the retracting-lever tip ends into engagement with the curved upper peripheral su-rfaces of the rungs of said lower section, smooth and easy operation of the retracting levers is assured.

Although the like tip ends 104 of the

levers

22, 24 have been shown in FIG. 5 to extend integrally in the transverse direction from and symmetrically to the sides of the common planes of said levers, other tip-end constructions performing the same or substantially the same functions as that shown are possible. For example, each tip end 104 may be formed by physically separate wings or part sections which extend from opposite sides of its lever proper, and said oppositely extending wings may be disposed at dierent levels rather than at the same level, as shown.

Without further analysis, it will be appreciated that the improvements in extension ladder construction and design according to my present invention provides refinements both in the mounting means for the stop-hooks as employed in such extension ladders and in the design and construction of the stop-hook retracting levers. FIGS. 6 and l0 also make clear yet another advantage accruing from 4the improved stop-hook-mounting means as herein proposed, namely, that stop-hooks, the mounting means therefore, the springs which normally bias the stop hooks to their active or rung-hooking positions, and the pivot bolts for the stop hooks, may be fabricated complete and inventoried as sub-assemblies for sale to extension ladder manufacturers, thus enabling the latter to complete the fabrication of extension ladders as sold with a minimum of manufacturing time and labor costs.

However, as many changes could be made in carrying out the above constructions without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

I claim:

1. An extension ladder comprising upper and lower relatively extensible ladder sections, each comprising laterally spaced side rails and vertically spaced rungs eX- tending transversely therebetween; at least one stop-hook carried by the upper section and adapted to swing in a plane substantially parallel to that of an upper-section side rail between active and retracted positions and in its active position to hook over a selected rung 0f the lower section thereby to secure the upper section in extended position with respect to the lower section; means affixed to the inner face of said side rail of the upper section and including a first part providing a first rigid surface which is spaced inwardly from said rail inner face by an amount insuring that said hook when lying thereagainst will not rub against same during the course of its swinging movement and a second part providing a second rigid surface spaced from but operatively related to said first surface for confining and guiding said hook in its movement aforesaid; one of said parts comprising an area removed from said other part and extending parallel thereto; and a pivot connecting the hook to said first part in position Such that it lies against said first surface and also for bodily affixing said means to said side rail.

2. An extension ladder according to claim 1, wherein said means comprises a fixture of channel section defined iby spaced-apart side walls and a bottom wall and being afiixed to said side rail in position such that its channel extends vertically and is closed on its normally open side by said rail, whereby said bottom wall is spaced relatively inwardly from said side rail; and -wherein said bottom wall provides said first and second parts and their said rigid surfaces.

3. An extension ladder according to claim 2, wherein the shank end of the hook extends into said channel and lies against the under side of said bottom wall, and wherein said pivot pivotally secures said shank end to said bottom Wall.

4. An extension ladder according to claim 2, wherein the shank end of the hook is positioned against the outer side of said bottom wall.

5. An extension ladder according to claim 1, wherein said means is fashioned throughout from sheet metal and said one part comprises an area struck out from said other part.

6. An extension ladder according to claim 1, wherein said part providing said second rigid surface comprises a cross strap afiixed to and extending transversely across said part providing said first rigid surface and being spaced therefrom a distance substantially equal to the thickness of the hook shank, the construction and arrangement being such that said cross strap holds the hook shank against said first rigid surface as it moves across said space and thereby guides the hook as it swings.

7. An extension ladder according to claim 2, wherein said fixture mounts and provides for the enclosure thereof within its channel spring means which biases the hook to its active position.

8. An extension ladder according to claim 7, wherein said spring means comprises a leaf spring having one end fixed to a channel side wall and the other end free and being disposed in said channel so that its free end engages an edge of the stop-hook.

9. An extension ladder according to clairn 8, wherein the means for fixing said one end of the spring comprises an indented eye formation provided in said channel side wall for the reception of said one end, and spring locking means formed on said spring for locking the spring end when it is received in said eye formation.

10. An extension ladder according to claim 9, wherein said spring locking means comprises a dimple pressed out of the material of said one end and being positioned to lock against the edges defining said eye formation.

11. In an extension ladder comprising upper and lower relatively extensible ladder sections, each comprising laterally spaced side rails and vertically spaced rungs extending transversely therebetween, rightand left-side stop hooks pivotally -mounted on the side rails of the upper section for swinging movement fbetween normally active and retracted positions in planes that are spaced small distances relatively inwardly from the inner-side faces of said side rails, the improvement comprising hook-retracting levers pivotally mounted on said hooks for effecting retraction thereof when shortening of the ladder is desired, said levers being of identical construction and fashioned throughout from sheet metal, each said lever comprising a rearward tail portion, a forward arm portion and a tip portion projecting forwardly from said arm portion, all said portions being integral one with the other and said tail portion having weight substantially equal to the combined weight of said arm and tip portion, said tail and arm portions being co-planar and disposed vertically, said tip portion being disposed generally horizontally and extending laterally and symmetrically to both sides of the common plane of said tail and arm portions, thereby to provide rungand hook-engaging surfaces which also extend laterally and symmetrically to both sides of the lever proper.

12. An extension ladder according to claim 14, wherein said tip portion is upwardly convex immediately adjacent its arm portion and downwardly concave distally therefrom, and wherein the resulting convexity and concavity extend transversely across the tip portion.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 532,700 l/l895 Possin 182-210 864,194 8/1907 Reimann 182-211 719,449 2/ 1903 Ferguson 182-211 1,244,645 10/ 1917 Schreiner 182-210 2,942,686 6/1960 Osovski 182-209 REINALDO P. MACHADO, Primary Examiner