US3446147A - Casing for the sabot of a projectile - Google Patents

Casing for the sabot of a projectile Download PDF

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Publication number
US3446147A
US3446147A US620058A US3446147DA US3446147A US 3446147 A US3446147 A US 3446147A US 620058 A US620058 A US 620058A US 3446147D A US3446147D A US 3446147DA US 3446147 A US3446147 A US 3446147A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
projectile
casing
sabot
barrel
diameter
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US620058A
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English (en)
Inventor
Walter Engel
Heinrich Burri
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
OC Oerlikon Corp AG Pfaeffikon
Original Assignee
Oerlikon Buehrle Holding AG
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Publication date
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Publication of US3446147A publication Critical patent/US3446147A/en
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Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B14/00—Projectiles or missiles characterised by arrangements for guiding or sealing them inside barrels, or for lubricating or cleaning barrels
    • F42B14/06—Sub-calibre projectiles having sabots; Sabots therefor
    • F42B14/064—Sabots enclosing the rear end of a kinetic energy projectile, i.e. having a closed disk shaped obturator base and petals extending forward from said base
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B14/00—Projectiles or missiles characterised by arrangements for guiding or sealing them inside barrels, or for lubricating or cleaning barrels
    • F42B14/06—Sub-calibre projectiles having sabots; Sabots therefor
    • F42B14/068—Sabots characterised by the material

Definitions

  • a sabot-projectile assembly consists of a projectile, a sabot body, and a plastic nose casing.
  • the projectile which may be of the armor piercing type, consists of a main body which is substantially cylindrical and a nose portion which is substantially conical.
  • the body of the sabot which may consist of an aluminum alloy, surrounds the substantially cylindrical main body portion of the projectile while the plastic nose casing covers and extends in front of the projectile nose.
  • the plastic nose casing may consist of foam rubber with an outer sheet-like shell of relatively denser plastic material, such as polyethylene.
  • the plastic nose casing is designed to radially expand, rupture, and be flung off in response to the combination of centrifugal force and excess internal air pressure, after the sabot-projectile assembly leaves the barrel of the projecting weapon, thus permitting the projectile to then discard the body of the sabot.
  • This invention relates to sabot projectiles.
  • the projectile body carried by the sabot generally ends in a point, behind which the end of the sabot forms a shoulder, which can give rise to damage to the point before discharge of the projectile. Often such damage arises on introduction into the cartridge chamber, when the shoulder is caught on some part of the gun so that the cartridges are deflected from their path.
  • An object of the invention is to prevent such damage to sabot projectiles.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide a sabot projectile having a pointed projectile body and a sabot detachable by air resistance in flight from the projectile body having guiding parts for imparting a projectile spin and a plastic casing which can be discarded as a result of the centrifugal force due to the spin of the sabot forming the front end of the latter extending beyond the point of the projectile body and tapered at its front end to a diameter less than the diameter of the projectile body.
  • a further object is to construct the casing so that it terminates in front of the projectile point which is advantageous, particularly if, in addition to armour-piercing sabot ammunition, antiaircraft ammunition is also fired from the same gun, where the cartridge length of the latter may be longer than that of the former. In that case, the width of the feed channels for the ammunition belts must be designed to suit the longer ammunition. In the vicinity of the gun, the cartridges moved towards the latter can, as a result of the recoil movement of the weapon in the direction of firing, i.e. across their direction of feed in the feed channels, be moved to and fro.
  • the cartridges if they are shorter than the width of the feed channels, can rebound against the channel wall with such a velocity that the projectile points become bulged or bent. Therefore, it will be more suitable if the length of the casing of the sabot ammunition is selected so that the latter is approximately the same length as the antiaircraft ammunition.
  • a further object is to taper the front end of the casing to a diameter less than the diameter of the projectile body which results in the advantage of a relatively small end surface so that the danger of being caught up on some part of the gun is less than with the shoulders of the usual sabot projectiles.
  • a still further object is to provide a construction wherein the use of the invention is particularly advantageous in the case of sabot projectiles when the projectile points are formed by a ballistic cap superimposed on the projectile body.
  • Such caps are normally made very light, such as hollow bodies of thin sheet metal, so they make no direct contribution to the penetration performance of the projectile on the target. As a result of this construction, such caps are particularly easily damaged on feeding the projectile into the gun.
  • FIGURE 1 illustrates a usual sabot projectile partly in elevation and partly in section.
  • FIGURE 2 illustrates a partial longitudinal section through the front part of a sabot projectile.
  • FIGURE 3 shows a similar view illustrating a modification.
  • FIGURE 4 is a cross-sectional view taken upon section line IVIV of FIGURE 3.
  • FIGURE 5 is a view similar to FIGURE 2 illustrating a third modification.
  • FIGURE 6 is a similar view illustrating a fourth modification.
  • FIGURE 7 is a cross-sectional view taken upon section line VIIVH of FIGURE 6.
  • FIGURE 8 is a view similar to FIGURE 6 illustrating a fifth modification, taken upon section line VIIIVIII of FIGURE 9.
  • FIGURE 9 is a cross-sectional view taken upon section line IXIX of FIGURE 8.
  • FIGURE 10 is a similar view to FIGURE 8 illustrating a sixth modification taken upon section line X-X of FIGURE 12.
  • FIGURE 11 is a cross-sectional view taken upon section XIXI of FIGURE 10.
  • FIGURE 12 is a cross-sectional view taken upon section line XIIXII of FIGURE 10.
  • FIGURE 13 is a partial view in cross-section and elevation illustrating a modification of the form shown in FIGURE 10, and
  • FIGURE 14 is a similar view of FIGURE 13 illustrating a further modification of the form of the invention shown in FIGURE 10.
  • the sabot is indicated generally at 1 and the tungsten carbide projectile body 2.
  • the rear portion of the latter is cylindrical, while the front part is formed as a truncated cone 3 with superimposed cone.
  • An aluminum alloy cap 5 serving to improve the ballistic properties of the projectile body 2, is forced over a brass capsule 4 and firmly secured to the coned part.
  • the alloy cap 5 is bonded with adhesive to the truncated cone 3, and forms the point of the projectile body.
  • To the body 8, also made of aluminum alloy, of the sabot 1, is secured a steel driving band 6, transmitting to the sabot projectile the angular impulse from the rifling, not shown, in the gun barrel.
  • FIG. 2 the front part of the body of a sabot, essentially constructed as in FIG. 1, is shown in section and the projectile body 2, with cap superimposed, is shown in elevation.
  • the casing 10 is formed as a hollow body, conical at the front part and widening out to the rear in a bellshape to the outside diameter of the body 8 of the sabot 1.
  • the diameter of casing 10 at its front end is essentially less than the diameter of the cylindrical part of the projectile body 2.
  • the casing 10 therefore covers up the front face 12 of the sabot 1.
  • shocks and blows directed at the ballistic cap 5 are taken up by the casing 10 but, on account of the rigidity of the latter, not transmitted to the cap.
  • the casing 10, covering the front surface 12 furthermore prevents the projectile from being caught by the front surface 12 of the sabot 1 on a part of the gun and being deflected from its path.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 representing a second embodiment of the sabot projectile
  • the outside surface of a casing 10 made in other respects as in FIG. 2, there are out three grooves 15 at regular intervals, which begin in front of the flange 11 and extend to the tip of the casing 10, forming predetermined breaking places. Without the destruction of the casing 10 being affected thereby, these grooves 15 can also be arranged on its inner side.
  • the advantage which is attained with the arrangement of predetermined breaking places 15 consists in the fact that the break-up of the casing 10 takes place with all projectiles in the same predetermined manner and that hence the trajectory for the projectile body 2, separating from the sabot 1, is made free promptly with greater regularity in timing.
  • the plastic casing 10 cylindrically shaped in its rearmost part 20 and tapering to the front at its front part, engages behind the shoulder 23 with a flange 24 at its rear, protruding inwardly.
  • a conical inside surface joined to the flange 24 fits, free from play, against the truncated cone of the body 8.
  • the casing is supported by a shoulder 25 against the front face 12 of the body 8.
  • the rearmost, cylindrical part 20 of the casing 10 has an outside diameter which corresponds to the inside diameter of the gun barrel. This part of the casing 10 thus replaces the guide ring 7 of the sabot projectile as in FIG. 1.
  • the front end of the casing 10, which extends beyond the tip of the cap 5 has a smaller diameter than the projectile body 2, and is closed by a thin cover 16, at right angles to its longitudinal axis, lying a short distance behind its front edge, integral with the remainder of the casing.
  • the circular recess on this cover 16 forms a predetermined breaking point.
  • the fourth embodiment shown in FIGURES 6 and 7 has the body 8 of the sabot 1 constructed as in FIG. 1.
  • the casing 26 consists of a foam material, which surrounds the ballistic cap 5 of the projectile body 2, free from play.
  • foam material polyurethane hard foam or foam polystyrol can be used, for example.
  • the rear end surface of the casing 26, to which a cylindrical part adjoins, is cemented to the front surface 12 of the body 8 of the sabot 1.
  • a conical part adjoins the cylindrical part of the casing in front, the truncated end of which has a smaller diameter than the projectile body 2, and projects over the end of the cap 5.
  • three grooves 30, forming predetermined breaking places are hollowed out from its inside, extending from the rear end of the casing almost to its front end.
  • Such a design is advantageous, as the foam material, during the movement of the projectile down the gun barrel, becomes disintegrated in such small and light pieces that these can in no way endanger personnel in the vicinity of the firing position on their exit from the barrel.
  • the fifth modification illustrated by FIGS. 8 and 9, has a casing consisting of a body 26 of foam material, which is surrounded, free of play by a thin covering 33, made of polyethylene, for example.
  • the body 8 of the sabot 1 is essentially made as shown in FIG. 1. It has a recess 31 on its front end, in which the covering 33 engages, and where it is bonded with adhesive.
  • the covering 33 has grooves 15, forming predetermined breaking places, made in the same way as already shown in the case of the embodiment of FIG. 3.
  • the foam material body 26 has grooves 30 in the same radial planes as the covering 33, forming predetermined breaking places, which extend from the rear end of the body 26 to the vicinity of its front end.
  • the covering 33 merely has the duty of protecting the surface of the body 26, which is very sensitive to damage after manufacture, on account of the softness of the foam material. On the brealoup of this combined casing during discharge, first of all the covering 33 is broken up and then the body 26.
  • the sixth embodiment of the sabot projectile has the sabot 1 made with a tail body 36 of light alloy, e.g. perunal, and a forwardly-projecting jacket made in a single piece from a plastic, e.g. nylon.
  • This comprises an essentially cylindrical rear part 37 and an essentially conical front part 40.
  • the rear part 37 is provided with a radially projecting driving band 38 and has a recess at the rear, into which the tail body 36 is screwed.
  • the recess is provided with a shoulder 35, whereby a collar 34 at the rear end of the projectile body 2 is forced against the tail body 36.
  • the projectile body 2 is held free of play in the cylindrical part 37, whereby the outside wall of the front end of the cylindrical part 37 serves for guiding the projectile in the barrel.
  • six grooves 45 are recessed out and extend to the rear as far as the shoulder 35 and in front into the conical part 40.
  • the conical front part of the jacket forms a casing for the cap 5 of the projectile body 2. It surrounds the cap 5 all round with clearance and extends beyond its front end.
  • the conical part 40 terminates with an aperture 39, the diameter of which is less than the diameter of the projectile body 2. Grooves 42, forming predetermined breaking places, are arranged in the inside of the conical part 40 and continue the grooves 45 in the cylindrical part 37.
  • FIGURES 13 and 14 illustrate two variants of the form of construction as in FIG. 10.
  • the cylindrical part 18 of the sabot also made of plastic, extends only as far as the cap 5 of the projectile body 2 and terminates in a flat end surface 12.
  • longitudinal grooves 45 are worked in, forming predetermined breaking places.
  • the casing 19, also consisting of plastic is, with elastic expansion, slid over the front end of the part of the sabot, provided with a conical recess 21.
  • the firm connection of the casing 19 with the part 18 is here ensured by the friction acting between the two parts and by an adhesive bond produced by welding or sticking.
  • the construction of the casing 19 is in other respects the same as in FIG. 3.
  • a cannelure 22, running all round, is formed in the recess 21, into which a bead provided on the rear end of the casing 19 engages.
  • the casing 19 is also constructed as in FIG. 3.
  • the casing consists with advantage of a hollow body of about 1 mm. wall thickness, surrounding the projectile point with clearance.
  • a material with the following properties is suitable for the plastic:
  • sabot projectile with a projectile body, having an essentially cylindrical main portion and a conical nose arranged in front of said main portion and with a sabot, said sabot comprising a rear part extending along said main portion supporting said projectile body; a twofold front part of frusto-conical form terminating in a forward end extending beyond said nose, the width of said forward end being smaller than the diameter of said main portion, said front part comprising an element consisting of foam rubber aligning with said nose and said front part further comprising a plastic sheet-like cover for said element secured to said rear part.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Buffer Packaging (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
US620058A 1966-03-04 1967-03-01 Casing for the sabot of a projectile Expired - Lifetime US3446147A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH312966A CH453955A (de) 1966-03-04 1966-03-04 Treibspiegelgeschoss

Publications (1)

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US3446147A true US3446147A (en) 1969-05-27

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US620058A Expired - Lifetime US3446147A (en) 1966-03-04 1967-03-01 Casing for the sabot of a projectile

Country Status (9)

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US (1) US3446147A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
AT (1) AT287543B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE694931A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CH (1) CH453955A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1578191A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR1513083A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1182834A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (1) NL6703364A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE320606B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (30)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3706151A (en) * 1970-05-01 1972-12-19 Robert M Mcneill Gun and projectile for shooting fluids
US3714900A (en) * 1969-08-29 1973-02-06 Pacific Technica Corp Discarding sabot projectiles
US3847082A (en) * 1969-08-29 1974-11-12 Pacific Technica Corp Spin stabilized, discarding sabot projectile
US3890902A (en) * 1973-12-04 1975-06-24 Us Army Projectile
US3913489A (en) * 1973-12-19 1975-10-21 Us Army Projectile
US3922967A (en) * 1974-03-29 1975-12-02 Avco Corp Closed-breech-gun-fired rocket-assisted projectile
US3948184A (en) * 1972-10-10 1976-04-06 Etat Francais Sub-calibre projectile shells
US3951071A (en) * 1973-07-20 1976-04-20 Rheinmetall G.M.B.H. Drive cage sub-caliber projectile
US3952657A (en) * 1973-04-21 1976-04-27 Rheinmetall Gmbh Rifle cartridge
US4142467A (en) * 1976-07-09 1979-03-06 Dynamit Nobel Aktiengesellschaft Projectile with sabot
JPS54103100U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1970-03-12 1979-07-20
EP0047820A3 (de) * 1980-09-13 1982-07-07 DORNIER SYSTEM GmbH Treibkäfig für unterkalibriges Wuchtgeschoss
US4476785A (en) * 1981-08-08 1984-10-16 Mauser-Werke Oberndorf Gmbh Sabot projectile
EP0123978A3 (en) * 1983-04-23 1985-05-15 Rheinmetall Gmbh Nose cap for a projectile with an armour-piercing core
US4719860A (en) * 1987-01-28 1988-01-19 Honeywell Inc. Armor-penetrating ammunition assembly with molded protective cap
US4735148A (en) * 1986-03-18 1988-04-05 United Technologies Corporation Plastic composite sabot
US4757766A (en) * 1987-01-28 1988-07-19 Honeywell Inc. Armor-penetrating ammunition assembly with aluminum protective cap
US4800816A (en) * 1983-12-16 1989-01-31 Honeywell Inc. Delay discarding sabot projectile
EP0384099A3 (en) * 1988-10-06 1990-09-26 Aktiebolaget Bofors Sabot for a projectile
US5014624A (en) * 1986-12-24 1991-05-14 Royal Ordnance Plc Discarding sabots
WO1992003694A1 (en) * 1990-08-24 1992-03-05 Denwalk Pty Ltd A discarding sabot
FR2759453A1 (fr) * 1997-02-07 1998-08-14 Nwm De Kruithoorn Bv Projectile a cage de propulsion sous-calibre
US5905228A (en) * 1996-12-06 1999-05-18 Rheinmetall Industrie Ag Method for the manufacture of a subcaliber projectile manufactured with this method
US5959238A (en) * 1996-12-06 1999-09-28 Rheinmetall W & M Gmbh Subcaliber projectile
US5969289A (en) * 1996-12-06 1999-10-19 Rhienmetall W& M Gmbh Subcaliber projectile
US7314006B1 (en) * 2004-09-30 2008-01-01 United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Nonlethal canister tank round
US9488455B1 (en) * 2015-01-22 2016-11-08 Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC Sabot assembly
US20180119616A1 (en) * 2016-11-03 2018-05-03 Rolls-Royce Corporation Snap fit nose cone assembly
US20190017791A1 (en) * 2017-03-07 2019-01-17 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Attn: Rdrl-Loc-I Reduced Jacketed Bullet Bore Resistance
US11852447B2 (en) 2019-04-26 2023-12-26 The University Of Kansas Maneuvering aeromechanically stable sabot system

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
LU54786A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1967-11-03 1969-06-27
SE444984B (sv) * 1982-05-28 1986-05-20 Bofors Ab Drivorgan for underkalibrig rotationsstabiliserad projektil

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2306140A (en) * 1940-09-27 1942-12-22 George E Dieckman Projectile and bullet
US3033116A (en) * 1958-05-20 1962-05-08 John L Critcher Ammunition
US3148472A (en) * 1962-06-11 1964-09-15 Edward N Hegge Subcaliber projectile and sabot for high velocity firearms
US3349712A (en) * 1965-07-22 1967-10-31 Oerlikon Buhrle Holding A G Sabot projectile

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2306140A (en) * 1940-09-27 1942-12-22 George E Dieckman Projectile and bullet
US3033116A (en) * 1958-05-20 1962-05-08 John L Critcher Ammunition
US3148472A (en) * 1962-06-11 1964-09-15 Edward N Hegge Subcaliber projectile and sabot for high velocity firearms
US3349712A (en) * 1965-07-22 1967-10-31 Oerlikon Buhrle Holding A G Sabot projectile

Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3714900A (en) * 1969-08-29 1973-02-06 Pacific Technica Corp Discarding sabot projectiles
US3847082A (en) * 1969-08-29 1974-11-12 Pacific Technica Corp Spin stabilized, discarding sabot projectile
JPS54103100U (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * 1970-03-12 1979-07-20
US3706151A (en) * 1970-05-01 1972-12-19 Robert M Mcneill Gun and projectile for shooting fluids
US3948184A (en) * 1972-10-10 1976-04-06 Etat Francais Sub-calibre projectile shells
US3952657A (en) * 1973-04-21 1976-04-27 Rheinmetall Gmbh Rifle cartridge
US3951071A (en) * 1973-07-20 1976-04-20 Rheinmetall G.M.B.H. Drive cage sub-caliber projectile
US3890902A (en) * 1973-12-04 1975-06-24 Us Army Projectile
US3913489A (en) * 1973-12-19 1975-10-21 Us Army Projectile
US3922967A (en) * 1974-03-29 1975-12-02 Avco Corp Closed-breech-gun-fired rocket-assisted projectile
US4142467A (en) * 1976-07-09 1979-03-06 Dynamit Nobel Aktiengesellschaft Projectile with sabot
EP0047820A3 (de) * 1980-09-13 1982-07-07 DORNIER SYSTEM GmbH Treibkäfig für unterkalibriges Wuchtgeschoss
US4476785A (en) * 1981-08-08 1984-10-16 Mauser-Werke Oberndorf Gmbh Sabot projectile
EP0123978A3 (en) * 1983-04-23 1985-05-15 Rheinmetall Gmbh Nose cap for a projectile with an armour-piercing core
US4800816A (en) * 1983-12-16 1989-01-31 Honeywell Inc. Delay discarding sabot projectile
US4735148A (en) * 1986-03-18 1988-04-05 United Technologies Corporation Plastic composite sabot
AU611119B2 (en) * 1986-12-24 1991-06-06 Bae Systems Plc Projectile assemblies incorporating discarding sabots
US5014624A (en) * 1986-12-24 1991-05-14 Royal Ordnance Plc Discarding sabots
US4757766A (en) * 1987-01-28 1988-07-19 Honeywell Inc. Armor-penetrating ammunition assembly with aluminum protective cap
WO1988005896A1 (en) * 1987-01-28 1988-08-11 Honeywell Inc. Armor-penetrating ammunition assembly with molded protective cap
US4719860A (en) * 1987-01-28 1988-01-19 Honeywell Inc. Armor-penetrating ammunition assembly with molded protective cap
EP0384099A3 (en) * 1988-10-06 1990-09-26 Aktiebolaget Bofors Sabot for a projectile
US5025732A (en) * 1988-10-06 1991-06-25 Aktiebolaget Bofors Ammunition units
WO1992003694A1 (en) * 1990-08-24 1992-03-05 Denwalk Pty Ltd A discarding sabot
US5905228A (en) * 1996-12-06 1999-05-18 Rheinmetall Industrie Ag Method for the manufacture of a subcaliber projectile manufactured with this method
US5959238A (en) * 1996-12-06 1999-09-28 Rheinmetall W & M Gmbh Subcaliber projectile
US5969289A (en) * 1996-12-06 1999-10-19 Rhienmetall W& M Gmbh Subcaliber projectile
FR2759453A1 (fr) * 1997-02-07 1998-08-14 Nwm De Kruithoorn Bv Projectile a cage de propulsion sous-calibre
DE19704489C2 (de) * 1997-02-07 2000-05-11 Nwm De Kruithoorn Bv Unterkalibriges Treibspiegelgeschoß
US7314006B1 (en) * 2004-09-30 2008-01-01 United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Nonlethal canister tank round
US9488455B1 (en) * 2015-01-22 2016-11-08 Consolidated Nuclear Security, LLC Sabot assembly
US20180119616A1 (en) * 2016-11-03 2018-05-03 Rolls-Royce Corporation Snap fit nose cone assembly
US20190017791A1 (en) * 2017-03-07 2019-01-17 U.S. Army Research Laboratory Attn: Rdrl-Loc-I Reduced Jacketed Bullet Bore Resistance
US11852447B2 (en) 2019-04-26 2023-12-26 The University Of Kansas Maneuvering aeromechanically stable sabot system

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT287543B (de) 1971-01-25
SE320606B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1970-02-09
GB1182834A (en) 1970-03-04
BE694931A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1967-08-14
CH453955A (de) 1968-03-31
NL6703364A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1967-09-05
FR1513083A (fr) 1968-02-09
DE1578191A1 (de) 1971-05-19

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