US3461339A - Electric arc stabilization in electric arc melting using carbon electrodes - Google Patents
Electric arc stabilization in electric arc melting using carbon electrodes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3461339A US3461339A US573867A US3461339DA US3461339A US 3461339 A US3461339 A US 3461339A US 573867 A US573867 A US 573867A US 3461339D A US3461339D A US 3461339DA US 3461339 A US3461339 A US 3461339A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- arc
- substance
- electric arc
- electrode
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 title description 18
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 title description 18
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 title description 9
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 title description 6
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 title description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 32
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 29
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 18
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 5
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000004760 silicates Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 description 3
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000616 Ferromanganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RIRXDDRGHVUXNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu].[P] Chemical compound [Cu].[P] RIRXDDRGHVUXNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron manganese Chemical compound [Mn].[Fe] DALUDRGQOYMVLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000012245 magnesium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- -1 oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000519 Ferrosilicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012255 calcium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002843 nonmetals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B7/00—Heating by electric discharge
- H05B7/02—Details
- H05B7/06—Electrodes
- H05B7/08—Electrodes non-consumable
- H05B7/085—Electrodes non-consumable mainly consisting of carbon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B7/00—Heating by electric discharge
- H05B7/02—Details
Definitions
- An arc melting method for use in the melting of metal and in the production of metal from metal-containing ore and a reducing agent, in an arc furnace.
- the method stabilizes an are formed between the metal in the furnace and at least one carbon electrode by providing the electrode with a core including a substance which, under the action of the arc, ionises to increase the electrical conductivity of the arc.
- the substance included in the core of the carbon electrode may be lithium, barium, calcium, magnesium, chromium, manganese, silicon, potassium, sodium, rubidium, or caesium or compounds such as oxides, carbonates, or silicates of such elements.
- Such substance is added in particular form and bonded with a binder such as tar, pitch, or a paste or anthracite, tar and pitch.
- This invention relates to the stabilisation of electric arcs and to the provision of electric arc apparatus, and more particularly electric arc furnace apparatus capable of conferring improved stability to the arc.
- a method for the stabilisation of an electric which comprises introducing into the arc a substance which under the action of the arc generates, or is converted into, a vapour or median which increases the electrical conducitvity of the arc.
- the introduction of the said substance may be eiiected by any of a number of different methods.
- the substance may be included in or on one or more arc electrodes or the substance may be introduced into the are as gasborne particles, e.g. by spraying the substance into the arc, e.g. through a hollow electrode or introducing it via a lance, 'or the substance may be provided as a solid rod which is continuously fed into the arc at a rate balancing its rate of consumption in the arc.
- a plurality of the foregoing methods may be used in combination in order to ensure a sufficient supply of the substance to create ionised particles thereof in the arc and thus to increase the conductivity in the path of the arc.
- the invention further includes electric arc apparatus and more particularly electric arc furnace apparatus wherein at least one of the arc electrodes carries or embodies a substance as aforesaid and/ or wherein means are ice provided to introduce a said substance into the are from an external source.
- the invention is of particular value where the arc electrode or electrodes are formed essentially of carbon (e.g. graphite).
- the substance for inclusion in the electrode or electrodes should be had to the purpose to which the arc is being put, so that materials deleterious to that purpose are avoided. Specifically it is desirable to select a material of relatively low cost, which is readily worked (and, if a metal compound, is readily reduced) and which provides adequate vapour or other medium of suflicient conductivity. Where an electric arc furnace apparatus used for melting metal is concerned, the selected substance should be one which has no contaminant or other deleterious effect on the metal to be melted or on the furnace structure. Within these desiderata a wide range of substances is available for use. Generally it is convenient to use metals per se and these may be included from relatively low melting metals e.g. lithium, metals of medium melting point e.g. barium, calcium and magnesium, and metals of high melting point, e.g. chromium and manganese. Certain nonmetals, e.g. silicon, may also be employed.
- relatively low melting metals e.g. lithium
- a compound of the metal or for example of silicon, may be employed with reliance on other ingredients present in the electrode to cause reduction of the said compound.
- metal oxides, carbonates and silicates are very useful.
- the electrode or electrodes are formed essentially of carbon this may itself serve as the reducing agent.
- other reducing agents may be employed, e.g. for the reduction of manganese dioxide, silicon or aluminium may be included.
- the substance relied on for the provision of the conductive vapour may be included in the electrode or electrodes in any convenient way. Thus it may be included as an ingredient of the composition of which the electrode is made or it may be provided as a sleeve or core to the electrode. Generally it will be present in particulate form and bonded together with a binder which may be for example, tar or pitch, or a paste made from anthracite, tar and pitch.
- a binder which may be for example, tar or pitch, or a paste made from anthracite, tar and pitch.
- the substance of choice has been found to be a potassium salt, e.g. potassium carbonate alone or with other substances, in a carbon electrode.
- the electrode control system need not be so sensitive or responsive and can, therefore, be of a more simple design.
- Example I A test was carried out on a 150 kva. single phase indirect arc furnace, i.e. a furnace in which the arc is struck between two carbon electrodes.
- the electrodes in this case were of graphite and were 4 inches in diameter.
- the electrodes were bored with a concentric hole 1% inch diameter which was packed with a core consisting of 60% anthracite, 20% pitch with a melting point of 50 C., 16% powdered glass and 4% potassium carbonate. These materials were premixed and rammed into the hole in the electrode which had previously been scored to provide a mechanical key for the core and was heated to 40-50 C.
- the maximum length of arc obtainable in the test furnace approximately 2" was immediately attained and held for 7 minutes, before switching the furnace off. Appreciable amounts of fumes were observed up to a period of approximately 5 minutes. Again considerable reduction in noise resulted and during the whole period the kva. reading remained steady at 25.
- Electrodes containing composition (3) were then used. Again considerable improvement resulted, the kva meter being steady at 22 and a maximum arc length of 2 was obtained immediately. Copious white fumes were observed for a period of 7 minutes and the furnace left on for 15 minutes without any fluctuations occurring. After 15 minutes, the kva. reading had increased to 18.
- a method for the stabilization of an electric arc comprising forming the are between said metal and at least one electrode which is a carbon electrode having a core including a proportion 'of a substance which, under the action of the arc, ionises to increase the electrical conductivity of the arc, the said substance being selected from the group consisting of lithium, barium, calcium, magnesium, chromium, manganese and silicon.
- a method for the stabilization of an electric which comprises forming the are between said metal and at least one electrode which is a canbon electrode having a core including a proportion of a substance which, under the action of the arc, ionises to increase the electrical conductivity of the arc, the said substance being selected from the group consisting of oxides, carbonates and silicates of lithium, barium, calcium, magnesium, chromium, manganese and silicon.
- a method for the stabilization of an electric arc which comprises forming the are between said metal and at least one electrode which is a carbon electrode having a core including a proportion of a substance which, under the action of the arc, ionises to increase the electrical conductivity of the arc, the said substance being selected from the group consisting of compounds of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
- Discharge Heating (AREA)
- Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB36717/65A GB1160556A (en) | 1965-08-26 | 1965-08-26 | Electric Arc Stabilization |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3461339A true US3461339A (en) | 1969-08-12 |
Family
ID=10390620
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US573867A Expired - Lifetime US3461339A (en) | 1965-08-26 | 1966-08-22 | Electric arc stabilization in electric arc melting using carbon electrodes |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3461339A (cs) |
| JP (1) | JPS4910020B1 (cs) |
| DE (1) | DE1565538A1 (cs) |
| GB (1) | GB1160556A (cs) |
| SE (1) | SE347102B (cs) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3787336A (en) * | 1970-04-21 | 1974-01-22 | Foseco Int | Electrodes for arc furnaces |
| US4003615A (en) * | 1975-02-03 | 1977-01-18 | Shigeru Suga | Coated carbon electrode having an inner coating of low resistance material |
| US4006379A (en) * | 1975-12-19 | 1977-02-01 | Shigeru Suga | Carbon electrodes for an ultraviolet arc lamp for use in a light-fastness tester |
| US4924135A (en) * | 1988-07-18 | 1990-05-08 | Vapor Technologies Inc. | Electrode for vapor deposition and vapor-deposition method using same |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2442567A1 (fr) * | 1978-11-22 | 1980-06-20 | Siderurgie Fse Inst Rech | Electrodes pour le chauffage et la fusion des metaux |
Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1189265A (en) * | 1913-07-19 | 1916-07-04 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Electrode. |
| US1428510A (en) * | 1920-06-26 | 1922-09-05 | Sperry Gyroscope Co Ltd | Concentrated flaming arc lamp for projectors |
| US1439016A (en) * | 1919-07-28 | 1922-12-19 | Nat Carbon Co Inc | Projector electrode |
| US1920921A (en) * | 1928-01-27 | 1933-08-01 | Nat Carbon Co Inc | Arc carbon |
| US2140881A (en) * | 1935-01-25 | 1938-12-20 | Cie Lorraine De Charbons Pour | Intensive electric arc carbon |
| US2185679A (en) * | 1937-12-22 | 1940-01-02 | Lorraine Carbone | Arc lamp cathodes |
| US2229227A (en) * | 1939-01-25 | 1941-01-21 | Nat Carbon Co Inc | Direct current carbon arc system |
| US2422038A (en) * | 1942-01-17 | 1947-06-10 | Lorraine Carbone | Anodes for intensive arcs |
| US3272963A (en) * | 1962-03-21 | 1966-09-13 | Eutectic Welding Alloys | Flux-coated carbide welding rod |
| US3313976A (en) * | 1963-10-18 | 1967-04-11 | Union Carbide Corp | Joined arc carbons |
-
1965
- 1965-08-26 GB GB36717/65A patent/GB1160556A/en not_active Expired
-
1966
- 1966-08-22 US US573867A patent/US3461339A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1966-08-26 DE DE19661565538 patent/DE1565538A1/de active Pending
- 1966-08-26 JP JP41055892A patent/JPS4910020B1/ja active Pending
- 1966-08-26 SE SE11573/66A patent/SE347102B/xx unknown
Patent Citations (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1189265A (en) * | 1913-07-19 | 1916-07-04 | Westinghouse Electric & Mfg Co | Electrode. |
| US1439016A (en) * | 1919-07-28 | 1922-12-19 | Nat Carbon Co Inc | Projector electrode |
| US1428510A (en) * | 1920-06-26 | 1922-09-05 | Sperry Gyroscope Co Ltd | Concentrated flaming arc lamp for projectors |
| US1920921A (en) * | 1928-01-27 | 1933-08-01 | Nat Carbon Co Inc | Arc carbon |
| US2140881A (en) * | 1935-01-25 | 1938-12-20 | Cie Lorraine De Charbons Pour | Intensive electric arc carbon |
| US2185679A (en) * | 1937-12-22 | 1940-01-02 | Lorraine Carbone | Arc lamp cathodes |
| US2229227A (en) * | 1939-01-25 | 1941-01-21 | Nat Carbon Co Inc | Direct current carbon arc system |
| US2422038A (en) * | 1942-01-17 | 1947-06-10 | Lorraine Carbone | Anodes for intensive arcs |
| US3272963A (en) * | 1962-03-21 | 1966-09-13 | Eutectic Welding Alloys | Flux-coated carbide welding rod |
| US3313976A (en) * | 1963-10-18 | 1967-04-11 | Union Carbide Corp | Joined arc carbons |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3787336A (en) * | 1970-04-21 | 1974-01-22 | Foseco Int | Electrodes for arc furnaces |
| US4003615A (en) * | 1975-02-03 | 1977-01-18 | Shigeru Suga | Coated carbon electrode having an inner coating of low resistance material |
| US4006379A (en) * | 1975-12-19 | 1977-02-01 | Shigeru Suga | Carbon electrodes for an ultraviolet arc lamp for use in a light-fastness tester |
| US4924135A (en) * | 1988-07-18 | 1990-05-08 | Vapor Technologies Inc. | Electrode for vapor deposition and vapor-deposition method using same |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| SE347102B (cs) | 1972-07-24 |
| GB1160556A (en) | 1969-08-06 |
| JPS4910020B1 (cs) | 1974-03-07 |
| DE1565538A1 (de) | 1970-07-09 |
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