US3385708A - Sensitization of photographic silver halide emulsions - Google Patents
Sensitization of photographic silver halide emulsions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3385708A US3385708A US368714A US36871464A US3385708A US 3385708 A US3385708 A US 3385708A US 368714 A US368714 A US 368714A US 36871464 A US36871464 A US 36871464A US 3385708 A US3385708 A US 3385708A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- silver halide
- emulsion
- silver
- emulsions
- photographic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title description 51
- -1 silver halide Chemical class 0.000 title description 41
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 31
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 title description 31
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 title description 3
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 title description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 16
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 11
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 8
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 6
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-azaniumyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetate Chemical compound OC(=O)C(N)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910021612 Silver iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 5
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229940045105 silver iodide Drugs 0.000 description 5
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentaerythritol Chemical class OCC(CO)(CO)CO WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoryl trichloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)=O XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000005070 ripening Effects 0.000 description 4
- ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver bromide Chemical compound [Ag]Br ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver bromoiodide Chemical compound [Ag].IBr ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical class [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- WGKYSFRFMQHMOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-5-methylpyridine-2-carbonitrile Chemical compound CC1=CN=C(C#N)C(Br)=C1 WGKYSFRFMQHMOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical group C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyruvic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)C(O)=O LCTONWCANYUPML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQDUMFSSJAZKTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium methoxide Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]C WQDUMFSSJAZKTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002334 glycols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- IIRDTKBZINWQAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexaethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO IIRDTKBZINWQAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen chloride Substances Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000041 hydrogen chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000847 nonoxynol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- GLZWNFNQMJAZGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octaethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO GLZWNFNQMJAZGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 2
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M thionine Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- HTSGKJQDMSTCGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-methylphenyl)sulfonylbutane-1,4-dione Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C(C(=O)C=1C=CC(Cl)=CC=1)CC(=O)C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1 HTSGKJQDMSTCGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPTOGBNHVWOHQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethoxy]ethanol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCOCCO WPTOGBNHVWOHQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HDGMAACKJSBLMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-amino-2-methylphenol Chemical compound CC1=CC(N)=CC=C1O HDGMAACKJSBLMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UWLIFDUUOJTDCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenyl-1,2-dihydrotriazole-5-thione Chemical class S=C1NNN=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 UWLIFDUUOJTDCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical group [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FKLJPTJMIBLJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Compound IV Chemical compound O1N=C(C)C=C1CCCCCCCOC1=CC=C(C=2OCCN=2)C=C1 FKLJPTJMIBLJAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004386 Erythritol Substances 0.000 description 1
- UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Erythritol Natural products OCC(O)C(O)CO UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FIWILGQIZHDAQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N NC1=C(C(=O)NCC2=CC=C(C=C2)OCC(F)(F)F)C=C(C(=N1)N)N1N=C(N=C1)C1(CC1)C(F)(F)F Chemical compound NC1=C(C(=O)NCC2=CC=C(C=C2)OCC(F)(F)F)C=C(C(=N1)N)N1N=C(N=C1)C1(CC1)C(F)(F)F FIWILGQIZHDAQG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001016 Ostwald ripening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical class [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052946 acanthite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940101006 anhydrous sodium sulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021538 borax Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Chemical group BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001722 carbon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940125890 compound Ia Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004945 emulsification Methods 0.000 description 1
- UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-ZXZARUISSA-N erythritol Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO UNXHWFMMPAWVPI-ZXZARUISSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940009714 erythritol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019414 erythritol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NLFBCYMMUAKCPC-KQQUZDAGSA-N ethyl (e)-3-[3-amino-2-cyano-1-[(e)-3-ethoxy-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]sulfanyl-3-oxoprop-1-enyl]sulfanylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)\C=C\SC(=C(C#N)C(N)=O)S\C=C\C(=O)OCC NLFBCYMMUAKCPC-KQQUZDAGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019256 formaldehyde Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002343 gold Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002731 mercury compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M merocyanine Chemical compound [Na+].O=C1N(CCCC)C(=O)N(CCCC)C(=O)C1=C\C=C\C=C/1N(CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)C2=CC=CC=C2O\1 DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006353 oxyethylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000151 polyglycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010695 polyglycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001522 polyglycol ester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940107700 pyruvic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940056910 silver sulfide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XUARKZBEFFVFRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] XUARKZBEFFVFRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K sodium citrate Chemical compound O.O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O NLJMYIDDQXHKNR-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCOCCO UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6564—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6571—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having phosphorus atoms, with or without nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium atoms, as ring hetero atoms having phosphorus and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07F9/6574—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
- C07F9/65746—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus the molecule containing more than one cyclic phosphorus atom
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
- G03C1/04—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein with macromolecular additives; with layer-forming substances
- G03C1/043—Polyalkylene oxides; Polyalkylene sulfides; Polyalkylene selenides; Polyalkylene tellurides
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
- G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
- G03C5/29—Development processes or agents therefor
- G03C5/305—Additives other than developers
- G03C5/3056—Macromolecular additives
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S430/00—Radiation imagery chemistry: process, composition, or product thereof
- Y10S430/15—Lithographic emulsion
Definitions
- ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Sensitivity of photographic silver iodobromide emulsions is increased by polyglycol esters of spirocyclic erythritol di-phosphoric acid. These esters can be polymeric and can be present either in the emulsion or in the developer bath.
- Such chemical sensitizers are believed to react with the silver halide to form, on the surface of the silver halide, minute amounts of silver sufide or of silver or of other noble metals, and these processes are capable of increasing the sensitivity of emulsions by very large factors.
- the process of chemical sensitization reaches a definite 'limit beyond which further addition of sensitizer, or of further digestion with the sensitizer present, merely increases the fog of the photographic emulsion leaving the sensitivity constant or even decreasing it.
- sensitivity it is intended to refer to the sensitivity of photographic emulsions through the whole spectrum.
- spectral sensitivity it is intended to refer to the sensitivity of the photographic emulsion to light of a certain range of the spectrum.
- the effect of the polyethylenoxid derivatives of the pentaerythritol esters of phosphoric acid are obtained if the development of the silver halide emulsion layers is performed in effective contact with those sensitizers.
- the scnsitizers of the present invention are particularly superior to known higher polyethylenglycols since they do not cause any fogging of the photographic silver halide emulsions.
- the silver halide emulsions containing the sensitizers of the present invention have improved stability on keeping.
- n is 3 to 100, preferably 3-50, the said glycols preferably being used in quantities of about l-2 mols per mol of the halides of Formula I.
- condensation products which are particularly preferred are those of the spirocyclic phosphoric acid esters of Formula I with the following polyethylene glycols:
- Polyglycols which contain about 30-100 ethylene oxide groups.
- the quantity of the resulting phosphoric acid esters to be added to the emulsion depends on the ratio of chloride to bromide in the emulsion, and 10 to 100 mg. per mol of silver halide may advantageously be used.
- the emulsions can in addition be chemically sensitised with salts of noble metals, such as gold salts, with sulfur compounds or with reducing agents.
- the emulsions can be optically sensitised with cyanine and merocyanine dyes.
- Varying the reaction time and proportion of components has the same effect as disclosed in connection with the prescription for the preparation of Compound I.
- the reaction products can also be obtained by heating the components to about 100-180 C. in vacuo and continuously removing the hydrogen chloride as a gas which is set free during the reaction.
- the compounds obtained by the above reaction are generally water-soluble.
- the preparation of photographic silver halide emulsions includes 3 separate steps:
- Emulsification and physical ripening which is also called Ostwald ripening
- the freeing of the emulsion of excess water soluble salts usually by washing with water and drying
- the after ripening which is also called chemical ripening to obtain increased emulsion speed or general sensitivity.
- the sensitizers of the present invention can be added to the emulsion before, during or after the chemical ripening or they can be added immediately prior to the casting.
- the particular quantity of the sensitizers of the invention used in a given emulsion can vary, depending upon the effects desired, silver content of the emulsion, the silver halide composition etc. Generally they are added in amounts of 10 to 200 mg. per mol of silver halide. The compounds are also effective when they are added to the developer solution, in which case they are preferably used in quantities of between approximately 30 and 600 mg. per liter of the aqueous developer bath.
- the sensitizers can be dissolved in water or a solvent miscible with water or a mixture of water and watermiscible solvents, and added in this form to the emulsion.
- the solvent is not critical and should be selected so that it should have no harmful effect to the photographic properties of the silver halide emulsion.
- the optimum amount for any sensitizer of the present invention can be determined for any particular emulsion by running a series of comparison tests in which the quantity of the sensitizer is varied over a given range. Exposure of the emulsion containing the sensitizer in a manner well known and measuring of the sensitivity in conventional apparatuses will reveal most advantageous concentrations. Such technique is well understood by those skilled in the art.
- the photographic emulsion in which the sensitizers according to the invention are used can be chemically sensitized by any of the known procedures. They can be sensitized, for example, with sulfur compounds as re ferred to, e.g., in the book The Theory of the Photographic Process by Mees (1954), pages 149-161.
- the emulsions can also be chemically sensitized with salts of noble metal such as gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum, used in amounts below that which produce any substantial fog.
- noble metal such as gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum
- Representative compounds are ammonium chloropalladate, potassium chloroplatinate, potassium chloroaurite, potassium aurithiocyanate, potassium chloroaurate, aun'c trichloride and the like.
- the emulsions can be sensitized with reducing agents, stannous salts or polyamines and the like.
- the emulsions can also be optically sensitized with cyanine, merooyanine or rhodacyanine dyes.
- the emulsions can be stabilized with any of the known stabilizers, such as mercury compounds, triazoles for example mercapto phenyl triazoles, or azaindenes as described, for example, by Birr in Z.wiss.phot. vol. 47 (1952) pages 2 to 28.
- the silver halide emulsion layers may contain any suitable film-forming and waterpermeable colloid as binding agent, such as gelatin but the gelatin can be replaced partially with products like alginic acid and derivatives thereof such as salts, preferably with alkali metals, esters with lower aliphatic alcohols or amides.
- the gelatin can also be partially replaced with polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, starch, carboxymethyl cellulose and the like.
- Example 1 An ordinary silver bromo iodide gelatin emulsion containing per kg. of casting solution 0.3 mol of silver halide with an iodine content of 6 mol percent and which further contains the usual additives such as wetting agents, optical sensitizers, stabilizers and hardeners, was divided into 4 portions.
- Sample A is used as control sample. To the other samples were added the following sensitizers:
- the various portions were then coated on a transparency support such as cellulose acetate and dried.
- Example 2 An ordinary silver bromo iodide gelatin emulsion containing per kg. of casting solution 0.3 mol of silver halide with an iodine content of 6 mol percent and which further contains the usual additives such as wetting agents, optical sensitizers, stabilizers and hardeners, was cast onto a suitable transparent support of a polyester of terephthalic acid and ethylenglycol. The dried ligh*-sensitive ma terial is divided into 2 strips. Both samples were exposed in a sensitometer behind a test wedge and developed for 10 minutes at 18 C. One sample (Sample F) was developed in the developer composition of Example 1 and the other sample (Sample G) in a developer composition corresponding to that of Example 1, but with an additional content of 400 mg. of Compound V per liter of developer solution.
- Example F An ordinary silver bromo iodide gelatin emulsion containing per kg. of casting solution 0.3 mol of silver halide with an iodine content
- the improvement which comprises performing the development with the emulsion in operative contact with a sensitizing amount of a condensation product of a spirocyclic pentaerythritol-di-(phosphoric acid monohalide) with a polyethylenglycol having between 3 and ethylenglycol units.
- R represents a member of the group consisting of hydrogen and a radical of the formula n represents an integer between 3 and 100 and X represents an integer between 1 and 100.
- a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion the silver halide of which consists of a mixture of silver bromide and up to 10 mol percent silver iodide, the emulsion containing a sensitizing amount of a condensation product of a spirocyclic pentaerythritol-di-(phosphoric acid monohalide) with a polyethylene glycol having between 3 and 100 ethylenglycol units.
- a light-sensitive silver halide emulsion the silver halide of which consists of a mixture of silver bromide and up to 10 mol percent silver iodide, the emulsion containing 21 sensitizing amount of a compound having the References Cited formula: UNITED STATES PATENTS I" 1? p 3 fi -K3 3,169,863 2/1965 Grabhofer et a1 96107 Io1 o 1(0oH2oH1)n J OH 5 FOREIGN PATENTS 0-0 CHT'O 635,167 1/1964 Belgium.
- R represents a member of the group consxstlng of hydrogen and a radical of the formula NORMAN G. TORCHIN, Primary Examiner.
- n represents an integer between 3 and 100 and X repre- Asslsmm Emmmem' sents an integer between 1 and 100.
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Description
United States Patent D 6 Claims. oi. 96-107) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Sensitivity of photographic silver iodobromide emulsions is increased by polyglycol esters of spirocyclic erythritol di-phosphoric acid. These esters can be polymeric and can be present either in the emulsion or in the developer bath.
A number of methods have previously been described for increasing the sensitivity of photographic silver halide emulsions. The incorporation of certain colored compounds or dyes in the emulsions increases the optical range of sensitivity, and for this reason such dyes are commonly referred to as optical or spectral sensitizing dyes. It is also well known to increase the sensitivity of photographic emulsions by addition of sulfur compounds capable of reacting with silver salts to form silver sulfide, or by addition of reducing agents (compounds of these types are also naturally present in gelatin), or with salts of gold or other noble metals, or with combinations of two or more of the aforementioned compounds generally known as chemical sensitizers. Such chemical sensitizers are believed to react with the silver halide to form, on the surface of the silver halide, minute amounts of silver sufide or of silver or of other noble metals, and these processes are capable of increasing the sensitivity of emulsions by very large factors. The process of chemical sensitization, however, reaches a definite 'limit beyond which further addition of sensitizer, or of further digestion with the sensitizer present, merely increases the fog of the photographic emulsion leaving the sensitivity constant or even decreasing it.
Other chemical sensitize-rs are higher polyethylenglycols having a molecular weight of at least 1500. Lower polyethylen lycols have no or only very small effect on the sensitivity of silver halide emulsions. While the higher polyethylenglycols have a considerable or remarkable sensitization effect, the utility of such compounds is limited by the fact that they cause marked increases in the fog levels of silver halide emulsions. It is known that the fog level increase can not be controlled by the addition of antifoggants to the emulsion.
It is among the objects of the present invention to increase the general sensitivity or speed of silver halide emulsion layers. A further object is to .provide photographic silver halide emulsions and emulsion layers having an increased general sensitivity without concomitant increases in fog levels. Other objects will be apparent from the following description of the invention.
By the term general sensitivity it is intended to refer to the sensitivity of photographic emulsions through the whole spectrum. By the term spectral sensitivity it is intended to refer to the sensitivity of the photographic emulsion to light of a certain range of the spectrum.
The foregoing objects are attained by the use of polyethylene glycol esters of spirocyclic pentacrythritol-bis- (phosphoric acid partial esters. The aforesaid products increase the general sensitivity of silver bromo iodide "ice emulsions containing between 1 and 10 mol percent of silver iodide.
The effect of the polyethylenoxid derivatives of the pentaerythritol esters of phosphoric acid are obtained if the development of the silver halide emulsion layers is performed in effective contact with those sensitizers. The scnsitizers of the present invention are particularly superior to known higher polyethylenglycols since they do not cause any fogging of the photographic silver halide emulsions. Thus, the silver halide emulsions containing the sensitizers of the present invention have improved stability on keeping.
The esters of the invention of spirocyclic phosphoric acid esters of the formula:
wherein X represents chlorine or bromine, with a polyethyleneglycol of the general formula:
wherein n is 3 to 100, preferably 3-50, the said glycols preferably being used in quantities of about l-2 mols per mol of the halides of Formula I.
The condensation products which are particularly preferred are those of the spirocyclic phosphoric acid esters of Formula I with the following polyethylene glycols:
Hexaethylene glycol Nonaethyleue glycol Octadecaethylene glycol, and
Polyglycols which contain about 30-100 ethylene oxide groups.
The quantity of the resulting phosphoric acid esters to be added to the emulsion depends on the ratio of chloride to bromide in the emulsion, and 10 to 100 mg. per mol of silver halide may advantageously be used. The emulsions can in addition be chemically sensitised with salts of noble metals, such as gold salts, with sulfur compounds or with reducing agents. Moreover the emulsions can be optically sensitised with cyanine and merocyanine dyes.
The preparation of some of the esters of the present invention is given below:
Compound I (a) 136 g. of pentaerythritol are introduced into 500 cc. of phosphorus oxychloride and heated in a steam bath with stirring. The pentaerythritol dissolves during 30 to 45 minutes, hydrochloric acid thus being formed, and the spirocyclic pentaerythritol-di-(phosphoric acid monochloride) of the formula (Ia) O-CHz CHz-O O \II -Cl O-Ga \CH2O is deposited in the form of colourless crystals, melting point 243-245 C. The crystals may be isolated by suction filtration after some of the phosphorus oxychloride has been removed by evaporation in vacuo, and the crystals may then be washed with methylene chloride on the suction filter.
(b) 30 g. of the ester chloride (Ia) described above are added in portions with stirring to a mixture of 37.2 g. octaethyleneglycol and 31.2 g. of pyridine, the temperature gradually rising to 35 C. After 4 hours the mixture is poured onto ice, adjusted to pH 3 with 2 N H treatedi with saturated sodium chloride solution, and extracted with methylene chloride. After drying with potash, the methylene chloride is evaporated off completely. 25 g. of a light brown highly viscous oil is obtained, which is diluted with water to a 10% solution for photographic use. The following theoretical formula is derived from the proportions of the starting materials and the molecular weight of 900 determined by osmosis:
(O-CH CH -OH radicals.
Compound II 19.4 g. of tetraethylene glycol 31.2 g. of pyridine and 30 g. of ester chloride (Ia) are reacted as described above and worked up. 27 g. of a viscous light brown oil are obtained. The colour may be removed from the 10% aqueous solution by means of active charcoal and bleaching earth. The oily liquid presumably consists mainly of a compound of the following theoretical formula:
Varying the reaction time and proportion of components has the same effect as disclosed in connection with the prescription for the preparation of Compound I.
Compound III The compound is prepared by a similar method to that used for compound (Ib) by reacting 28.2 g. of hexaethyleneglycol and 31.2 g. of pyridine with 30 g. of ester chloride (Ia). Yield 17 g. A possible theoretical formula of the end product would be:
41.4 g. of nonaethyleneglycol, 31.2 g. of pyridine and 30 g. of ester chloride (Ia) produce 20 g. of a brown syrupy polycondensate which is diluted with water to a 10% solution and purified with active charcoal and bleaching earth. The following theoretical formula may be used to represent the highly viscous polycondensate:
75.7 g. of polyethyleneglycol (with 34 oxyethylene units), 15.6 g. of pyridine and g. of ester chloride (Ia) are stirred for 2 hours at room temperature and for 1 hour at 40 C. with exclusion of moisture. The viscous reaction mixture is then poured onto ice, slightly acidified with 2 N-sulphuric acid and extracted with methylene chloride. After evaporating off the methylene chloride, 36 g. of a semi-solid mass are obtained. The following theoretical formula may be assumed for the reaction product:
6 g. of Compound Ia and 40 g. of a polyethyleneglycol consisting of ethylene ether units are heated in a vacuum of about 15 mm. of mercury to a temperature of to C. while stirring, hydrogen chloride escaping in large quantities. After the reaction is completed the reaction mixture is made neutral with a methanolic sodium alcoholate solution. The alcohol is removed again in vacuo. 42 g. of a colorless, waxy product are obtained.
The preparation of the spirocyclic carbon compounds used for comparson in the examples will now be described.
Preparation: from pentaerythritol, pyruvic acid and ethanol (Ber. 61 (1928), page 1856).
Compound VHI 16.6 g. of Compound VII and 18.5 g. of octa-ethylene glycol are heated for 2 hours at C. in the presence of 0.2 g. of sodium methylate, the ethyl alcohol which is liberated distilling off. The reaction product is diluted with water to a 10% solution and neutralised with 1 N hydrochloric acid. Osmotic determination of the molecular weight indicated that the value of X was 2.
The reaction products can also be obtained by heating the components to about 100-180 C. in vacuo and continuously removing the hydrogen chloride as a gas which is set free during the reaction. The compounds obtained by the above reaction are generally water-soluble.
The preparation of photographic silver halide emulsions includes 3 separate steps:
(1) Emulsification and physical ripening which is also called Ostwald ripening; (2) the freeing of the emulsion of excess water soluble salts, usually by washing with water and drying, and (3) the after ripening which is also called chemical ripening to obtain increased emulsion speed or general sensitivity.
The sensitizers of the present invention can be added to the emulsion before, during or after the chemical ripening or they can be added immediately prior to the casting.
The particular quantity of the sensitizers of the invention used in a given emulsion can vary, depending upon the effects desired, silver content of the emulsion, the silver halide composition etc. Generally they are added in amounts of 10 to 200 mg. per mol of silver halide. The compounds are also effective when they are added to the developer solution, in which case they are preferably used in quantities of between approximately 30 and 600 mg. per liter of the aqueous developer bath.
The sensitizers can be dissolved in water or a solvent miscible with water or a mixture of water and watermiscible solvents, and added in this form to the emulsion. The solvent is not critical and should be selected so that it should have no harmful effect to the photographic properties of the silver halide emulsion.
The optimum amount for any sensitizer of the present invention can be determined for any particular emulsion by running a series of comparison tests in which the quantity of the sensitizer is varied over a given range. Exposure of the emulsion containing the sensitizer in a manner well known and measuring of the sensitivity in conventional apparatuses will reveal most advantageous concentrations. Such technique is well understood by those skilled in the art.
The photographic emulsion in which the sensitizers according to the invention are used, can be chemically sensitized by any of the known procedures. They can be sensitized, for example, with sulfur compounds as re ferred to, e.g., in the book The Theory of the Photographic Process by Mees (1954), pages 149-161.
The emulsions can also be chemically sensitized with salts of noble metal such as gold, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum, used in amounts below that which produce any substantial fog. Representative compounds are ammonium chloropalladate, potassium chloroplatinate, potassium chloroaurite, potassium aurithiocyanate, potassium chloroaurate, aun'c trichloride and the like. The emulsions can be sensitized with reducing agents, stannous salts or polyamines and the like. The emulsions can also be optically sensitized with cyanine, merooyanine or rhodacyanine dyes.
The emulsions can be stabilized with any of the known stabilizers, such as mercury compounds, triazoles for example mercapto phenyl triazoles, or azaindenes as described, for example, by Birr in Z.wiss.phot. vol. 47 (1952) pages 2 to 28. The silver halide emulsion layers may contain any suitable film-forming and waterpermeable colloid as binding agent, such as gelatin but the gelatin can be replaced partially with products like alginic acid and derivatives thereof such as salts, preferably with alkali metals, esters with lower aliphatic alcohols or amides. The gelatin can also be partially replaced with polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, starch, carboxymethyl cellulose and the like.
The following examples will serve to illustrate more fully the manner of sensitizing photographic silver halide emulsions with the sensitizers of the present invention.
Example 1 An ordinary silver bromo iodide gelatin emulsion containing per kg. of casting solution 0.3 mol of silver halide with an iodine content of 6 mol percent and which further contains the usual additives such as wetting agents, optical sensitizers, stabilizers and hardeners, was divided into 4 portions.
Sample A is used as control sample. To the other samples were added the following sensitizers:
Sample B: 160 mg. of nonaethylene glycol,
Sample C: 160 mg. of a condensation product of 1 mol of compound IV,
Sample D: 200 mg. of compound VI,
Sample E: 160 mg. of compound I.
The various portions were then coated on a transparency support such as cellulose acetate and dried.
The samples were exposed in a sensitometer behind a test wedge and developed for 10 minutes in a developer of the following composition at 18 C.:
G. Anhydrous sodium sulfite 70 Borax (N3-2B40710H2O 7 Hydroquinone 3.5 Monomethyl-p-aminophenol 3.5 Sodium citrate 7 Potassium bromide 0.4
With water to 1 liter.
The above results show the sensitizing effect of the compounds of the present invention. Short-chain polyethylenglycols (Sample B) have no eflect.
Example 2 An ordinary silver bromo iodide gelatin emulsion containing per kg. of casting solution 0.3 mol of silver halide with an iodine content of 6 mol percent and which further contains the usual additives such as wetting agents, optical sensitizers, stabilizers and hardeners, was cast onto a suitable transparent support of a polyester of terephthalic acid and ethylenglycol. The dried ligh*-sensitive ma terial is divided into 2 strips. Both samples were exposed in a sensitometer behind a test wedge and developed for 10 minutes at 18 C. One sample (Sample F) was developed in the developer composition of Example 1 and the other sample (Sample G) in a developer composition corresponding to that of Example 1, but with an additional content of 400 mg. of Compound V per liter of developer solution.
1. In the process for the production of photographic images by exposing silver halide emulsion layers in which the silver halide consists of a mixture of silver bromide with up to 10 mol percent of silver iodide and developing the exposed layer, the improvement which comprises performing the development with the emulsion in operative contact with a sensitizing amount of a condensation product of a spirocyclic pentaerythritol-di-(phosphoric acid monohalide) with a polyethylenglycol having between 3 and ethylenglycol units.
2. The combination of claim 1 wherein the polyethyleneglycol component of the condensation product has between 3 and 50 ethylenglycol units.
3. In the process for the production of photographic images by exposing silver halide emulsion layers in which the silver halide consists of a mixture of silver bromide with up to 10 mol percent of silver iodide and developing the exposed layer, the improvement which comprises performing the development with the emulsion in operative contact with a sensitizing amount of a compound having the formula:
wherein R represents a member of the group consisting of hydrogen and a radical of the formula n represents an integer between 3 and 100 and X represents an integer between 1 and 100.
4. A light-sensitive silver halide emulsion, the silver halide of which consists of a mixture of silver bromide and up to 10 mol percent silver iodide, the emulsion containing a sensitizing amount of a condensation product of a spirocyclic pentaerythritol-di-(phosphoric acid monohalide) with a polyethylene glycol having between 3 and 100 ethylenglycol units.
5. A light-sensitive photographic material as defined in claim 4, wherein the polyethylenglycol has between 3 and 50 ethylenglycol units.
6. A light-sensitive silver halide emulsion the silver halide of which consists of a mixture of silver bromide and up to 10 mol percent silver iodide, the emulsion containing 21 sensitizing amount of a compound having the References Cited formula: UNITED STATES PATENTS I" 1? p 3 fi -K3 3,169,863 2/1965 Grabhofer et a1 96107 Io1 o 1(0oH2oH1)n J OH 5 FOREIGN PATENTS 0-0 CHT'O 635,167 1/1964 Belgium. wherein R represents a member of the group consxstlng of hydrogen and a radical of the formula NORMAN G. TORCHIN, Primary Examiner.
{CH -CH -O% H 10 I. H. RAUBITSCHEK, R. FICHTER, n represents an integer between 3 and 100 and X repre- Asslsmm Emmmem' sents an integer between 1 and 100.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEA48971A DE1283672B (en) | 1964-05-19 | 1965-04-17 | Process for increasing the general sensitivity of photographic silver halide emulsions and photographic materials for carrying out the process |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DEA40784A DE1246403B (en) | 1962-07-21 | 1962-07-21 | Process for making photographic images |
DEA43236A DE1178297B (en) | 1962-07-21 | 1963-05-31 | Process for increasing the general sensitivity of photographic silver halide emulsions and photographic materials for carrying out the process |
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US3385708A true US3385708A (en) | 1968-05-28 |
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US286924A Expired - Lifetime US3169863A (en) | 1962-07-21 | 1963-06-11 | Pentaerythritol phosphoric acid ester sensitizers for photographic emulsions |
US368714A Expired - Lifetime US3385708A (en) | 1962-07-21 | 1964-05-19 | Sensitization of photographic silver halide emulsions |
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US286924A Expired - Lifetime US3169863A (en) | 1962-07-21 | 1963-06-11 | Pentaerythritol phosphoric acid ester sensitizers for photographic emulsions |
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US (2) | US3169863A (en) |
BE (2) | BE648588A (en) |
CH (2) | CH433977A (en) |
DE (2) | DE1246403B (en) |
FR (2) | FR1364351A (en) |
GB (2) | GB1045183A (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3532501A (en) * | 1967-02-10 | 1970-10-06 | Gaf Corp | Water-soluble acid esters of polyoxyalkylenated pentaerythritol in silver halide emulsions |
US4407935A (en) * | 1981-01-20 | 1983-10-04 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Photographic recording material |
US4471048A (en) * | 1981-07-10 | 1984-09-11 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Photographic material |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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BE635167A (en) * | 1962-07-21 | |||
BE666066A (en) * | 1964-07-02 | 1965-12-29 | ||
CN100400542C (en) * | 2006-03-30 | 2008-07-09 | 上海大学 | Synthetic method for phosphate ester |
Citations (1)
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BE635167A (en) * | 1962-07-21 |
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US2531832A (en) * | 1947-06-12 | 1950-11-28 | Du Pont | Silver halide developers containing polyethylene glycols |
US2974158A (en) * | 1953-04-02 | 1961-03-07 | Union Carbide Corp | Preparation of bi-heterocyclic phosphorus containing compounds |
US2956881A (en) * | 1957-03-12 | 1960-10-18 | Eastman Kodak Co | Hemioxonol dyes containing a carbocyclic nucleus and photographic emulsions containing them |
US2961317A (en) * | 1958-06-19 | 1960-11-22 | Eastman Kodak Co | Holopolar dyes derived from 3-indazolinone |
US3005007A (en) * | 1959-01-19 | 1961-10-17 | Pure Oil Co | Preparation of organophosphorus compounds from glycerol and phosphorus oxyhalides |
DE1155901B (en) * | 1959-11-17 | 1963-10-17 | Agfa Ag | Softeners for cellulose derivatives |
DE1122834B (en) * | 1960-07-01 | 1962-01-25 | Perutz Photowerke G M B H | Process for the partial desensitization and steepening of the gradation of halogen silver emulsions |
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0
- BE BE635167D patent/BE635167A/xx unknown
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1962
- 1962-07-21 DE DEA40784A patent/DE1246403B/en active Pending
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- 1963-06-11 US US286924A patent/US3169863A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1963-06-28 CH CH800363A patent/CH433977A/en unknown
- 1963-07-17 GB GB28321/63A patent/GB1045183A/en not_active Expired
- 1963-07-22 FR FR942158A patent/FR1364351A/en not_active Expired
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- 1964-05-19 US US368714A patent/US3385708A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1964-05-29 CH CH703464A patent/CH450156A/en unknown
- 1964-05-29 FR FR976351A patent/FR1396860A/en not_active Expired
- 1964-05-29 BE BE648588D patent/BE648588A/xx unknown
- 1964-06-01 GB GB22523/64A patent/GB1045184A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (2)
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BE635167A (en) * | 1962-07-21 | |||
US3169863A (en) * | 1962-07-21 | 1965-02-16 | Agfa Ag | Pentaerythritol phosphoric acid ester sensitizers for photographic emulsions |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3532501A (en) * | 1967-02-10 | 1970-10-06 | Gaf Corp | Water-soluble acid esters of polyoxyalkylenated pentaerythritol in silver halide emulsions |
US4407935A (en) * | 1981-01-20 | 1983-10-04 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Photographic recording material |
US4471048A (en) * | 1981-07-10 | 1984-09-11 | Ciba Geigy Ag | Photographic material |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US3169863A (en) | 1965-02-16 |
FR1396860A (en) | 1965-04-23 |
DE1178297B (en) | 1964-09-17 |
GB1045183A (en) | 1966-10-12 |
CH433977A (en) | 1967-04-15 |
BE635167A (en) | |
GB1045184A (en) | 1966-10-12 |
CH450156A (en) | 1968-01-15 |
DE1246403B (en) | 1967-08-03 |
BE648588A (en) | 1964-11-30 |
FR1364351A (en) | 1964-06-19 |
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