US3418512A - Regenerative cycle electric incandescent lamp - Google Patents

Regenerative cycle electric incandescent lamp Download PDF

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Publication number
US3418512A
US3418512A US468482A US46848265A US3418512A US 3418512 A US3418512 A US 3418512A US 468482 A US468482 A US 468482A US 46848265 A US46848265 A US 46848265A US 3418512 A US3418512 A US 3418512A
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United States
Prior art keywords
hydrogen
lamp
filament
bulb
tungsten
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Expired - Lifetime
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US468482A
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English (en)
Inventor
T Jampens Germain Remi
Meije Riksterus Auguste Maria
Martinus Henricus Adrianu Weij
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US Philips Corp
North American Philips Co Inc
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US Philips Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K1/00—Details
    • H01K1/50—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified pressure thereof
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K1/00—Details
    • H01K1/28—Envelopes; Vessels
    • H01K1/34—Double wall vessels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K1/00—Details
    • H01K1/52—Means for obtaining or maintaining the desired pressure within the vessel
    • H01K1/54—Means for absorbing or absorbing gas, or for preventing or removing efflorescence, e.g. by gettering
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electric incandescent lamp in which a tungsten filament is arranged in a bulb which is pervious to light.
  • the bulb contains, in addition to an inert filling gas, a reactive transport gas the object of which is to prevent blackening of the bulb during burning by means of a regenerative cyclic process in which the tungsten which evaporates from the filament is converted into a volatile compound which decomposes in the proximity of or on the filament.
  • a tungsten filament is understood to include wires or coiled wires of tungsten.
  • the construction of the lamp must be such that the comparatively cold parts of tungsten during burning assume a temperature above approximately 800 C. and the wall of the bulb assumes a temperature above approximately 250 C.
  • a cylindrical bulb of quartz in which a filament of tungsten is arranged along the axis of the cylinder.
  • Such a lamp has a greater efiiciency expressed in lumen/watt than normal incandescent lamps have, while maintaining a substantially constant lumen/Watt output during the whole life of the lamp.
  • the filament fuses at a comparatively hot point.
  • tungsten crystals in the form of dendrites are formed at the ends of the filament, at the points Where the filament is supported, and at, the comparatively cold regions along the filament.
  • the temperature of the entire filament in the presence of chlorine would have to be at least approximately. 2500" C., and in the presence of bromine at least approximately 1700 C. during burning. Structurally this is difiicult to realize with the present materials known for lamp manufacture.
  • iodine as the transport gas provides many drawbacks. For example, it is difiicult to introduce the exact quantity of iodine required in a lamp.
  • the vapor pressure of iodine at room temperature is lower than the pressure required in the lamp for a proper functioning of the tungsten-iodine cycle.
  • the filling is consequently performed usually at temperatures higher than room temperature. In that case it is necessary to accurately control the temperature of the filling device and of the lamp during filling.
  • iodine is very reactive with respect to many metals; consequently the iodine filling device must consist of iodine-resistant material.
  • the tungsten-iodine cycle has been found tobe particularly sensitive to all kinds of impurities. This sensitivity requires that all the materials used for the lamp have to be subjected to an extensive cleaning process. This is particularly true in the case of the tungsten filament.
  • the colour of iodine is undesired in certaincases, in the visible light an absorption of 4 to 5% occurs.
  • an incandescent lamp comprising a tungsten filament, an envelope means containing said filament which has 'a low permeability to hydrogen, an inert filler gas within said envelope, and a gaseous mixture within said envelope selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and chlorine, or hydrogen and bromine.
  • chlorine and hydrogen, and bromine and hydrogen is considerably simpler than of iodine, because these elements are gases or are volatile at room temperature or can be dosed via volatile or gaseous compounds which, in addition, are usually less reactive than iodine.
  • volatile or gaseous compounds are, for example, hydrogen chloride and chlorinated hydrocarbons which, in the case of hydrogen chloride in decomposition supplies chlorine and hydrogen, or in the case of the chlorinated hydrocarbons which, in decomposition form, chloroform, methylene chloride, ethylene dichloride, mixtures of these, or of methane and carbon tetrachloride.
  • the gaseous compounds hydrogen bromide and brominated hydrocarbons which on decomposition, supply bromine and hydrogen in the case of hydrogen bromide and bromoform, methylene bromide, methyl bromide, ethylene-dibromide, mixtures of these or of methane and other hydrocarbons with carbon tetrabromide in the case of the brominated hydrocarbons.
  • chlorinated or brominated hydrocarbon if required together with hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide respectively and/or chlorine or bromine and/or hydrogen a carbon getter may also be introduced into the lamp for gettering oxygen which element may disturb the regenerative cyclic process.
  • the filling pressure of hydrogen chloride to be chosen depends in a complicated manner upon the temperature of the filament during burning of the lamp, on the geometry of the lamp and the filling pressure of the inert gas.
  • the most favourable filling pressure of hydrogen chloride can be determined by simple experiment.
  • a favourable filling pressure usually lies between 7 and 14 mm. with respect to hydrogen chloride.
  • the reactive transport gas comprising hydrogen and chlorine need not contain accurately equivalent quantities of chlorine and hydrogen although this is to be preferred.
  • a small excess of hydrogen may be favourable in certain conditions, while a small excess of chlorine need not have a disturbing influence.
  • the best results are obtained when the ratio in gram atoms between chlorine and hydrogen in the gas mixtures lies between 4:5 and 5:4.
  • the lamp In order to lose no tungsten by condensation of tungsten chlorides on the wall of the bulb, iti s to be preferred to construct the lamp so that the wall of the bulb during burning reaches a temperature of approximately 350 C. or higher. Structurally, this can easily be realized. Since no blackening of the bulb occurs by condensation of tungsten on the wall of the bulb the distance between the filament and the wall of the bulb may be chosen to be very small.
  • the wall of the bulb of a lamp containing hydrogen bromide remains transparent. It has been found in addition that a lamp, the wall of the bulb of which is blackened by tungsten deposition, becomes entirely bright after having been filled with HBr or a HBr-supplying substance or mixture of substances after a short period of burning.
  • the filling pressure of hydrogen bromide to be chosen depends upon the temperature of the filament during burning of the lamp, upon the geometry of the lamp and the filling pressure of the inert gas. However, the most favourable filling pressure of hydrogen bromide can be determined for each type of lamp with a restricted series of simple experiments. It has been found that this filling pressure is of minor eriticalness and may lie between 1 mm. and 1 atm. HBr.
  • the reactive transport gas preferably contains nonequivalent quantities of bromine and hydrogen.
  • An excess of hydrogen has been found to be very favourable for the life of the lamp. The best results are obtained when the ratio in gram atoms between bromine and hydrogen in the gas mixture lies between 1:1 and 1:7, although ratios to 1:10 and higher may give good results also; however, the absolute quantity of hydrogen may not become so high that the heat conductivity of the filling gas becomes too great as a result.
  • the lamp In order to lose no tungsten by condensation of tungsten bromides on the wall of the bulb it is recommendable to construct the lamp so that the wall of the bulb during burning reaches a temperature of approximately 300 C. or higher. structurally, this can be simply realized. Since no blackening of the wall occurs by condensation of tungsten on the wall of the bulb the distance between the filament and the wall of the bulb may be chosen to be very small.
  • the lamp may be constructed so that during operation of the lamp at the voltage for which the lamp is designed the temperature of the filament is so high that the resulting life of the filament is already ended before the comparatively cold tungsten parts in the lamp are damaged as a result of chemical attack by chlorine or bromine in a manner which is detrimental to the life of the lamp.
  • Such lamps may be used in optical systems in which it is not so much the long life of the lamp but rather the maintenance of a substantially constant luminous efiiciency per watt during the whole life of the lamp that matters. Examples hereof are, for example, projection lamps, film lamps and photographic lamps, motorcar lamps and lamps for other special uses in which the filament temperature in general exceeds 3000 K. and the guaranteed life of the lamp usually is 15 to hours. It has been found to be very readily possible however to manufacture lamps comprising hydrogen and bromine having life-times of 1000 hours and more.
  • the bulb may also be manufactured from a type of quartz which is less permeable to hydrogen than is melted silicon dioxide. Alternatively, high-melting-point types of glass which do not pass hydrogen could be used.
  • the bulb of a material which passes hydrogen may be provided in a bulb which does not pass hydrogen and the space between the two bulbs may be filled with hydrogen gas or a mixture of hydrogen and an inert gas.
  • a further advantage is that the hydrogen-chlorine and hydrogen-bromine compounds in question substantially always are colourless and that consequently no loss of light occurs by absorption.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-section of an incandescent lamp comprising an inner bulb and an outer bulb wherein the filament is arranged in the inner bulb and a hydrogencontaining gas is present between the inner bulb and the outer bulb, and
  • FIGS. 2 and 3 are also cross-sections of incandescent lamps.
  • FIG. 1 shows a partial cross-section of a filament lamp.
  • a coiled filament :1 of tungsten which is connected to molybdenum plates 2 is arranged in a cylindrical bulb 3 of quartz.
  • the filament is supported by the coiled tungsten supports 7 and 8.
  • the metal holders 4 and 5 which also serve as current conductors to the filament 1.
  • the lamp is fixed in an outer bulb 6 of glass or another transparent and gas-tight material.
  • the inner bulb contains a mixture of an inert gas and hydrogen chloride, the intermediate space between the inner bulb and the outer bulb contains a hydrogen-containing inert gas.
  • the inner bulb had an inside diameter of 7 /2 mm., a length of 150 mm., and the coiled tungsten filament has a length of approximately 150 cm. and a diameter of 1 mm.
  • the filament had 225 v. applied thereto for a 1000 watt output with a luminous efficiency of 20 lumen/watt.
  • the inner bulb was filled with a mixture of argon and hydrogen chloride which contained 1.6% by volume of hydrogen chloride (partial pressure hydrogen chloride 11.2 mm.) to a pressure of 700 mm.
  • the space between the inner bulb and the outer bulb was filled to a pressure of 200 mm. with a mixture of argon and hydrogen of which the hydrogen content was varied between and 1.0 Torr (00.5% by volume) according to Table 1 below which shows the life of the lamp in accordance with this percentage of hydrogen.
  • the load of the filament was chosen to be so that the life thereof was shorter than the time at which a variation of the chlorine-hydrogen ratio by loss of hydrogen occurred which was detrimental to the life.
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross-section of a so-called photographic lamp of 1000 watt, 3400 K. colour temperature at 225 volts and 32 lumen/watt luminous efficiency.
  • the lamp comprises a bulb 3 of quartz having the following dimensions: inside diameter 7.5 mm., length 89 mm.,
  • Reference characters 7 and 8 indicate supports, and 2 indicates a molybdenum plate.
  • the lamps were filled with a mixture of argonnitrogen (8%) and 1.6% by volume of HCl, filling pressure 700 mm. The life was the same as that of an iodine lamp which contained mm. of I and was approximately 40 hours. The same was found when methylene dichloride was used with a filling pressure of 9 mm.
  • the lamps were filled with a mixture of argon-nitrogen (8%) at a filling pressure of 600 mm. and varying quantities of bromine containing transport gas according to Table 2. The average life of comparable iodine lamps is approximately 27 hours.
  • FIG. 3 shows a partial cross-section of a filament lamp.
  • a coiled filament 1 of tungsten which is connected to molybdenum plates 2 is located in a cylindrical bulb 3 of quartz. The filament is supported by the coiled supports 7 and 8 of tungsten.
  • the lamp contains a mixture of an inert gas and hydrogen bromide or a compound supplying hydrogen bromide. The proportions of the bulb were: inside diameter 7.5 mm. and length mm.
  • the coiled tungsten filament had a length of approximately 150 cm., and a wire diameter of 1 mm. 225 Volts were applied thereto to develop a 1000 watt output.
  • the resulting luminous efiiciency was 22 lumen per watt.
  • the bulb was filled with a mixture of argon and hydrogen bromide to a pressure of 3 atm. After burning for 600 hours lamps which contained 7 and 14 mm. of HBr respectively had not yet fused and the supports were not yet attacked.
  • the load of the filament was chosen to be so that the life thereof was shorter than the time in which a variation of the brominehydrogen ratio which is detrimental to the life occurred by loss of hydrogen.
  • An incandescent lamp comprising an envelope means of low permeability to hydrogen; a tungsten filament within said envelope, an inert filler ⁇ gas disposed within said envelope, and a gaseous mixture disposed within said envelope selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and chlorine, hydrogen and bromine, chlorinated hydrocarbons and brominated' hydrocarbons, wherein said envelope comprises a quartz glass bulb containing said filament, and an outer globe surrounding said bulb in spaced relation, said globe comprising a material permeable to light and having low permeability to hydrogen, and the space between said bulb and globe having a hydrogen filler, and means supporting said bulb within said globe.
  • An incandescent lamp comprising a substantially cylindrical envelope having a lower permeability to hydrogen than melted silicon dioxide; a coiled tungsten filament within said envelope having a linear axis substantially coincident with the centroidal axis of said cylindrical envelope, said envelope closely surrounding said filament so that the interior wall of said envelope is heated during operation to a temperature in excess of 300 C.; an inert gas disposed within said envelope and a gaseous mixture disposed within said envelope for initiating and maintaining a regenerative cycle wherein the tungsten from the filament is vaporized, deposited on said inner envelope wall, combined with said gaseous mixture, returned to the region of the heated filament, separated from said gaseous mixture and redeposited on said filament, said gaseous mixture being selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride and the chlorinated hydrocarbons, wherein said gaseous mixture within said envelope is at a partial pressure within the range of 7 to 14 mm. and the ratio in gram atoms between chlorine and hydrogen is in the range between 4:5 and 5:
  • An incandescent lamp comprising a substantially cylindrical envelope having a lower permeability to hydrogen than melted silicon dioxide, a coiled tungsten fila-,
  • tungsten from the filament is vaporized, deposited on said inner envelope wall, combined with said gaseous mixture, returned to the region of the heated filament, separated from said gaseous mixture and redeposited on said filament, said gaseous mixture being selected from the group consisting of hydrogen bromide and the brominated hydrocarbons, wherein said gaseous mixture within said envelope is at a partial pressure within the range of 1 m-m. to 1 atmosphere and the ratio in gram atoms between bromine and hydrogen is in the range between 1:1 and 1:7.

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  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Discharge Lamp (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Common Detailed Techniques For Electron Tubes Or Discharge Tubes (AREA)
US468482A 1964-07-01 1965-06-30 Regenerative cycle electric incandescent lamp Expired - Lifetime US3418512A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL6407446A NL6407446A (cs) 1964-07-01 1964-07-01

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US468482A Expired - Lifetime US3418512A (en) 1964-07-01 1965-06-30 Regenerative cycle electric incandescent lamp

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US (1) US3418512A (cs)
AT (1) AT254332B (cs)
BE (1) BE666185A (cs)
CH (1) CH440450A (cs)
DE (1) DE1489437B2 (cs)
DK (1) DK109157C (cs)
ES (1) ES314753A1 (cs)
GB (1) GB1064532A (cs)
NL (1) NL6407446A (cs)
SE (1) SE324182B (cs)

Cited By (20)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3521109A (en) * 1968-04-18 1970-07-21 Gen Electric Tubular halogen cycle incandescent lamps
US3538373A (en) * 1967-01-04 1970-11-03 Philips Corp Electric incandescent lamp containing a reactive carrier gas which comprises hydrogen and bromine and/or chlorine and hydrogen
US3584254A (en) * 1967-09-12 1971-06-08 Matsushita Electronics Corp Halogen type tungsten filament lamp including ammonium in its gas fill
US3585435A (en) * 1968-06-22 1971-06-15 Philips Corp Electric incandescent lamp
JPS5022480A (cs) * 1973-06-28 1975-03-10
US3912960A (en) * 1974-06-21 1975-10-14 Gen Electric Halogen lamp with internal molybdenum parts
US4015158A (en) * 1974-08-30 1977-03-29 General Electric Company Bromine lamp with molybdenum parts
US4027189A (en) * 1973-11-01 1977-05-31 Thorn Electrical Industries Limited Tungsten halogen lamp
US4065694A (en) * 1975-02-25 1977-12-27 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Regenerative-cycle incandescent lamp containing SnI4 additive
US4074168A (en) * 1973-10-10 1978-02-14 U.S. Philips Corporation Halogen incandescent lamp whose filler gas comprises bromine, chlorine and hydrogen
US4233536A (en) * 1978-12-18 1980-11-11 Gte Products Corporation Incandescent lamp getter
US4314176A (en) * 1978-09-13 1982-02-02 U.S. Philips Corporation Halogen incandescent lamp
US4453107A (en) * 1982-01-22 1984-06-05 Gte Products Corporation Long life tungsten halogen lamp with hydrogen bromide and methyl bromide
US4508991A (en) * 1981-10-02 1985-04-02 Patent Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrische Gluhlampen Mbh Halogen cycle incandescent lamp and method for the protection of its inner surface
WO1985001833A1 (en) * 1983-10-14 1985-04-25 Duro-Test Corporation Incandescent lamp with high pressure rare gas filled tungsten-halogen element and transparent thick walled safety envelope
US4547704A (en) * 1983-08-01 1985-10-15 General Electric Company Higher efficiency incandescent lighting units
US4550270A (en) * 1983-05-02 1985-10-29 Gte Products Corporation Tungsten halogen lamp having a fine-wire filament and a hydrogen-impervious envelope
US4702717A (en) * 1987-01-30 1987-10-27 Gte Products Corporation Method of making electric lamp with internal conductive reflector
US4720652A (en) * 1987-01-20 1988-01-19 Cooper Industries, Inc. Sealed beam headlamp and method for testing its serviceability
US4791333A (en) * 1987-01-30 1988-12-13 Gte Products Corporation Electric lamp with internal conductive reflector forming part of the circuitry thereof

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1655488A (en) * 1925-03-18 1928-01-10 Gen Electric Electric incandescent lamp
US3022439A (en) * 1960-03-11 1962-02-20 Polaroid Corp Electric lamps
US3091718A (en) * 1960-07-08 1963-05-28 Duro Test Corp Constant lumen maintenance lamp

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1655488A (en) * 1925-03-18 1928-01-10 Gen Electric Electric incandescent lamp
US3022439A (en) * 1960-03-11 1962-02-20 Polaroid Corp Electric lamps
US3091718A (en) * 1960-07-08 1963-05-28 Duro Test Corp Constant lumen maintenance lamp

Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3538373A (en) * 1967-01-04 1970-11-03 Philips Corp Electric incandescent lamp containing a reactive carrier gas which comprises hydrogen and bromine and/or chlorine and hydrogen
US3584254A (en) * 1967-09-12 1971-06-08 Matsushita Electronics Corp Halogen type tungsten filament lamp including ammonium in its gas fill
US3521109A (en) * 1968-04-18 1970-07-21 Gen Electric Tubular halogen cycle incandescent lamps
US3585435A (en) * 1968-06-22 1971-06-15 Philips Corp Electric incandescent lamp
JPS5022480A (cs) * 1973-06-28 1975-03-10
US4074168A (en) * 1973-10-10 1978-02-14 U.S. Philips Corporation Halogen incandescent lamp whose filler gas comprises bromine, chlorine and hydrogen
US4027189A (en) * 1973-11-01 1977-05-31 Thorn Electrical Industries Limited Tungsten halogen lamp
US3912960A (en) * 1974-06-21 1975-10-14 Gen Electric Halogen lamp with internal molybdenum parts
US4015158A (en) * 1974-08-30 1977-03-29 General Electric Company Bromine lamp with molybdenum parts
US4065694A (en) * 1975-02-25 1977-12-27 Westinghouse Electric Corporation Regenerative-cycle incandescent lamp containing SnI4 additive
US4314176A (en) * 1978-09-13 1982-02-02 U.S. Philips Corporation Halogen incandescent lamp
US4233536A (en) * 1978-12-18 1980-11-11 Gte Products Corporation Incandescent lamp getter
US4508991A (en) * 1981-10-02 1985-04-02 Patent Treuhand-Gesellschaft Fur Elektrische Gluhlampen Mbh Halogen cycle incandescent lamp and method for the protection of its inner surface
US4453107A (en) * 1982-01-22 1984-06-05 Gte Products Corporation Long life tungsten halogen lamp with hydrogen bromide and methyl bromide
US4550270A (en) * 1983-05-02 1985-10-29 Gte Products Corporation Tungsten halogen lamp having a fine-wire filament and a hydrogen-impervious envelope
US4547704A (en) * 1983-08-01 1985-10-15 General Electric Company Higher efficiency incandescent lighting units
WO1985001833A1 (en) * 1983-10-14 1985-04-25 Duro-Test Corporation Incandescent lamp with high pressure rare gas filled tungsten-halogen element and transparent thick walled safety envelope
US4591752A (en) * 1983-10-14 1986-05-27 Duro-Test Corporation Incandescent lamp with high pressure rare gas filled tungsten-halogen element and transparent thick walled safety envelope
US4720652A (en) * 1987-01-20 1988-01-19 Cooper Industries, Inc. Sealed beam headlamp and method for testing its serviceability
US4702717A (en) * 1987-01-30 1987-10-27 Gte Products Corporation Method of making electric lamp with internal conductive reflector
US4791333A (en) * 1987-01-30 1988-12-13 Gte Products Corporation Electric lamp with internal conductive reflector forming part of the circuitry thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT254332B (de) 1967-05-26
SE324182B (cs) 1970-05-25
ES314753A1 (es) 1965-10-01
GB1064532A (en) 1967-04-05
DE1489437B2 (de) 1976-07-01
NL6407446A (cs) 1966-01-03
DK109157C (da) 1968-03-25
BE666185A (cs) 1965-12-30
DE1489437A1 (de) 1969-05-14
CH440450A (de) 1967-07-31

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