US3444923A - Heat pumps with electric booster heaters - Google Patents

Heat pumps with electric booster heaters Download PDF

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Publication number
US3444923A
US3444923A US695243A US3444923DA US3444923A US 3444923 A US3444923 A US 3444923A US 695243 A US695243 A US 695243A US 3444923D A US3444923D A US 3444923DA US 3444923 A US3444923 A US 3444923A
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United States
Prior art keywords
switch
booster
thermostat
outdoor
heat
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Expired - Lifetime
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US695243A
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English (en)
Inventor
William K Kyle
Erik H Jensen
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YORK-LUXAIRE Inc A CORP OF DE
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Assigned to YORK-LUXAIRE, INC., A CORP. OF DE. reassignment YORK-LUXAIRE, INC., A CORP. OF DE. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORPORATION
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B13/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/05—Compression system with heat exchange between particular parts of the system
    • F25B2400/051—Compression system with heat exchange between particular parts of the system between the accumulator and another part of the cycle

Definitions

  • a heat pump has four electric booster heaters for adding heat to that from an indoor coil operating as a condenser coil, for heating indoor air when the outdoor temperature is low.
  • An indoor heating control thermostat has two stages, the first one of which cycles' the compressor of the heat pump. The second stage of the thermostat cycles the first booster heater, and cycles through a first outdoor thermostat, the second booster heater. The third and fourth booster heaters are cycled by second and third outdoor thermostats respectively.
  • the field of the invention is heat pumps in which electric booster heaters are used to aid indoor coils operating as condenser coils, to heat indoor air when the outdoor temperature is low.
  • heat pumps could be operated successfully for indoor air heating only in areas having mild winters where the outdoor temperature seldom decreases below about F.
  • Most of such heat pumps have booster heaters controlled as disclosed in the U.S. Patent No. 2,806,674 of G. L. Biehn, by a two stage indoor thermostat and outdoor thermostats. The first stage of the indoor thermostat cycles the compressor of the heat pump, and the second stage of the indoor thermostat together with the outdoor thermostats cycles the respective booster heaters.
  • the heat pump of the Harnish patent can be used to heat indoor air when the outdoor air is as low as -20 F., but the control system of the Biehn patent is not suited for it.
  • the most serious fault of the Biehn control system when used with a Harnish heat pump, is that when the second stage of the indoor thermostat is satisfied, it turns off all of the booster heaters while the first stage of the indoor thermostat maintains the compressor in operation, with the fan of the indoor coil blowing heated air into the heated space.
  • the compressor capacity is so reduced at very low outdoor temperatures that the temperature rise across the indoor coil is insufficient to prevent cool drafts with resultant discomfort.
  • the heating capacity of a heat pump may be approximately 12,000 B.t.u./hr., which with a 1200 c.f.m. movement of air by the indoor coil fan, produces approximately a 9 F. temperature rise across the indoor coil. With 70 F., or lower temperature return air, this will result in a cool draft.
  • a second fault of the Biehn control system when used with a Harnish heat pump is that the second stage of the indoor thermostat cycles all of the booster heaters on and off together. At about 15 F., the booster heaters represent :about 85% of the total heating capacity. Switching 85% capacity on and off causes very wide temperature swings, and in addition, causes very large fiuctuating loads on the electric power source.
  • This invention overcomes the faults of the Biehn control system when used with a Harnish heat pump, by cycling the third and fourth booster heaters of four stages of booster heaters with respective outdoor thermostats 3,444,923 Patented May 20, 1969 only.
  • the first booster heater is cycled by the second stage of the indoor thermostat, and the second booster heater is cycled by an outdoor thermostat and the second stage of the indoor thermostat, to maintain indoor temperature. This still maintains the use of a compressor since the latter will not -be cycled as long as booster heat is required.
  • the improvement resulting from this invention is shown by the fact that when the second stage of the indoor thermostat is satisfied and turns off the first two booster heaters when the outdoor temperature is 15 F., the heat pump operates at a capacity of 12,000 B.t.u./hr. while the third and fourth booster heaters supply 32,800 B.t.u./hr. A total capacity of 44,800 B.t.u./ hr. is provided with a temperature rise across the indoor coil and the third and fourth booster heaters of 34 F. so that there are no cool drafts. The load swing is 43% instead of 85%. This approximately 50% reduction in the load being cycled by the second stage of the indoor thermostat greatly reduces temperature swings, and maximum electric power.
  • a heat pump has four electric booster heaters.
  • An indoor heating control thermostat has first and second stages. When the first stage of the thermostat calls for heat, it energizes a reversal valve solenoid which adjusts the reversal valve of the heat pump to its heating position; starts the compressor motor of the heat pump, and partially completes circuits for the energization of the booster heaters. Heat is provided by the indoor coil of the heat pump, operating as a condenser coil. If the heat provided by the indoor coil is insufficient, the second stage of the thermostat turns on the first booster heater. When the outdoor temperature decreases, for example, below 30 F., with the second stage of the thermostat calling for heat, the latter and a first outdoor thermostat together turn on the second booster heater.
  • a second outdoor thermostat turns on the third booster heater.
  • a third outdoor thermostat turns on the fourth booster heater if the first stage of the indoor thermostat is calling for heat.
  • FIG. l is a diagrammatic view of a Harnish heat pump embodying this invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of the starter of the compressor motor of the heat pump
  • FIGS. 3-6 are diagrammatic views of the booster heat relays of the heat pump
  • FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic view of the heat relay of the heat pump
  • FIGS. 8-11 are diagrammatic Views of the outdoor thermostats of the heat pump.
  • FIG. l2 is a simplified circuit schematic showing how the electrical controls of the heat pump are connected.
  • a hermetic refrigerant compressor C driven by an enclosed, electric motor CM, is connected by discharged gas tube 10 to reversal valve RV which is'connected by tube 11 to outdoor coil 12, and by tube 13 to indoor coil 14.
  • the valve RV is connected by tube 15 to the top of accumulator 16.
  • the accumulator 16 is connected by suction gas tube 17 to the suction side of the compressor C.
  • the suction gas tube 17 has a U-shaped portion 18 within the accumulator 16.
  • the tube portion 18 has an open top 19 for the admission of gas, and has an oil ⁇ bleed hole 20 in its bottom.
  • the outdoor coil 12 is connected by tube 22 to checkvalve manifold 23 which is connected by liquid tube 26 to one end of coil 28 within the accumulator 16.
  • the other end of the coil 28 is connected ⁇ by tube 29 to the inlet of subcooling control valve EV which is the expansion valve of the heat pump.
  • the outlet of the valve EV is connected by tube 30 to the manifold 23.
  • the indoor coil 14 is connected by tube 31 to the manifold 23.
  • the liquid tube 26 has a portion in heat exchange contact with portion 32 of the suction gas tube 17.
  • the subcooling control valve EV has a diaphragm chamber 34, the outer portion of which is connected by capillary tube 35 to thermal bulb 36 in heat exchange contact with the liquid tube 26 upstream of where the latter contacts the suction gas tube portion 32.
  • the inner portion of the chamber 34 is connected by capillary equalizer tube 37 to the interior of the tube 26, although the valve EV could be internally equalized.
  • the details of the valve EV and its operation are fully described in the previously mentioned Patent No. 3,264,837.
  • the valve EV responds through the capillary tube 35 and the thermal bulb to the temperature of the refrigerant liquid, and responds through the tube 37 to the pressure of that liquid, and backs up suflicient liquid within the coil 12 or 14 operating as a condenser coil, to maintain a predetermined amount of subcooling of the liquid, which may be F. subcooling at a condensing temperature of 100 F.
  • Outdoor air is blown by fan OF, driven by electric motor OFM, over the surface of the coil 12.
  • Indoor air is blown by fan IF over the surface of the coil 14.
  • Electric booster heaters BH1, BH2, BH3 and BH4 are located adjacent to and downstream with respect to air iiow of the indoor coil 14.
  • the reversal valve RV is adjusted to its heating position by solenoid RVS when the latter is energized.
  • starter CMS has switches CMSSI and CMSS2 which close when the starter CMS is energized;
  • booster heat relay BHRl has switch BHRIS which closes when the relay BHRl is energized;
  • booster heat relay BHRZ has switch BHRZS which closes when the relay BHRZ is energized;
  • booster heat relay BHR3 has switch BHR3S which closes when the relay BHR3 is energized;
  • booster heat relay BHR4 has switch BHR4S which closes when the relay BHR4 is energized;
  • heat relay HR has switches HRS1 and HRS2 which close when the relay HR is energized;
  • indoor heating control thermostat TH has a rst stage switch THS1 which closes at a predetermined indoor temperature, and has a second stage switch THS2 which closes at a lower indoor temperature;
  • outdoor thermostat ODT1 has switch ODTIS which closes at a predetermined outdoor temperature;
  • outdoor thermostat ODT2 has switch ODTZS which closes at a lower outdoor temperature
  • the heat relay HR shunted by the solenoid RVS is connected in series with the first stage switch rlTHSl of the thermostat TH to electric supply lines L1 and L2.
  • the compressor motor starter CMS is connected in series with the switch HRS1 to the lines L1 and L2.
  • the motor CM is connected in series with the switches CMSSl and CMSS2 to the lines L1 and L2.
  • the booster heat relay BHRI is connected in series with the switches HRS2 of the heater relay HR, and THS2 of the thermostat TH to the lines L1 and L2.
  • the switch BHRlS of the booster heat relay BH-Rl is connected in series with the first booster heater BH1 to the lines L1 and L2.
  • the booster heat relay BHRZ is connected in series with the switch HRS2, the switch ODTIS of the lirst outdoor thermostat ODT1, and the switch THS2 to the lines L1 and L2.
  • the switch BHRZS of the relay BHR2 is connected in series with the second booster heater BH2 to the lines L1 and L2.
  • 'Ihe booster heat relay BHR3 is connected in series with the switch HRS2, and the switch ODTZS of the second outdoor thermostat ODT2 to the lines L1 and L2.
  • the switch BHR3S of the relay BHR3 is connected in series with the third booster heater BH3 to the lines L1 and L2.
  • the booster heat relay BHR4 is connected in series with the switch HRS2, and the switch ODT3S of the third outdoor thermostat ODT3 to the lines L1 and L2.
  • the switch BHR4S of the relay BHR4 is connected in series with the fourth booster heater BH4 to the lines L1 and L2.
  • the starters of the fan motors OFM and IFM are not shown since they would be energized when the cornpressor motor starter CMS is energized as is conventional.
  • the conventional indoor, cooling control thermostat is not shown sinc'e it and the circuits it controls are not related to this invention.
  • Heating operation The arrows alongside the tubes of FIG. 1 show the direction of refrigerant liow during heating operation.
  • the indoor thermostat 'FH When the indoor thermostat 'FH calls for heat, it first closes its rst stage switch THS1 which energizes the heater relay HRand the reversal valve solenoid RVS. The latter adjusts the reversal valve RV to its heating position.
  • the switches HRS1 and HRS2 of the relay HR close.
  • the closedy switch HRS1 energizes the compressor motor starter CMS which closes its switches CMSSI and CMSS2 which energize the compressor motor CM.
  • the closed switch HRS2 connects the booster heat relays BHRl, BHRZ, IBHR3 and BHR4 to the line L1, partially completing their energizing circuits.
  • the compressor C is started, land supplies discharge gas through the tube 10, the valve RV, and the tube 13 into the indoor coil 14 to operate the latter as a condenser coil.
  • Liquid from the coil 14 flows through the tube 31 into the manifold 23, and from the latter through the tube 26 and the coil 28 within the accumulator 16 into the subcooling control Ivalve EV operating as an expansion valve.
  • Expanded refrigerant flows from the valve EV through the tube 30 into the manifold 23, and from the latter through the tube 22 into the outdoor coil 12 to operate the latter as an evaporator coil.
  • the valve EV overfeeds the coil 12 so that gas and unevaporated refrigerant liquid dlow from the latter through the tube 11, the valve RV and the tube 15 into the accumulator 1'6.
  • Gas separated from the liquid within the accumulator flows into the open top 19 of the U- shaped suction gas tube portion 18, and through the suction gas tube 17 to the suction side of the compressor C.
  • the fan motors IFM and OFM would be started when the compressor C starts, and would blow air over the coils 14 and 12 respectively.
  • the coil 28 within the accumulator 16 evaporates with heat from the high pressure liquid flowing through it, the refrigerant liquid iiowing from the outdoor coil 12 into the accumulator 16, the high pressure liquid being subcooled by this heat exchange. Any refrigerant liquid entering the suction gas tube 17 through the oil bleed hole 20 is evaporated by heat from the high pressure liquid flowing through the tube 26 where the latter contacts the suction gas tube portion 32, the high pressure liquid being further subcooled by this heat exchange.
  • the indoor coil 14 operating as a condenser coil, heats the indoor air. If the heat from the coil 14 s insuiiicient, and the indoor temperature decreases below the set point of the rst stage thermostat switch THS1, the second stage thermostat switch THS2 closes, and energizes through the closed switch HRS2 of the heater relay HR, the booster heat relay BHRl. The latter closes its switch BHRlS which energizes the rst booster heater BH1. If
  • the switch ODTlS of the outdoor thermostat ODT1 closes, and energizes through the closed switches HRSZ and THS2, the booster heat relay BHRZ.
  • the latter closes its switch BHRZS, energizing the second booster heater BH2.
  • the outdoor temperature decreases below, for example, 5 F. the outdoor thermostat ODTZ closes its switch ODTZS, energizing through the closed switch HRS2, the booster heat relay BHR3 which closes its switch BHRSS which energizes the third booster heater BH3.
  • the second stage thermostat switch THSZ is not connected in the energizing circuits of the third and fourth booster heat relays BHR3 and BHR4 respectively, the latter being controlled only by the outdoor thermostats ODT3 and ODT4 respectively, while the first stage thermostat THS1 is closed and maintains the heater relay HR energized so that the switch HRS2 of the latter is closed.
  • the second stage thermostat switch THSZ can cycle only the first and second booster heaters BH1 and BH2 respectively. This, as previously described, prevents cool drafts, greatly reduces temperature swings, and greatly reduces the maximum electric power load switched on and off.
  • a heat pump comprising a compressor, an indoor coil connected to the discharge side of said compressor so as to operate as a condenser coil to heat indoor air, expansion means connected to said indoor coil, an outdoor coil connected to said expansion means and to the suction side of said compressor so as to operate as an evaporator coil, an indoor thermostat having a first stage switch and having a second stage switch, said second stage switch closing at a lower temperature than that at which said first stage switch closes, means including said first stage switch for starting said compressor, a first electric booster heater, means including said first and second stage switches for energizing said heater, a second electric booster heater, a first outdoor thermostat having a switch which closes at a predetermined outdoor temperaturemeans including said first and second stage switches and said switch of said outdoor thermostat for energizing said second heater, a third electric booster heater, a second outdoor thermostat having a switch which closes at a lower temperature than that at which said switch of said first outdoor thermostat closes, and means including said first stage switch and said switch of said second outdoor thermostat but not
  • a heat pump as claimed in claim 1 in which there are provided a fourth electric booster heater, and a third outdoor thermostat having a switch which closes at an outdoor temperature lower than that at which said switch of said second outdoor thermostat closes, and in which means including said first stage switch and said switch of said third outdoor thermostat but not including said second stage switch is provided for energizing said fourth booster heater.
  • a heat pump comprising a compressor, an electric motor for driving said compressor, electric power connections, a starter for said motor having switching means for connecting said motor to said connections when said starter is connected to said connections, an indoor coil connected to the discharge side of said compressor so as to operate as a condenser coil to heat indoor air, expansion means connected to said indoor coil, an outdoor coil connected to said expansion means and to the suction side of said compressor so as to operate as an evaporator coil, an indoor thermostat having a first stage switch and having a second stage switch which closes at a lower temperature than said first stage switch, a heater relay having first and second switches which close when said relay is connected to said connections, means including said first stage switch for connecting said relay to said connections, means including said first switch of said relay for connecting said starter to said connections, a first electric booster heater, a first booster heat relay having a switch for connecting said heater to said connections when said first booster heat relay is connected to said connections, means connecting said second switch of said heater relay, said second stage switch and said first booster heat relay in series to said connections,
  • a heat pump as claimed in claim 3 in which there are provided a fourth electric booster heater, a fourth booster heat relay having a switch for connecting said fourth heater to said connections when said fourth relay is connected to said connections, a third outdoor thermostat having a switch which closes at a lower outdoor temperature than said switch of said second outdoor thermostat, and means connecting said second switch of said heater relay, said switch of said third outdoor thermostat, and said fourth relay in series to said connections.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
  • Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
US695243A 1968-01-02 1968-01-02 Heat pumps with electric booster heaters Expired - Lifetime US3444923A (en)

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Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3799245A (en) * 1972-11-20 1974-03-26 Gen Motors Corp Controls to cycle fan with electric heater or compressor on heat-cool room air conditioner
US3867979A (en) * 1970-07-07 1975-02-25 Alsthom Cgee Air-conditioning method and apparatus with heat pump
US3996998A (en) * 1974-11-27 1976-12-14 Lennox Industries Inc. Combination furnace--heat pump unit
US4007874A (en) * 1975-08-14 1977-02-15 Wilbert Laudner Heating system
FR2394763A1 (fr) * 1977-06-13 1979-01-12 Gen Electric Unite de conditionnement d'air perfectionnee
US4141408A (en) * 1976-06-16 1979-02-27 Rheem Manufacturing Company Supplementary heat control for heat pump system
FR2408798A1 (fr) * 1977-11-10 1979-06-08 Carrier Corp Commande pour un ensemble combine calorifere-pompe de chaleur
DE3036099A1 (de) * 1979-09-28 1981-04-16 Borg-Warner Corp., 60604 Chicago, Ill. Steuersystem fuer eine waermepumpe
DE3119651A1 (de) * 1981-05-16 1982-12-02 Deutschmeister Bauelemente Gmbh, 6990 Bad Mergentheim Waermepumpe zum beheizen eines raumes
US4550770A (en) * 1983-10-04 1985-11-05 White Consolidated Industries, Inc. Reverse cycle room air conditioner with auxilliary heat actuated at low and high outdoor temperatures
US5715690A (en) * 1996-10-03 1998-02-10 Ponder; Henderson F. Microwave thermal heat pump defroster
US5722245A (en) * 1996-08-27 1998-03-03 Ponder; Henderson Frank Microwave heat pump defroster
US5771699A (en) * 1996-10-02 1998-06-30 Ponder; Henderson F. Three coil electric heat pump
US20020156750A1 (en) * 2001-04-24 2002-10-24 Kuniaki Kawamura Business system for supplying heat and cold heat

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS51139816U (enExample) * 1975-05-01 1976-11-11
JPS5213217U (enExample) * 1975-07-12 1977-01-29
JPS5861918U (ja) * 1981-10-21 1983-04-26 三國工業株式会社 スプリング内蔵式連結桿

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2806674A (en) * 1954-09-02 1957-09-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Heat pumps
US3167114A (en) * 1961-08-16 1965-01-26 Carrier Corp Heat pump control
US3183965A (en) * 1961-08-01 1965-05-18 Carrier Corp Heat pump control circuit
US3261395A (en) * 1964-01-08 1966-07-19 Carrier Corp Refrigeration system control
US3318372A (en) * 1965-06-21 1967-05-09 Earl R Shell Emergency control system for a heat pump and method

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2806674A (en) * 1954-09-02 1957-09-17 Westinghouse Electric Corp Heat pumps
US3183965A (en) * 1961-08-01 1965-05-18 Carrier Corp Heat pump control circuit
US3167114A (en) * 1961-08-16 1965-01-26 Carrier Corp Heat pump control
US3261395A (en) * 1964-01-08 1966-07-19 Carrier Corp Refrigeration system control
US3318372A (en) * 1965-06-21 1967-05-09 Earl R Shell Emergency control system for a heat pump and method

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3867979A (en) * 1970-07-07 1975-02-25 Alsthom Cgee Air-conditioning method and apparatus with heat pump
US3799245A (en) * 1972-11-20 1974-03-26 Gen Motors Corp Controls to cycle fan with electric heater or compressor on heat-cool room air conditioner
US3996998A (en) * 1974-11-27 1976-12-14 Lennox Industries Inc. Combination furnace--heat pump unit
US4007874A (en) * 1975-08-14 1977-02-15 Wilbert Laudner Heating system
US4141408A (en) * 1976-06-16 1979-02-27 Rheem Manufacturing Company Supplementary heat control for heat pump system
US4263962A (en) * 1977-06-13 1981-04-28 General Electric Company Heat pump control system
FR2394763A1 (fr) * 1977-06-13 1979-01-12 Gen Electric Unite de conditionnement d'air perfectionnee
FR2408798A1 (fr) * 1977-11-10 1979-06-08 Carrier Corp Commande pour un ensemble combine calorifere-pompe de chaleur
US4178988A (en) * 1977-11-10 1979-12-18 Carrier Corporation Control for a combination furnace and heat pump system
DE3036099A1 (de) * 1979-09-28 1981-04-16 Borg-Warner Corp., 60604 Chicago, Ill. Steuersystem fuer eine waermepumpe
US4265299A (en) * 1979-09-28 1981-05-05 Borg-Warner Corporation Heat pump control system
DE3119651A1 (de) * 1981-05-16 1982-12-02 Deutschmeister Bauelemente Gmbh, 6990 Bad Mergentheim Waermepumpe zum beheizen eines raumes
US4550770A (en) * 1983-10-04 1985-11-05 White Consolidated Industries, Inc. Reverse cycle room air conditioner with auxilliary heat actuated at low and high outdoor temperatures
US5722245A (en) * 1996-08-27 1998-03-03 Ponder; Henderson Frank Microwave heat pump defroster
US5771699A (en) * 1996-10-02 1998-06-30 Ponder; Henderson F. Three coil electric heat pump
US5715690A (en) * 1996-10-03 1998-02-10 Ponder; Henderson F. Microwave thermal heat pump defroster
US20020156750A1 (en) * 2001-04-24 2002-10-24 Kuniaki Kawamura Business system for supplying heat and cold heat

Also Published As

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