US3454109A

US3454109A - Motor grader

Info

Publication number: US3454109A
Application number: US539969A
Authority: US
Inventors: James H Roberts
Original assignee: Jeffrey Galion Inc
Current assignee: Jeffrey Galion Manufacturing Co; Jeffrey Galion Inc
Priority date: 1966-04-04
Filing date: 1966-04-04
Publication date: 1969-07-08
Anticipated expiration: 1986-07-08

Description

J. H. ROBERTS July 8, 1969 MOTOR GRADER Sheet Filed April 4, 1966 ANN DNA

July 8, 1969 J. H. ROBERTS V 3,454,109

MOTOR GRADER I Filed April 4, 1966 Sheet 3 of 5 I JAMES HRoBERTs,

Sheet 3 0193 July 8 1969 .1. H. ROBERTS MOTOR GRADER Filed April 4; 1966 V mm mm s v R T E o m N M w o ERq M M S E rnruulnL 1 r| "w F WWI NUHHHHHH HHHIHMH 7 mm mW/ w OF E U .W U0 H m 2 WM H w 3& 1 PW m g 0 WW Pm F M 1|: w :0 W N U F Mb N M HI 1H: 1 II IHr .HHnH n v m. w M #w m IIIIIIIIIIL wm Q. L f m Mm w mw w .m 7 wk. 1 w ow F m 7/ United States Patent 3,454,109 MOTOR GRADER James H. Roberts, Galion, Ohio, assignor to Jeffrey gggion Manufacturing Company, a corporation of Filed Apr. 4, 1966, Ser. No. 539,969 Int. Cl. E02f 3/85; B62d 61/10, 3/06 U.S. Cl. 172-781 9 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A motor grader in which the frame has a box-like frame section at the rear of the frame. The motor and drive transmission are attached in a unit assembly, and are mounted on the box-like frame section from above, with the drive transmission extending downwardly to below the box-like frame section. The lateral drive axle and the tandem drive cases are attached in a unit assembly, and are mounted on the box like frame section from below. An external drive element is connected to the drive transmission and to the drive axle to drive the drive axle from the drive transmission.

The instant invention relates to an improved construction of motor graders.

Motor graders which are used in the construction of roads and other grading operations are characterized by an elongated main frame which extends the length of the machine. The front of the motor grader is supported on steering wheels, by which the grader is steered, and the rear of the motor grader is supported on drive wheels which propel the motor grader over the ground surface on which it is operating. There is a drawbar which is connected to the front of the main frame. The drawbar extends rearwardly from the front of the main frame and below the main frame, and carries the blade of the motor grader. The drawbar and the blade are adjustable to various positions to set the blade for working on the road surface. The motor, which powers the motor grader, is disposed at the rear of the main frame. A transmission is connected to the motor and to the other drive elements to transmit the power of the motor to the drive wheels, to propel the motor grader.

It is an object of this invention to provide an improved construction of the motor grader with a more rigid construction of the main frame on which the various elements of the motor grader are mounted, and having an improved and more eflicient organization of the several power and driving elements of the motor grader.

Other objects of the invention will appear hereinafter, the novel features and combinations being set forth in the appended claims.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a motor grader constructed in accordance with this invention;

FIG. 2 is a side elevational view, partially in section, of the rear of the motor grader;

FIG. 3 is a partial rear elevation-a1 view, partially in section, of the motor grader;

FIG. 4 is a plan view, partially in section, of the rear of the motor grader; and

FIG. 5 is a side elevational view, partially in section, of the motor grader, taken on the line 55 in FIG. 4.

Referring to the drawings, and particularly to FIG. 1, there is illustrated therein a motor grader having an elongated main frame 11 which extends from the front end to the rear end of the motor grader 10. A pair of steering wheels 12 support the front of the frame 11 on the ground or road surface. There is an operators station 13 on the frame 11, located at a position somewhat 3,454,109 Patented July 8, 1969 behind the mid-length of the latter. The operators station 13 includes a steering wheel 14, and universally jointed connecting rods 15, 16 that connect the steering wheel 14 to a steering gear 17, which is usually of the hydraulic power type, to control the turning of the steering wheels 12. The motor grader also includes mechanism for leaning the steering wheels 12, which function is utilized in some motor grader operations to maintain the grader on course.

A drawbar 20 is disposed below the frame 11. A ball and socket joint 21 connects the drawbar 20 to the front of the main frame 11 and provides a universal connection. The drawbar 20 extends rea rwardly from the front of the main frame 11 and is disposed below the latter. A pair of hang rods 22, disposed one on each side of the frame 11, connect to the drawbar 20 to support the latter. The hang rods 22 may be raised and lowered by hydraulic cylinders 23, operating through mechanical connections 24 to the hang rods 22. The operation of the hydraulic cylinders 23 is controlled at the operators station 13 by individual hydraulic controls which are included in a bank of hydraulic controls 25. The hang rods 22 at the opposite sides of the frame 11 may be raised and lowered together to raise and lower the drawbar 20, and either of the hang rods 22 may be raised or lowered individually to incline the drawbar 20 laterally of the frame 11. There is also a side shift mechanism 26 by which the drawbar 20' may be swung to either side of the longitudinal center line of the frame 11 to adjust its position with respect to such center line. The side shift 26 is operated by a hydraulic mechanism, and is controlled from the operators station .13 by a hydraulic control in the hydraulic control bank 25.

The drawbar 20 carries a circle 27 that is rotatably adjustable on the drawbar 20 about an upright axis. A pair of supporting arms 28 depend from the circle 27 on'opposite sides of the drawbar 20 and support the blade 29 below the drawbar 20 so that it may be brought into engagement with the ground surface for working on the latter. The several adjustments of the position of the drawbar 20, which have been described above, are to adjust the blade 29, to set its position on the ground or road surface for working the latter. The circle 27 may be rotated on the drawbar 20 by a hydraulic power mechanism controlled from the hydraulic control bank 25 to set the angle of the blade 29 on the ground or road surface.

The rear of the main frame 11 is supported by a pair of

drive wheels

30, 31 at one side of the grader 10, and a like pair of

drive wheels

32, 33 at the opposite side of the grader 10. The

drive wheels

30, 31 are rotatably mounted on a tandem drive case 34, and the

drive wheels

32, 33 are rotatably mounted on a tandem drive case 35. The

tandem drive cases

34, 35 are disposed at opposite sides of the main frame 11, and each

tandem drive case

34, 35 is oscillatably mounted on a lateral drive axle 36, whereby the

drive wheels

30, 31, 32, 33 are free to adjust their positions upwardly and downwardly, in accordance wtih any irregularities of the ground surface, so that they are always in driving engagement with the ground to efficiently propel the motor grader 10.

The rear of the frame 11 has a pair of longitudinally extending

side beams

37, 38, which are laterally spaced from each other to form a frame opening 39 therebetween as best seen in FIGS. 3 and 4. Each

longitudinal side beam

37, 38 may be formed of a channel structural element 40 and a plate 41, which closes the open side of the channel 40* and is secured therein, as by welding, to provide a box section of each

side beam

37, 38.

A trail frame member 42, having a somewhat triangular configuration, is secured to the rear end of the side beam 37 in a depending position. A like tail frame member 43 is secured to the side beam 38. The

members

42, 43 may be secured to the

respective side beams

37, 38, as by welding. A lateral rear frame member 44 extends across the rear ends of the

side beams

37, 38, including the

tail members

42, 43, and is fixedly secured thereto as by welding. Another lateral frame member 45 is disposed at a position spaced forwardly of the rear frame member 44, and extends transversely between the

side beams

37, 38. The lateral member 45 is fixedly secured to the side beams 37, '38, as by welding. A lateral rib 46 is disposed transversely between the

side beams

37, 38 and adjacent to the lateral frame member 45. The rib 46 is fixedly secured to the

side beams

37, 38 and to the frame member 45, as by welding. The several elements, comprising the

side beams

37, 38 the members 4 43, the

lateral members

44, 45 and the rib 46 are effectively united to form a rigid box-like frame section 47 at the rear of the main frame 11. Such box-like frame section 47 includes the frame opening 39, which is between the

side beams

37, 38.

The motor 50 supplies power for operating the motor grader and is disposed in the frame opening 39 and extends substantially above the box-like frame section 47. A drive transmission 51 is disposed in front of the motor 50 on the box-like frame section 47 and extends downwardly through the frame opening 39 to a position below the box-like frame section 47. The transmission 51 is operatively connected to the motor 50, and these form a motor-transmission assembly that may be handled as a unit.

A supporting element 52 is secured to each of the side beams 37, 38. The supporting elements 52 extend inwardly from the respective side beams 37, 38 to a position below the motor 50, and the latter is mounted on the supporting elements 52 and secured thereto by a plurality of bolts 53, or like means. A supporting element 54 is secured to each of the side beams 37, 38. The supporting elements 54 extend inwardly from the respective side beams 37, 38, and the transmission 51 is mounted on such supporting elements 54 and is secured thereto as by a plurality of bolts 55. Thus, the motor 50 and transmission 51 assembly may set in the frame opening 39 as a unit on the several supporting

elements

52, 54, and secured in place on the latter by

bolts

53, 55, respectively.

A mounting pad 57 is secured to the underside of the side beam 37, and a like mounting pad 58 is secured to the underside of the side beam 38. The pads 57, 58 are aligned with each other in the transverse direction, and are placed at a position below the motor 50. The lateral drive axle 36 is mounted on the box-like frame section 47, and is secured to the pads 57, 58 as by a plurality of bolts 59. The drive axle 36 extends transversely to the opposite sides of the box-like frame section 47 to positions that are beyond the side beams 37, 38, as bset seen in FIG. 4.

The drive axle 36 is driven from the transmission 51 by a longitudinally disposed drive shaft 60 that forms the drive element connecting the transmission 51 to the drive axle 36. The drive shaft 60 has a universal connection 61 to the transmission 51, and anothe-r like universal connection 62 to the drive axle 36.

A parking brake 63- is placed between the universal connection 62 and a pinion shaft 64. The drive axle 36 is formed with a housing 65 for enclosing the several elements of the drive axle 36. The pinion shaft 64 is rotatably mounted in the housing 65 on several suitable bearings. The inner end of the pinion shaft 64 is formed with a bevel pinion gear 66 that is disposed on a longitudinal axis. A driven bevel gear 67 is disposed on the transverse axis of the drive axle 36, and is engaged with the bevel pinion gear 66 to be driven by the latter. The bevel pinion gear 66 is of smaller diameter than the driven bevel gear 67 so that there is a speed reducing drive of the drive axle 36 by the bevel gears 66, 67. The bevel gear 67 is mounted on an enlarged hub 68 which is rotatably supported in the housing 65 on suitable bearings. There are two axle shafts 69, 70 which are oppositel'y disposed on the transverse axis of the drive axle 36, and are fixedly secured to the hub 68-, as by splined connections.

The construction of the drive axle 36 on opposite sides of the driven bevel gear 67 is the same, and accordingly, the description will continue with respect to the axle shaft 69 and the one side of the drive axle 36. The axle shaft 69 extends through an elongated hub 71 and is rotatable with respect to the latter. The hub 71 is rotatably supported in the housing on several suitable bearings. The outer end of the hub 71 is formed with an annular flange 72 that is disposed beyond the side beam 37. The axle shaft 69 extends further beyond the flange 72.

The tandem drive case 34 is fixedly secured to the annular flange 72, as by a plurality of bolts 73, to mount and support the tandem drive case 34 on the drive axle 36 and on the box-like frame section 47. The tandem drive case 35 is mounted and supported on the drive axle 36 and on the box-like frame section 47, in like manner, on the opposite side thereof. Thus the tandem drive case 34 is oscillatable with respect to the box-like frame section 47, by reason of the rotatable mounting of the elongated hub 71 in the housing 65 of the lateral drive axle 36. The tandem drive case 35 is also oscillatable on the opposite side of the box-like frame section 47. The tandem drive

cases

34, 35 are alike in construction, but are oppositely disposed, and it will be understood that the description of the tandem drive case 34, that follows, is also descriptive of the tandem drive case 35.

The axle shaft 69 extends into the tandem drive case 34 and is rotatable therein on suitable bearing means. A drive sprocket 75 is secured to the axle shaft 69, as by a splined connection, and is driven by rotation of the axle shaft 69. A driven sprocket 76 is secured to an intermediate shaft 77, as by welding. A sprocket chain 79 is engaged with the sprockets 75, 76 for transmitting the drive from the drive sprocket 75 to the driven sprocket 76. The sprocket 75 is of smaller diameter than the sprocket 76, so that this is a speed reducing chain and sprocket drive. The shaft 77 has a cylindrical form and is rotatably mounted by suitable bearings on a journal 78, which is fixedly secured in the tandem drive case 34.

A drive sprocket 80 is fixedly secured to the intermediate shaft 77, as by welding, so as to be driven by the shaft 77. A sprocket chain 81 connects the sprocket 80 to a driven sprocket 82. The drive sprocket 80 is a smaller diameter than the driven sprocket 82, to provide a further speed reducing chain and sprocket drive.

A wheel axle 83 is rotatably mounted in the tandem drive case 34 on several suitable bearings. The driven sprocket 82 is fixedly secured to the wheel axle 83, as by welding, thereby to drive the latter. The wheel axle 83 projects outwardly of the tandem drive case 34, to mount the drive wheel 30 which is secured to the wheel axle 83, on the splined end thereof, by means of a nut 84.

The first chain and sprocket drive, comprising the sprockets 75, 76 and the chain 79, eflects a first speed reducing drive to the drive wheel 30, and lies in an inner plane that is disposed laterally or radially with respect to the axis of the drive axle 36. The second chain and sprocket drive, including the

sprockets

80, 82 and the chain 81, effects a further speed reducing drive to the wheel 30, so that there is a double reduction drive in the tandem drive case 34 for the wheel 30'. The second chain and sprocket drive lies in an outer plane which is parallel to the aforementioned inner plane, and is spaced with rsepect to the latter along the axis of the drive axle 36.

The tandem drive case 34 also includes a double re duction chain and sprocket drive to the drive wheel 31. There is a drive sprocket 85 which is secured to the axle shaft 69, as by a splined connection. A driven sprocket 86 is fixedly secured to an intermediate shaft 87, as by welding, and the shaft 87 is rotatably supported on a journal 88 by several suitable bearings. The journal 88 is fixedly secured in the tandem drive case 34. A sprocket chain 89' engages the drive sprocket 85 and the driven sprocket 86 to transmit the drive.

A drive sprocket 90 is fixedly secured to the intermediate shaft 87, as by Welding, and is rotatably driven by the latter. A sprocket chain 91 is engaged with the sprocket 90 and with a driven sprocket 92 to transmit the drive to the latter. The driven sprocket 92 is fixedly secured to a wheel axle 93, as by welding. The wheel axle 93 is rotatably mounted in the tandem drive case 34 on several bearings, and projects laterally outwardly of the tandem drive case 34 to receive a drive wheel 31 that is mounted on the splined end of the wheel axle 93 and is secured to the latter by a nut 94.

The chain and sprocket drive, including the

sprockets

85, 86 and the chain 89, effects a first speed reducing drive, and the chain and sprocket drive, comprising the

sprockets

90, 92 and the chain 91, effects a further speed reducing drive for the wheel axle 93 and the drive wheel 31. This is like the double reduction chain and sprocket drives for the drive wheel 30, it being understood that the

drive wheels

30, 31 are driven at the same speed. The first chain and sprocket drive, comprising the

sprockets

85, 86 and the chain 89, and the final chain and sprocket drive, comprising the

sprockets

90, 92 and the chain 91, are disposed in the aforementioned inner and outer planes, except that they are oppositely or alternately disposed as are the chain and sprocket drives for the drive wheel 30, as best seen in FIG. 4. Thus, the several chain and sprocket drives for the

drive wheels

30, 31 are staggered with respect to each other within the tandem drive case 34.

The lateral drive axle 36, with the

tandem drive cases

34, 35 secured to the opposite ends of the drive axle 36, and the

several drive wheels

30, 31, 32, 33, together form an assembly which may be secured as such to the pads 57, 58 by means of several bolts 59. The transmission 51 is connected to the drive axle 36 by the longitudinal drive shaft 60, which may be readily connected in its place by means of the universal joints 61, 62.

The frame 11 is formed with the rigid box-like frame section 47 at the rear thereof. The motor 50 and the transmission 51 are mounted on this box-like frame section 47. Likewise, the lateral drive axle 36, the

tandem drive cases

34, 35, and the

several drive wheels

30, 31, 32, 33 are mounted on the box-like frame section 47. The motor 50 is disposed in the frame opening 39 of the box-like frame section 47 and is disposed substantially above the latter, while the transmission is mounted in the frame opening 39 and extends downwardly through the frame opening 39 to a position below the box-like frame section 47. The lateral drive axle 36 is secured to the boxlike frame section 47, below the latter and below the motor 50. The transmission 51 is connected to the drive axle 36 by the longitudinal drive shaft 60, thereby to drive the drive axle 36 and the chain and sprocket drives within the

tandem drive cases

34, 35, for operation of the

drive Wheels

32, 33 to propel the motor grader 10.

Obviously those skilled in the art may make various changes in the details and arrangement of parts without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and applicant therefore wishes not to be restricted to the precise construction herein disclosed.

Having thus described and shown an embodiment of the invention, what it is desired to secure by Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. A motor grader having an elongated frame which is longitudinally disposed and extends from the front end to the rear end of the motor grader, steering wheels at the front of the motor grader to support the motor grader on the ground and to steer the motor grader, a drawbar, means connecting the drawbar to said frame at the front of the motor grader, said drawbar being disposed to extend rearwardly from the front of the motor grader, a blade carried by said drawbar below said frame in a laterally directed position to operate on a ground surface, drive wheels at the rear of said motor grader to support the motor grader on the ground and to propel the motor grader, said frame at the rear of said motor grader including oppositely disposed side beams that extend longitudinally of said'motor grader, said side beams being laterally spaced from each other to provide a frame opening therebetween, at least one lateral frame member disposed transversely of said side beams, means to fixedly secure said lateral frame member to said side beams in position to extend transversely between said side beams to form a rigid box-like frame section of said side beams and said lateral frame member at the rear of said motor grader, said box-like frame section including said frame opening, a motor for supplying power to said motor grader, a drive transmission operatively connected to said motor to deliver power from the motor, means to attach said drive transmission to said motor to form the motor and the drive transmission as a unit assembly in the motor grader, first supports on said side beams, second supports on said side beams, said first supports and said second supports being disposed in said frame opening of said box-like frame section and facing upwardly to mount said motor and said drive transmission unit assembly on the first and second supports from above said box-like frame section, said motor being disposed substantially above said box-like frame section with said drive transmission attached to the motor and the drive transmission extending downwardly through said frame opening to a position below said box-like frame section, a lateral drive axle adapted to extend transversely to opposite sides of said box-like frame section to positions that are located beyond said side beams, a tandem drive case for each end of said drive axle, means to attach a tandem drive case to each end of said drive axle to form the drive axle and the tandem drive cases as a unit assembly in the motor grader, said attaching means including means for oscillation of said tandem drive cases relatively to said drive axle, drive means in said tandem drive case operatively connected to said drive axle to be driven by the drive axle, said drive wheels including two drive wheels mounted on each tandem drive case to be drive cases from below said box-like frame section, said side beams at the frame opening of said box-like frame section, said third supports facing downwardly to mount said unit assembly of said drive axle and said tandem drive cases from below and box-like frame section, said unit assembly of said drive axle and said tandem drive cases being disposed substantially below said box-like frame section with the drive axle disposed in alignment with the part of said drive transmission that extends downwardly through said frame opening to below the box-like frame section, an external drive element with an external connection to said drive transmission and another external connection to said drive axle to drive the drive axle from said drive transmission, and said external drive element being disposed below said box-like frame section.

2. A motor grade-r as recited in claim 1 in which said first supports extend inwardly of said frame opening, said motor being mounted on said first supports in said frame opening, means securing the motor to said first supports thereby to support the motor on said box-like frame section, and said drive transmission being disposed in front of said motor.

3. A motor grader as recited in claim 1 in which said first supports and said second supports each extend inwardly of said frame opening to said motor and drive transmission unit assembly for mounting said motor and drive transmission unit assembly on said first supports and on said second supports, respectively, and means securing said motor and drive transmission unit assembly to said first and second supports thereby to support the motor and drive transmission unit assembly and said boxlike frame section.

4. A motor grader as recited in claim 1 having a lateral frame member disposed to extend across the rear ends of said side beams thereby to close the rear end of said elongated frame, another lateral frame member disposed at a position that is spaced forwardly of the first said lateral frame member and extending across and between said side beams, and each of said lateral frame members being fixedly secured to said side beams to form said rigid box-like frame section.

5. A motor grader as recited in claim 1 in which said external drive element for connecting said drive transmission to said drive axle comprises a drive shaft that is disposed in the longitudinal direction, a universal joint connection of said drive shaft to said drive transmission, and a universal joint connection of said drive shaft to said drive axle.

6. A motor grader having an elongated frame which is longitudinally disposed and extends from the front end to the rear end of the motor grader, steering wheels at the front of the motor grader to support the motor grader on the ground and to steel the motor grader, a drawbar, means connecting the drawbar to said frame at the front of the motor grader, said drawbar being disposed to extend rearwardly from the front of the motor grader, a blade carried by said drawbar below said frame in a laterally directed position to operate on a ground surface, drive wheels at the rear of said motor grader to support the motor grader on the ground and to propel the motor grader, said frame at the rear of said motor grader being formed with a box-like frame section, a motor for supplying power to said motor grader, a drive transmission operatively connected to said motor to deliver power from the motor, means to attach said drive transmission to said motor to form the motor and the drive transmission as a unit assembly in the motor grader, means to mount said motor and drive transmission unit assembly on said box-like frame section and from above said boxlike frame section, said motor being disposed substantially above said box-like frame section with said drive transmission attached to the motor and the drive transmission extending downwardly through the box-like frame section to a position below the box-like frame section, a lateral drive axle disposed below said box-like frame section and extending transversely to positions that are located at opposite sides of the frame, a tandem drive case for each end of said drive axle, means to attach a tandem drive case to each end of said drive axle to form the drive axle and the tandem drive cases as a unit assembly in the motor grader, said attaching means including means for oscillation of said tandem drive cases relatively to said drive axle, means to mount said unit assembly of said drive axle and said tandem drive cases on said boxlike frame section and from below said box-like frame section, said unit assembly of said drive axle and said tandem drive cases being disposed substantially below said box-like frame section with the drive axle disposed in alignment with the part of the drive transmission that extends downwardly through the box-like frame section, an external drive element with an external connection to said drive transmission and another external connection to said drive axle to drive the drive axle from said drive transmission, said drive wheels including two drive wheels for each tandem drive case, a wheel axle for each drive wheel to rotatably mount the drive wheel on said tandem drive case, chain and sprocket drive means in said tandem drive case connected to said drive axle to be driven by the drive axle, an intermediate shaft in said tandem drive case, means connecting said chain and sprocket drive means to said intermediate shaft to drive the intermediate shaft by the chain and sprocket drive means, another chain and sprocket drive means in said tandem drive case connected to said intermediate shaft to be driven by the intermediate shaft and connected to said wheel axle to drive the wheel axle and said drive wheel.

7. A motor grader as recited in claim 6 in which there is a chain and sprocket drive means in said tandem drive case for each -wheel axle, said chain and sprocket drive means for the respective 'Wheel axles extending forwardly and rearwardly from said drive axle, the first said chain and sprocket drive means and the last said chain and sprocket drive means being disposed in spaced planes that are laterally disposed with respect to said drive axle and with respect to said wheel axles, and the chain and sprocket drive means for the respective wheel axles being alternately disposed in said spaced planes.

8. A motor grader as recited in claim 6 including inwardly directed supports on said box-like frame section for mounting said motor and said drive transmission unit assembly, means securing said motor and said drive transmission assembly to said support elements thereby to support said motor and said drive transmission assembly on said box-like frame section, and said drive element comprising a longitudinally disposed shaft connected to said drive transmission and connected to said drive axle.

9. A motor grader as recited in claim 6 in which said drive element comprises a longitudinally disposed shaft, and a universal connection of said shaft to said drive transmission and another universal connection of said shaft to said drive axle to drive the drive axle from the transmission.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,608,069 11/ 1926 Lacey et al. 2,018,862 10/1935 Meyer. 2,287,43 8 6/ 1942 Lindsay. 3,269,479 8/ 1966 MacDonald 22 FOREIGN PATENTS 1,001,892 10/1951 France.

587,892 5/ 1947 Great Britain.

ABRAHAM G. STONE, Primary Examiner.

A. E. KOPECKI, Assistant Examiner.

US. Cl. X.R. 180-22