US3448314A - Neutron generators - Google Patents

Neutron generators Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3448314A
US3448314A US532296A US3448314DA US3448314A US 3448314 A US3448314 A US 3448314A US 532296 A US532296 A US 532296A US 3448314D A US3448314D A US 3448314DA US 3448314 A US3448314 A US 3448314A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
target
electrode
shield
envelope
aperture
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US532296A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
John Ellery Bounden
Leslie Noel Large
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
UK Atomic Energy Authority
Original Assignee
UK Atomic Energy Authority
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by UK Atomic Energy Authority filed Critical UK Atomic Energy Authority
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3448314A publication Critical patent/US3448314A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H3/00—Production or acceleration of neutral particle beams, e.g. molecular or atomic beams
    • H05H3/06—Generating neutron beams
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J27/00—Ion beam tubes
    • H01J27/02—Ion sources; Ion guns
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J27/00—Ion beam tubes
    • H01J27/02—Ion sources; Ion guns
    • H01J27/08—Ion sources; Ion guns using arc discharge
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J27/00—Ion beam tubes
    • H01J27/02—Ion sources; Ion guns
    • H01J27/16—Ion sources; Ion guns using high-frequency excitation, e.g. microwave excitation
    • H01J27/18—Ion sources; Ion guns using high-frequency excitation, e.g. microwave excitation with an applied axial magnetic field

Definitions

  • a neutron generator comprising a normally sealed off envelope, means to produce a plasma in gas within a portion of the envelope, a boundary electrode bounding said portion, from a further portion and having an aperture for the extraction of ions from the plasma, an extractor electrode and a target shield each having apertures in register with the boundary electrode aperture to allow passage of an ion beam and being successively spaced from the boundary electrode within said further portion, means to produce an axial magnetic field in the region of the boundary electrode aperture, and a target located behind the target shield.
  • This invention relates to neutron generators and relates particularly to generators comprising an envelope, normally sealed-off, in which deuterium and/ or tritium ions from an ion source are accelerated to strike a target containing deutariurn and/or tritium to produce neutrons by the D-D and/or D-T reactions, the gas pressures in the ion-source and accelerating portions of the envelope being equal.
  • a generator of this type is described in US. Patent No. 3,344,299 issued Sept. 26, 1967, to I. E. Bounden.
  • the generator described in this patent comprises a tubular glass envelope, part of which forms the ion source and is encircled by an R. F. winding to produce a plasma therewithin.
  • a frusto-conical extractor electrode having a central aperture projects into the plasma, a beam of ions being Withdrawn through the aperture and accelerated towards a target located at one end of the envelope.
  • the target proper is shielded from the accelerating field by a shield electrode.
  • An output of up to neutrons per second is obtainable in either continuous or pulsed operation.
  • the ion current withdrawn from the ion source through the aperture in the extractor electrode would have to be increased. In theory this could be done either by increasing the RP. power to increase the density of the plasma produced, or by increasing the diameter of the aperture.
  • the first course is undesirable as likely to result in overheating of the glass envelope, whilst to the second there are two objections. Firstly the ion beam diameter is correspondingly increased, which means that the aperture diameter in the shield electrode has to be correspondingly increased; this is undesirable from the point of view of suppressing electrons emitted from the target region, as will be explained hereafter.
  • the increase in extractor aperture diameter would allow the accelerating field to penetrate farther into the ion source region, leading to the risk of long-path electrical breakdown between the shield and the interior of the ion source.
  • the form of neutron generator provided by the present invention enables the ion beam current to be increased by approximately an order of magnitude, whilst maintaining the beam diameter at a value which does not necessitate an undesirable increase in the diameters of the electrode apertures.
  • a neutron generator comprises an envelope, means for producing a plasma in gas within a portion of said envelope, a boundary electrode bounding said portion from a further portion of said envelope and having an aperture for the extraction of ions from said plasma, an extractor electrode and a target shield successively spaced from said boundary electrode within said further portion and having apertures in register with the aperture therein to allow passage of an ion beam, means for producing an axial magnetic field in the region of the aperture in the boundary electrode, and a target located behind said target shield.
  • the plasma-producing means preferably comprises a RF winding encircling said portion of the envelope, and the magnetic field producing means a solenoid coil encircling said envelope between said RF winding and said boundary electrode.
  • the aperture in the target shield of the present generator is very preferably of channel-like form, and an open-ended tubular suppressor member is located Within said shield but electrically insulated from it, one end of said member encircling the target and the other terminating adjacent the target end of the channel in the target shield.
  • FIGURE 1 is a sectional elevation of a neutron generator embodying the present invention.
  • FIGURE 2 shows the potential distribution between the extractor electrode and target of the embodiment of FIGURE 1.
  • FIGURE 3 is a sectional elevation of another embodiment of the invention.
  • a sealed tubular glass envelope 1 is encircled by an RF winding 2 for exciting a plasma in gas within the envelope.
  • This portion of the envelope forms the ion source and is bounded by a boundary electrode 3 formed as a flat disc having a central aperture 4 and sealed to the envelope 1.
  • Electrode 3 is made of molybdenum for good heat conduction.
  • a solenoid coil 5 encircles the envelope to produce an axial magnetic field in the region of aperture 4 and so intensify the plasma adjacent thereto. This increases the ion current density extractable from the plasma boundary for a given RF exciting power.
  • the surface of electrode 3 facing the plasma is thinly coated with vitreous enamel 6 to within about 0.005 inch of the edge of the aperture, leaving an enamel-free region 30, to shield the metal from the plasma in order to prevent sputtering and also to minimise recombination of hydrogen isotope atomic ions into molecular ions.
  • Sputtering can also have a gas-absorbing effect which is clearly undesirable in a sealedoff tube having a limited gas content.
  • an aluminum insert 34 having a lip which extends over region 30, aluminum having a much lower atomic recombination coeflicient than molybdenum or Nilo-K and also a much lower sputtering ratio (i.e. atoms emitted per impinging ion).
  • the lip of insert 34 contacts the plasma, thus maintaining it at the potential of electrode 3 and also keying the plasma to the lip.
  • a frustroconical extractor electrode 7 brazed to an annular ring 8 sealed to envelope 1 and having an aperture 9 into which is screwed an aluminum anti-sputtering insert 35 similar to insert 34.
  • a target shield 10 mounted on a metal tube 11 sealed to envelope 1 and having a channel-like aperture 12. Apertures 9 and 12 are seen to be in register with aperture 4.
  • a metal tube 14 Insulated from tube 11 by a tubular glass section 13 is a metal tube 14 on the end of which is a flange 15 supporting the target 16 which is of erbium evaporated onto a molybdenum pressing, a re-entrant cavity 29 being formed behind the target.
  • the erbium layer is initially impregnated with deuterium which is converted in operation to an approximately 50/50 deuterium/tritium mixture by reason of the replenisher 19 being initially charged with a deuterium/tritium mixture having an excess of tritium suflicient to make the total gas content of the envelope (i.e. including both replenisher and target) an approximately 50/50 mixture.
  • the target is replenished in a known manner by the action of the mixed ion beam.
  • a tubular suppression member 17 is mounted on flange 15 coaxially within shield 10 .
  • a suitable coolant e.g. ICI Arcton 113 or Monsanto TAS 130, is circulated over the rear face of target 16 to remove the heat dissipated by the ion beam.
  • a Pirani gauge hidden behind tube similar in design to the corresponding components described in the aforementioned patent.
  • a copper disc 23 coated with evaporated aluminium to prevent sputtering by contact with the plasma is also fastened to plate 21, via support tube 22, is a copper disc 23 coated with evaporated aluminium to prevent sputtering by contact with the plasma.
  • Disc 23 which is cooled via aperture 24 in plate 21, acts as a stopper for back-streaming electrons, both those produced by ion bombardment of extractor electrode 9, and those from the region of target shield 10.
  • Disc 22 is made of large diameter because the electron beam tends to be increased in cross-section by the defocussing effect of the diverging magnetic field produced by coil 5.
  • the drawing is approximately to scale, the external diameter of tubes 18, 11 and 14 being 2 inches.
  • electrode 3 and target 16 are made of molybdenum.
  • Tubes 22, 11, 18, and 14, flange 15, tube 17, shield 10, and the extractor assembly 7/8 are made of Nilo-K alloy.
  • Envelope 1 is of Kodial glass.
  • Aluminium alloy guard rings 25 and 26 are clamped to disc 8 and tube 11 respectively to prevent high electric stresses arising where these components are sealed to envelope 1.
  • the ion-source region of envelope 1 (as far as disc 8) including winding 2 and coil 5, are enclosed in a first methylmethacrylate jacket through which cooling oil is circulated, and the region between ring 25 and flange 15 in a second similar jacket containing high-grade insulating oil.
  • the envelope 1 is filled with the deuterium/ tritium gas mixture supplied by replenisher 19, the gas pressure being maintained at approximately 15 X10- mm./Hg as measured by the Pirani gauge.
  • a plasma is excited in this gas by applying R.F. power at 15 mc./s. to winding 2. Ions are extracted from the plasma through aperture 4 in boundary electrode 3 by a potential difference V of up to 5 kv. applied between electrode 3 and extractor electrode 7, the latter being at earth potential.
  • the plasma takes up the potential of electrode 3 and of electron stopper 23, which are connected together externally, a curved plasma boundary or cap forming over the plasma side of the aperture 4.
  • Coil 5 produces an axial magnetic field of about gauss in the region of aperture 4 to intensify the plasma, as already described.
  • FIGURE 2 shows by means of equipotential lines the potential distribution with electrodes 7, 10 and 17 held at 0, -100 kv. and 99.6 kv. respectively, plotted by the electrolytic tank technique. It will be seen that the arrangement provides a relatively equipotential drift space 27 extending from the target (not shown in FIGURE 2) to near the end of member 17, from where the potential rises sharply to a peak potential of about 99.85 kv.
  • This peak or hump of about 250 v. around point 28 acts as a trap for electrons formed within the shield 10 either by ion bombardment of the target or by ionisation of the gas molecules by the beam ions, and inhibits their escape into the main accelerating field.
  • the relatively narrow, high-density, ion beam produced in the present generator allows aperture 9 to be kept small, which reduces the penetration of the main accelerating field beyond electrode 7 into the ion-source region and thus reduces the risk of long-path breakdown.
  • generators of the present type operate in that region of the Paschen curve, Where, for constant pressure, the breakdown voltage decreases as the gap length increases.
  • the narrow beam furthermore makes it possible to use the comparatively long narrow channel in the target shield which, as discussed above, facilitates electron trapping.
  • Another advantage of the narrow ion beam is that its smaller angle of divergence on entering the target shield allows the target to be located relatively far back from the shield aperture without the beam cross-section ex ceeding the target diameter when the beam impinges on the target. This means that the neutrons are produced at a location more remote from the main accelerating region of the tube and its associated high-grade insulation, which greatly improves access to the target.
  • Comparison with the generator described in U.S. Patent No. 3,344,299 shows that in the present generator the target structure is much less re-entrant, which makes it correspondingly easier to irradiate samples (e.g. for activation analysis) in the high-flux region immediately behind the target surface 16.
  • the re-entrant cavity also has to carry the target coolant pipes, this is an important factor, especially if a compressed-air operated conveyor for rapid transfer of samples is to be included.
  • the re-enter form of target is replaced by a target of which the surface is flush with the end of the tube, as hereinafter described.
  • a further advantage of the form of ion source used in the present generator is that it enables the neutron output to be easily and accurately controlled by varying the value of V rather than by varying the RF power supply to the plasma-exciting winding, as in the generator described in the aforementioned patent.
  • the latter system is rather dependent on gas pressure fluctuations, which are difiicult to control precisely. Ease of output control is particularly advantageous in applications requiring a modulated neutron output, e.g. in nuclear reactor experiments.
  • Target voltage V kv 120 RF power dissipated in plasma (approx) w 380 Target shield current (I ma 6.0 Target current (I ma 5.0 Total tube current (I ma 11 Suppressor bias (V v 440 Magnetic field (approx) gauss 100 Extractor voltage (V kv 3.3 Extractor current (I ma 11 Interception current (I ma
  • the value of the target current I quoted above is not equal to the ion beam current striking the target, which is estimated to be at least 8 ma. under the above conditions, because the target/ suppressor assembly also collects electrons resulting from ionisation of the gas by the high energy ion beam.
  • the above neutron output is increased approximately 100-fold by filling the tube with a 50/50 deuterium/tritium mixture, instead of with deuterium only.
  • FIGURE 3 which illustrates another embodiment of the invention
  • the second and third digits of the reference numerals refer to portions which are correspondingly numbered in FIGURE 1.
  • the portion of the generator to the left of ring 108 is the same as in FIGURE 1, but the remainder of the tube is modified as shown.
  • the shield includes a cylindrical portion 131 which projects within a corresponding cylindlical portion 132 of electrode 107 so that there is a substantial overlap.
  • the baflle eflect resulting from this configuration prevents the portion 137 of the glass surface 101 extending between these two electrodes from seeing the ion beam, or the apertures in electrodes 107 and 103 (and hence the plasma in the ion source) or the end of channel 112.
  • the end of suppressor tube 117 adjacent channel 112 has a conical termination 136. This has the effect of keeping the suppression hump approximately the same distance from the extractor as in FIGURE 1 and thus minimising the unsuppressed length of ion beam.
  • portion 132 facing the shield 110, has an increased radius of curvature, as compared with FIGURE 1, to prevent the formation of local high electric fields.
  • portion 132 is stepped at 133 to increase the clearance between the extractor and the envelope, which reduces the potential gradient along the inner surface 137 of the envelope.
  • a similar step may be provided on the outer surface of the shield adjacent the envelope.
  • the target 116 is seen to be a flat disc located beyond flange 115.
  • a neutron generator comprising an envelope, means for producing a plasma in gas within a portion of said envelope, a boundary electrode bounding said portion from a further portion of said envelope and having an aperture for the extraction of ions from said plasma], an extractor electrode and a target shield successively spaced from said boundary electrode within said further portion and having apertures in register with the aperture therein to allow passage of an ion beam, means for producing an axial magnetic field in the region of the ape!- ture in the boundary electrode, and a target located beh nd said target shield.
  • a neutron generator as claimed in claim 1 wherein said extractor electrode comprises a hollow cylindrical portion within which extends a cylindrical portion of said target shield in concentric overlapping relationship, said relationship being adapted to prevent the portion of said envelope extending between the extractor electrode and the target shield from being in direct view of said ion 15 beam and of the apertures in said electrode and shield.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Electron Sources, Ion Sources (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
US532296A 1965-03-11 1966-03-07 Neutron generators Expired - Lifetime US3448314A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB10314/65A GB1088088A (en) 1965-03-11 1965-03-11 Improvements in or relating to neutron generators

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3448314A true US3448314A (en) 1969-06-03

Family

ID=9965595

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US532296A Expired - Lifetime US3448314A (en) 1965-03-11 1966-03-07 Neutron generators

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US3448314A (fr)
FR (1) FR1504454A (fr)
GB (1) GB1088088A (fr)
NL (2) NL6603228A (fr)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0362946A1 (fr) * 1988-10-07 1990-04-11 Societe Anonyme D'etudes Et Realisations Nucleaires - Sodern Dispositif d'extraction et d'accélération des ions limitant la réaccélération des électrons secondaires dans un tube neutronique scellé à haut flux
US5053184A (en) * 1988-04-26 1991-10-01 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for improving the service life and the reliability of a sealed high-flux neutron tube
US5130077A (en) * 1988-10-07 1992-07-14 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for extraction and acceleration of ions in a high-flux neutron tube with an additional auxiliary pre-acceleration electrode
US20020131542A1 (en) * 2001-03-16 2002-09-19 Ka-Ngo Leung spherical neutron generator
US20030234355A1 (en) * 2002-02-06 2003-12-25 Ka-Ngo Leung Neutron tubes
US9734926B2 (en) 2008-05-02 2017-08-15 Shine Medical Technologies, Inc. Device and method for producing medical isotopes
US9791592B2 (en) 2014-11-12 2017-10-17 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Radiation generator with frustoconical electrode configuration
US9805904B2 (en) 2014-11-12 2017-10-31 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Radiation generator with field shaping electrode
US10734126B2 (en) 2011-04-28 2020-08-04 SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC Methods of separating medical isotopes from uranium solutions
US10978214B2 (en) 2010-01-28 2021-04-13 SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC Segmented reaction chamber for radioisotope production
WO2021259799A1 (fr) * 2020-06-23 2021-12-30 Dieter Kollewe Générateur de neutrons
US11361873B2 (en) 2012-04-05 2022-06-14 Shine Technologies, Llc Aqueous assembly and control method

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2214646B (en) * 1988-01-13 1991-10-02 Post Office Weighing apparatus

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3112401A (en) * 1957-09-27 1963-11-26 Philips Corp Shielding to confine magnetic field to ion source area of a neutron generator
US3302026A (en) * 1963-07-25 1967-01-31 Exxon Production Research Co Ion source neutron generator having magnetically stabilized plasma
US3344299A (en) * 1963-01-14 1967-09-26 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Neutron generator tube having a sealed-in gas replenisher

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3112401A (en) * 1957-09-27 1963-11-26 Philips Corp Shielding to confine magnetic field to ion source area of a neutron generator
US3344299A (en) * 1963-01-14 1967-09-26 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Neutron generator tube having a sealed-in gas replenisher
US3302026A (en) * 1963-07-25 1967-01-31 Exxon Production Research Co Ion source neutron generator having magnetically stabilized plasma

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5053184A (en) * 1988-04-26 1991-10-01 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for improving the service life and the reliability of a sealed high-flux neutron tube
FR2637725A1 (fr) * 1988-10-07 1990-04-13 Sodern Dispositif d'extraction et d'acceleration des ions limitant la reacceleration des electrons secondaires dans un tube neutronique scelle a haut flux
US5112564A (en) * 1988-10-07 1992-05-12 U.S. Philips Corporation Ion extraction and acceleration device for reducing the re-acceleration of secondary electrons in a high-flux neutron tube
US5130077A (en) * 1988-10-07 1992-07-14 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for extraction and acceleration of ions in a high-flux neutron tube with an additional auxiliary pre-acceleration electrode
EP0362946A1 (fr) * 1988-10-07 1990-04-11 Societe Anonyme D'etudes Et Realisations Nucleaires - Sodern Dispositif d'extraction et d'accélération des ions limitant la réaccélération des électrons secondaires dans un tube neutronique scellé à haut flux
US7139349B2 (en) * 2001-03-16 2006-11-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Spherical neutron generator
US20020131542A1 (en) * 2001-03-16 2002-09-19 Ka-Ngo Leung spherical neutron generator
US7342988B2 (en) * 2002-02-06 2008-03-11 The Regents Of The University Of California Neutron tubes
US20030234355A1 (en) * 2002-02-06 2003-12-25 Ka-Ngo Leung Neutron tubes
US20080080659A1 (en) * 2002-02-06 2008-04-03 Ka-Ngo Leung Neutron tubes
US9734926B2 (en) 2008-05-02 2017-08-15 Shine Medical Technologies, Inc. Device and method for producing medical isotopes
US11830637B2 (en) 2008-05-02 2023-11-28 Shine Technologies, Llc Device and method for producing medical isotopes
US10978214B2 (en) 2010-01-28 2021-04-13 SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC Segmented reaction chamber for radioisotope production
US11894157B2 (en) 2010-01-28 2024-02-06 Shine Technologies, Llc Segmented reaction chamber for radioisotope production
US10734126B2 (en) 2011-04-28 2020-08-04 SHINE Medical Technologies, LLC Methods of separating medical isotopes from uranium solutions
US11361873B2 (en) 2012-04-05 2022-06-14 Shine Technologies, Llc Aqueous assembly and control method
US9791592B2 (en) 2014-11-12 2017-10-17 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Radiation generator with frustoconical electrode configuration
US9805904B2 (en) 2014-11-12 2017-10-31 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Radiation generator with field shaping electrode
WO2021259799A1 (fr) * 2020-06-23 2021-12-30 Dieter Kollewe Générateur de neutrons

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1504454A (fr) 1967-12-08
DE1539676B2 (de) 1976-03-04
NL6603228A (fr) 1966-09-12
NL289180A (fr)
DE1539676A1 (de) 1969-09-25
GB1088088A (en) 1967-10-18

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
Christiansen et al. Production of high current particle beams by low pressure spark discharges
US3831052A (en) Hollow cathode gas discharge device
US5293410A (en) Neutron generator
Ehlers Design considerations for high-intensity negative ion sources
US3448314A (en) Neutron generators
US2559526A (en) Anode target for high-voltage highvacuum uniform-field acceleration tube
JPH06342699A (ja) 高中性子束発生管
US5745536A (en) Secondary electron ion source neutron generator
JPS61502502A (ja) 補助グリッドを使用するワイヤ・イオン・プラズマ電子銃
EP0261198B1 (fr) Canon a electrons pourvu d'une anode a plasma
CA1312908C (fr) Tube a rayons x emanant des plasmas pour la preionisation aux rayons x de lasers a gaz
US5053184A (en) Device for improving the service life and the reliability of a sealed high-flux neutron tube
US5078950A (en) Neutron tube comprising a multi-cell ion source with magnetic confinement
US3518433A (en) Methods and apparatus for generating flash x-rays employing a three electrode field emission x-ray tube
US3639849A (en) Apparatus for producing a highly concentrated beam of electrons
Devyatkov et al. Generation and transport of high-current, low-energy electron beams in a system with a gas-filled diode
US3141975A (en) Pulsed neutron generator with high vacuum and control grid between ion source and target
US5104610A (en) Device for perfecting an ion source in a neutron tube
US3112401A (en) Shielding to confine magnetic field to ion source area of a neutron generator
US5130077A (en) Device for extraction and acceleration of ions in a high-flux neutron tube with an additional auxiliary pre-acceleration electrode
US3344299A (en) Neutron generator tube having a sealed-in gas replenisher
US3296442A (en) Short duration neutron pulse generating system
US2906903A (en) Low voltage 14 mev. neutron source
RU228879U1 (ru) Вакуумируемый компактный DD-генератор быстрых нейтронов
Kiziridi et al. Sources of Non-Relativistic, High-Current Electron Beams Based on the Cathodes with Built-in Arc Plasma Sources