US3428431A - Geochemical petroleum exploration method - Google Patents
Geochemical petroleum exploration method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3428431A US3428431A US455330A US3428431DA US3428431A US 3428431 A US3428431 A US 3428431A US 455330 A US455330 A US 455330A US 3428431D A US3428431D A US 3428431DA US 3428431 A US3428431 A US 3428431A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- waters
- metals
- geochemical
- deposits
- petroleum
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 title description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 10
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 8
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 3
- -1 bicanbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008398 formation water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000364021 Tulsa Species 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003209 petroleum derivative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009897 systematic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/24—Earth materials
- G01N33/241—Earth materials for hydrocarbon content
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V9/00—Prospecting or detecting by methods not provided for in groups G01V1/00 - G01V8/00
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method of geochemical prospecting for hidden hydrocarbon deposits by analyzing subsurface brines or other waters for the presence of dissolved transition metals, in particular metals of the first transition series such as iron, cobalt, manganese, etc.
- the search for hydrocarbon deposits by geochemistry has heretofore been conducted by seeking actual evidence of leakage from the deposits themselves.
- One method of geochemical prospecting has been conducted by making systematic collection of soil samples over an area to be mapped and testing the soil samples for a variety of components believed indicative of the presence of hydrocarbon deposits.
- Inorganic substances considered indicative include carbonates, bicanbonates, sulfates, sulfides, halides, etc.
- the lighter paraflinic hydrocarbons which are presumed to have migrated from deep subsurface hydrocarbon deposits.
- One of the difiiculties en countered with this method of prospecting is that generally there is a wide variation of the sorpti ve and retentive capacities of the soil samples taken over a plurality of locations. This is due primarily to the differences in chemical and physical properties of the soil itself. A pattern of such concentration values may thus not give a true indication of the proximity of hydrocarbon deposits.
- techniques have been used for detecting extremely small concentrations of crude hydrocarbons dispersed in drilling fluids.
- One of the problems which has been encountered in this type of prospecting for crude oil deposits is that positive indications are obtained when the drilling fluid is contaminated with refined petroleum products, such as pipe-thread grease or lubricating oils.
- the present invention is directed to overcoming the problems encountered in geochemical prospecting such as discussed above.
- the present invention is directed to a method of geochemical prospecting'wherein information concerning the proximity of hydrocarbon deposits or source beds is derived by gll ecting aqueoussubterranean samples from prospect areas and wildcatwells and determining the concentration of dissolved transition metalsinthe samples.
- the presence of these dissolved transition metals is an indication that these subterranean waters have been in contact with or are near a petroliferous deposit since the reaction between crude oil and its associatedformation waters results in reduction of the oxidizing capability of the waters.
- the waters are n g lgng c r capable of oxidizing the transition metals sugh asiign, nickel, EobalL ietci, and the 'trahsitio'n metals are, therefore, reduced.
- This reduction leads to an increase in the concentration of the transition metals in the formation waters because the metals are soluble in the reduced state but are highly insoluble in the oxidized state.
- the proximity to petroleum deposits is indicated by an increase in the concentration of transition metals in the X n formation waters.
- any suitable rnejhod of t analysis- may be employed, for example, atomic a-bsorpt i 9 n.
- the samples for analysis may comprise formation t waters obtained by swabbing, drill-stem test fluids obtained from a drill-stem test, or samples of underground waters obtained by any convenient means.
- formation water samples are analyzed for their water soluble transition metals content, after which th e results of such analyses are plotted.
- the results, when plotted, either in plan or in profile, or both, will show a pattern of generally increasing concentration toward an oil or gas def posit.
- transition metals may not yield distinctive patterns, usually this failure to give a pattern adjacent a producing area will be confined to one, or a few, metals and the characteristic pattern will be shown by analysis for any number of the other transition metals condemn an a'realbeca se analysis for one metal failed to I give a characteristi pattern, and the patterns of other metals should be obtained so that it can be determined whether or not a significant pattern is obtained with a majority of the metals. Even if a significant pattern is obtained with only one metal, which would indeed be a rare case, further exploration of the area would be in order.
- Table 1 lists the concentrations of some transition metals in various formation waters, e.g., formation brines, from oil producing areas. These data compared with sea water demonstrate that the concentrations in formation waters are often hundreds of times that of sea water.
- transition metal concentrations illustrated above reveal the general nature of the results attainable by the practice of the present invention. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the particular metals listed but encompasses those metals, e.g. transition metals, which are soluble in the reduced state but are insoluble in the oxidized state, especially the metals of the first transition series including in addition to iron, cobalt and manganese, nickel, vanadium, titanium, chromium, and scandium.
- the method of exploration for petroleum deposits which comprises systematically collecting formation water gt nples from a prospect area am concentration in the original samples of at least two a l in the reduced state and insoluble in the oxidized state as an indication of the proximity of petroleum deposits,
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geophysics (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
Description
United statement 7 3,428,431 GEOCHEMICAL PETROLEUM EXPLORATION METHOD Gale K. Billings, Tulsa, Okla., assignor, by mesne assignments, to Sinclair Research, Inc., New York, N.Y., a
corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed May 12, 1965, Ser. No. 455,330 U.S. Cl. 23230 1 Claim Int. Cl. 601v 9/00, 33/18; G01n 33/24 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The method of exploration for petroleum deposits which comprises collecting samples of formation waters from wells and determining the concentration of at least one transition metal in said waters as a component indicative of the presence of petroleum deposits.
This invention relates to a method of geochemical prospecting for hidden hydrocarbon deposits by analyzing subsurface brines or other waters for the presence of dissolved transition metals, in particular metals of the first transition series such as iron, cobalt, manganese, etc.
The search for hydrocarbon deposits by geochemistry has heretofore been conducted by seeking actual evidence of leakage from the deposits themselves. One method of geochemical prospecting has been conducted by making systematic collection of soil samples over an area to be mapped and testing the soil samples for a variety of components believed indicative of the presence of hydrocarbon deposits. Inorganic substances considered indicative include carbonates, bicanbonates, sulfates, sulfides, halides, etc. Among the other components for which these samples have been tested are the lighter paraflinic hydrocarbons which are presumed to have migrated from deep subsurface hydrocarbon deposits. One of the difiiculties en countered with this method of prospecting is that generally there is a wide variation of the sorpti ve and retentive capacities of the soil samples taken over a plurality of locations. This is due primarily to the differences in chemical and physical properties of the soil itself. A pattern of such concentration values may thus not give a true indication of the proximity of hydrocarbon deposits. In other known methods of geochemical prospecting, techniques have been used for detecting extremely small concentrations of crude hydrocarbons dispersed in drilling fluids. One of the problems which has been encountered in this type of prospecting for crude oil deposits is that positive indications are obtained when the drilling fluid is contaminated with refined petroleum products, such as pipe-thread grease or lubricating oils. The present invention is directed to overcoming the problems encountered in geochemical prospecting such as discussed above.
In general, the present invention is directed to a method of geochemical prospecting'wherein information concerning the proximity of hydrocarbon deposits or source beds is derived by gll ecting aqueoussubterranean samples from prospect areas and wildcatwells and determining the concentration of dissolved transition metalsinthe samples. The presence of these dissolved transition metals is an indication that these subterranean waters have been in contact with or are near a petroliferous deposit since the reaction between crude oil and its associatedformation waters results in reduction of the oxidizing capability of the waters. In other words, the waters are n g lgng c r capable of oxidizing the transition metals sugh asiign, nickel, EobalL ietci, and the 'trahsitio'n metals are, therefore, reduced. This reduction leads to an increase in the concentration of the transition metals in the formation waters because the metals are soluble in the reduced state but are highly insoluble in the oxidized state. Thus, the proximity to petroleum deposits is indicated by an increase in the concentration of transition metals in the X n formation waters. By measuring the concentration of di sso l ved transition 7 metals in fluid samples obtained for instance froth wild 4-" cat'wells, even though 'considered to be dry holes, it is possible to determine whether a particular formation is completely barren or whether nearby portions may be petroliferous. Such information obtained by dt ct ing fse -iu th -su n eseuatersncbtinesjro wilggytygells. may guide further drilling activity in the area. Transition metals in varying concentrations have been found in tests on dry holes and increasing metal concentration is interpreted as indicating the direction toward petroleum deposits.
In practicing this invention any suitable rnejhod of t analysis-may be employed, for example, atomic a-bsorpt i 9 n. The samples for analysis may comprise formation t waters obtained by swabbing, drill-stem test fluids obtained from a drill-stem test, or samples of underground waters obtained by any convenient means.
Generally speaking, in accordance with this invention, formation water samples are analyzed for their water soluble transition metals content, after which th e results of such analyses are plotted. The results, when plotted, either in plan or in profile, or both, will show a pattern of generally increasing concentration toward an oil or gas def posit. It is, of course, true that there will be variations i" in the concentrations of the transition metals in the formation waters from different localities due to the history of the waters, formation surrounding the waters, etc., even in the absence of petroleum deposits; however, larger variations will be found due to the presence of buriedpetroleum deposits and, as a rule, the small natural variations are negligible as compared to the larger variations resulting from the presence of buried petroleum deposits.7 .f"\ In the present invention, it is a trend, i.e. increase in the 6 amount of transition metals in the water, and not the amount per se, that is indicative of the presence of petroleum. Also, although in some areas it :has been found upon analysis that certain transition metals may not yield distinctive patterns, usually this failure to give a pattern adjacent a producing area will be confined to one, or a few, metals and the characteristic pattern will be shown by analysis for any number of the other transition metals condemn an a'realbeca se analysis for one metal failed to I give a characteristi pattern, and the patterns of other metals should be obtained so that it can be determined whether or not a significant pattern is obtained with a majority of the metals. Even if a significant pattern is obtained with only one metal, which would indeed be a rare case, further exploration of the area would be in order.
Table 1 lists the concentrations of some transition metals in various formation waters, e.g., formation brines, from oil producing areas. These data compared with sea water demonstrate that the concentrations in formation waters are often hundreds of times that of sea water.
TABLE 1 P.p.m. Fo P.p.m. Co P.p.m. Mn
The transition metal concentrations illustrated above reveal the general nature of the results attainable by the practice of the present invention. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the particular metals listed but encompasses those metals, e.g. transition metals, which are soluble in the reduced state but are insoluble in the oxidized state, especially the metals of the first transition series including in addition to iron, cobalt and manganese, nickel, vanadium, titanium, chromium, and scandium.
It is claimed:
1. The method of exploration for petroleum deposits which comprises systematically collecting formation water gt nples from a prospect area am concentration in the original samples of at least two a l in the reduced state and insoluble in the oxidized state as an indication of the proximity of petroleum deposits,
UNITED STATES PATENTS 2/ 1943 Horvitz 23-230 OTHER REFERENCES Graham B. Moody, Petroleum Exploration Handbook, Chapt. 5, p. 11 and Chapt. 22, p. 14, McGraw- Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1961.
MORRIS O. WOLK, Primaly Examiner.
S. MARANTZ, Assistant Examiner.
U.S. C1. X.R.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US45533065A | 1965-05-12 | 1965-05-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3428431A true US3428431A (en) | 1969-02-18 |
Family
ID=23808376
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US455330A Expired - Lifetime US3428431A (en) | 1965-05-12 | 1965-05-12 | Geochemical petroleum exploration method |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3428431A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3524346A (en) * | 1968-07-15 | 1970-08-18 | Pan American Petroleum Corp | Geochemical prospecting method |
| US20050239206A1 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-10-27 | Petroleum Habitats, L.L.C. | Assays for zero-valent transition metals in sedimentary rocks with applications to oil and gas exploration |
| US20050250209A1 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-11-10 | Petroleum Habitats, Llc | Determining metal content of source rock during well logging |
| US20080115935A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2008-05-22 | Mango Frank D | In situ conversion of heavy hydrocarbons to catalytic gas |
| US20090014179A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2009-01-15 | Mango Frank D | In Situ Conversion Of Heavy Hydrocarbons To Catalytic Gas |
| US8727006B2 (en) | 2010-05-04 | 2014-05-20 | Petroleum Habitats, Llc | Detecting and remedying hydrogen starvation of catalytic hydrocarbon generation reactions in earthen formations |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2310291A (en) * | 1940-09-23 | 1943-02-09 | Esme E Rosaire | Geochemical prospecting |
-
1965
- 1965-05-12 US US455330A patent/US3428431A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2310291A (en) * | 1940-09-23 | 1943-02-09 | Esme E Rosaire | Geochemical prospecting |
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3524346A (en) * | 1968-07-15 | 1970-08-18 | Pan American Petroleum Corp | Geochemical prospecting method |
| US20050239206A1 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-10-27 | Petroleum Habitats, L.L.C. | Assays for zero-valent transition metals in sedimentary rocks with applications to oil and gas exploration |
| US20050250209A1 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-11-10 | Petroleum Habitats, Llc | Determining metal content of source rock during well logging |
| US7435597B2 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2008-10-14 | Petroleum Habitats, L.L.C. | Assays for zero-valent transition metals in sedimentary rocks using carbon monoxide with application to oil and gas exploration |
| US20080115935A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2008-05-22 | Mango Frank D | In situ conversion of heavy hydrocarbons to catalytic gas |
| US20090014179A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2009-01-15 | Mango Frank D | In Situ Conversion Of Heavy Hydrocarbons To Catalytic Gas |
| US20100200234A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2010-08-12 | Mango Frank D | In Situ Conversion of Heavy Hydrocarbons to Catalytic Gas |
| US7845414B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2010-12-07 | Petroleum Habitats, L.L.C. | In situ conversion of heavy hydrocarbons to catalytic gas |
| US20110077445A1 (en) * | 2006-01-06 | 2011-03-31 | Mango Frank D | Generating natural gas from heavy hydrocarbons |
| US8091643B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2012-01-10 | Petroleum Habitats, Llc | In situ conversion of heavy hydrocarbons to catalytic gas |
| US8273937B2 (en) | 2006-01-06 | 2012-09-25 | Petroleum Habitats, Llc | Generating natural gas from heavy hydrocarbons |
| US8727006B2 (en) | 2010-05-04 | 2014-05-20 | Petroleum Habitats, Llc | Detecting and remedying hydrogen starvation of catalytic hydrocarbon generation reactions in earthen formations |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Kaufman et al. | Gas chromatography as a development and production tool for fingerprinting oils from individual reservoirs: applications in the Gulf of Mexico | |
| Halpern | Development and applications of light-hydrocarbon-based star diagrams | |
| Wen et al. | Big groundwater data sets reveal possible rare contamination amid otherwise improved water quality for some analytes in a region of Marcellus shale development | |
| Larter et al. | Reservoir geochemistry: methods, applications and opportunities | |
| Moldowan et al. | Underutilized advanced geochemical technologies for oil and gas exploration and production-1. The diamondoids | |
| Lisk et al. | Quantitative evaluation of the oil-leg potential in the Oliver gas field, Timor Sea, Australia | |
| CN110325856B (en) | Use of metal isotopes in the exploration, development and production of hydrocarbons | |
| Al-Areeq | Petroleum source rocks characterization and hydrocarbon generation | |
| Wen et al. | Exploring how to use groundwater chemistry to identify migration of methane near shale gas wells in the Appalachian Basin | |
| England | Reservoir geochemistry—A reservoir engineering perspective | |
| Masoudi et al. | Developing a method for identification of net zones using log data and diffusivity equation | |
| Abrams | Marine seepage variability and its impact on evaluating the surface migrated hydrocarbon seep signal | |
| US3428431A (en) | Geochemical petroleum exploration method | |
| Osadetz et al. | Western Canada Sedimentary Basin petroleum systems: A working and evolving paradigm | |
| Curiale | Correlation of Oils and Source Rocks--A Conceptual and Historical Perspective: Chapter 15: Part IV. Identification and Characterization | |
| US3524346A (en) | Geochemical prospecting method | |
| Gardien et al. | Hydraulic fracture diagnosis using chemical tracers | |
| Curtis et al. | Gulf Coast Cenozoic: a model for the application of stratigraphic concepts to exploration on passive margins | |
| Baskin et al. | Prediction of oil gravity prior to drill-stem testing in Monterey Formation reservoirs, offshore California | |
| Ostroff | Comparison of some formation water classification systems | |
| Beeunas et al. | Reservoir continuity and architecture of the Genesis field, Gulf of Mexico (Green Canyon 205): An integration of fluid geochemistry within the geologic and engineering framework | |
| Gevirtz et al. | Surface geochemical exploration in the North Sea | |
| Waples | Modern approaches in source-rock evaluation | |
| Rein et al. | Applications of natural gas tracers in the detection of reservoir compartmentalisation and production monitoring | |
| Weismann | RP 2 Developments in Geochemistry and their Contribution to Hydrocarbon Exploration |