US3378351A - Method of storing oxygen - Google Patents
Method of storing oxygen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3378351A US3378351A US147378A US14737861A US3378351A US 3378351 A US3378351 A US 3378351A US 147378 A US147378 A US 147378A US 14737861 A US14737861 A US 14737861A US 3378351 A US3378351 A US 3378351A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- oxygen
- gas
- solidified
- product
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 49
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title claims description 49
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 49
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C=2N=C(N)SC=2)=C1 MGWGWNFMUOTEHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isobutene Chemical compound CC(C)=C VQTUBCCKSQIDNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012265 solid product Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetaminophen Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 RZVAJINKPMORJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000005297 pyrex Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 10
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- WFPZPJSADLPSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N dinitrogen tetraoxide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)[N+]([O-])=O WFPZPJSADLPSON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
Definitions
- the various gases used in this process are obtained from any well known source such as from commercial supplies thereof and are essentially pure.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oxygen, Ozone, And Oxides In General (AREA)
Description
April 16, 1968 R. A. RUEHRWEIN ETAL 3,378,351
METHOD OF STORING OXYGEN Filed Oct. 24, 1961 4 Ddschary: region.
/ INVENTORS,
R a]: 51? Hfiua hr main BY Jus aph 5 .Has hman.
United States Patent 3,378,351 METHOD 0F STORING OXYGEN Robert A. Ruehrwein, Clayton, Mo., and .loseph S. Hashman, Evans City, Pa., assignors to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army Filed Get. 24, 1961, Ser. No. 147,378 7 Claims. (Cl. 23-315) This invention relates to a process for the storage of oxygen. More particularly it relates to a method of combining oxygen gas with other compounds and solidfying the product into a blend much more stable than solidified oxygen itself.
Oxygen is conventionally stored in its liquid form. However, it cannot be stored at a temperature higher than its boiling point unless it is kept under high pressures. In order to maintain this high pressure, heavy equipment such as metal storage tanks, safety devices, etc. must be used. Since this invention requires no pressure, such equipment is eliminated.
Therefore, an object of this invention is to provide a process which will allow oxygen to be stored without the use of high pressures or the equipment necessary therefor.
A further object of this invention is to provide a means whereby oxygen may be stored in a stable manner at low temperatures.
Another object of the invention is to provide a supply of oxygen in a solid, stable form, which upon subsequent vaporization, provides a ready source of oxygen for any purpose for which it is conventionally used.
The foregoing and other objects and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention.
In accordance with this invention, oxygen gas is blended with another gaseous material, preferably one of the following: water vapor, nitrogen dioxide (or nitrogen tetroxide) and olefins such as ethylene or isobutylene. Immediately thereafter the mixed blend is subjected to extremely low temperatures of about 4.2 K. A solidified product is formed which is a complex of molecular oxygen and another compound. The solidified product is then warmed to a temperature of from about 66 K. to about 77 K. in order to allow the uncomplexed oxygen to be pumped from the solidification zone. The remaining solid complexed material is much more stable than pure solidified oxygen and consequently may be stored indefinitely at much higher temperatures, up to 200 K. When it is desired to obtain oxygen gas from the solidified complexed material, it is merely necessary to raise the temperature of the material to a point at which oxygen gas is evolved therefrom.
The various gases used in this process are obtained from any well known source such as from commercial supplies thereof and are essentially pure.
More specifically, with particular reference to the single figure of the drawing, oxygen gas, usually obtained directly from a cylinder (not shown), is introduced through a supply tube 1 and controlled by means of a stopcock 2. It is throttled into a Pyrex tube 3 open at its lower end and having a Y connection with another supply tube 15. The oxygen gas flows out of the lower end of tube 3 into the lower part 6 of a Pyrex cylinder 5. The lower part of this cylinder is immersed in liquid helium. It is also equipped with a vacuum pump connection 7 which may be in turn connected with a vacuum pump (not shown) when it is desired to remove gases from the cylinder 5. The lower part 6 of Pyrex cylinder which has been immersed in liquid helium acts as a trap or condenser by freezing out all gases and thus constitutes, in eifect, a high speed pump for maintaining the flow of gas toward it.
Surrounding the Pyrex tube 3 is another Pyrex tube 8,
3,378,351 Patented Apr. 16, 1968 also open at its lower end and having hollow walls 9. The additional gas with which it is desired to blend the oxygen gas is supplied from a source (not shown) through either tube 10 or tube 15. If the additional gas is supplied through tube 10, it is then drawn down tube 8 into the lower part 6 of cylinder 5 by the vacuum created therein by the action of the liquid helium constantly freezing out all gases. The blending of the oxygen gas and the additional gas then takes place in the lower part 6 of cylinder 5 wherein it is almost immediately solidified. When the additional gas is supplied through tube 15 it is blended with the oxygen gas at the Y connection of Pyrex cylinder 3 and tube 15. The two gases together then are drawn down Pyrex cylinder 3 and out the lower end thereof into the lower part 6 of Pyrex cylinder 5 wherein they are solidified.
In order to prevent condensation or solidification of the gases at temperatures much above 4.2 K., Pyrex tubes 3 and 8 are kept at a relatively high temperature, for instance, room temperature. This temperature is maintained by forcing a relatively warm gas such as helium or nitrogen into the hollow walls 9 of tube 8. The introduction of such a sheath of warm gas extending considerably below the liquid helium level causes but a slight heat input. However, by this means the gases pass abruptly from a relatively high temperature to the extremely low temperature of the lower part 6 of Pyrex cylinder 5 and accumulate in solid form in this area.
The liquid helium bath may be insulated from the outside temperature by an additional bath of liquid nitrogen in order to reduce the amount of liquid helium required to maintain the lower part of cylinder 5 at a very low temperature. The helium and nitrogen baths are contained in Dewar flasks 11 and 12, respectively, which can be raised and lowered by means of a screw elevator (not shown) in order to vary the temperature in the lower end of cylinder 5. The silvered Dewar flasks 11 and 12 are provided with strip windows 13 and 14, respectively, to allow observation of the solidified material which is deposited at the bottom of Pyrex cylinder 5. The level of the liquid helium is maintained around the lower end of Pyrex cylinder 5 by slowly raising the Dewar flasks as the helium boils away. This prevents unnecessary excessive cooling of the Pyrex entrance tubes 3 and 8.
Following the blending of the oxygen gas with an additional gas and the subsequent solidification thereof, the lower end 6 of cylinder 5 is warmed to a temperature of from about 66 K. to about 77 K. by lowering the Dewar flasks 11 and 12. Control of the elevation of the Dewar flasks gives very good temperature control and it is possible to warm or cool the solidified product at will or hold it at any desired temperature for hours. As the solidified product is warmed to the aforementioned tempera ture, the uncomplexed oxygen becomes gaseous again and is removed by a vacuum pump (not shown) through connection 7. This oxygen gas may be recovered and then returned to the original oxygen supply in order to be used in the process again. The remaining solid material is, of course, the complex of solidified oxygen and an additional solidified gaseous compound. The oxygen may be conveniently stored in the complex for an indefinite period as long as its temperature remains below the decomposition point thereof. A ready supply of oxygen gas is obtained by merely raising the temperature of the solid complexed product above its decomposition point.
In order that the invention may be further illustrated, the following are examples of typical embodiments of the invention.
Example I A mixture of nitrogen dioxide gas and oxygen gas was solidified at the temperature of liquid helium (about 4.2
3 K.) in the trap formed by the lower part 6 of Pyrex cylinder 5. After warming to 77 K. and pumping off the uncombined oxygen gas, it was found that additional oxygen gas was evolved from the solidified complex product of nitrogen dioxide and oxygen at temperatures approaching and including 124 K., in a reversible manner, and in the ratio of one mole of oxygen to 6.6 moles of N Example 11 A mixture of water vapor and oxygen gas was solidified as in Example I. Again, after warming to 77 K. and pumping off the uneombinecl oxygen gas, it was found that additional oxygen gas was evolved from the solidified complex product of water vapor and oxygen at temperatures approaching and including 150 K. and in the ratio of one mole of oxygen to 10.5 moles of water.
Example III A mixture of isobutylene gas and oxygen gas was also solidified as in Example 1. After warming to about 72 K. and pumping off the uncombined oxygen gas, it was found that additional oxygen gas was evolved from the solidified complex product of isobutylene and ox gen at a temperature around 130 K. and in a ratio of one mole of oxygen to 27 moles of i-C H Example IV A mixture of ethylene gas and oxygen gas was also solidified as in the previous examples. After warming to about 66 K. and pumping off the uncombined oxygen gas, it was found that additional oxygen gas was evolved from the solidified complex product of ethylene and oxygen at a temperature of about 86 K. in a reversible manner and in the ratio of one mole of oxygen to 7.6 moles of C2H4.
While the foregoing embodiments have been set forth in considerable detail, it is to be distinctly understood that many modifications and variations will naturally present themselves to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of this invention or the scope of the appended claims.
Having thus described the invention, what is claimed is:
1. A method for the preparation of a complex compound capable of storing oxygen at normal pressure comprising, blending oxygen gas in a vacuum with a material selected from the group consisting of water vapor, nitrogen dioxide gas, ethylene gas and isobutylene gas, solidifying by freezing the resulting blend to obtain a complexed product thereof, warming said product to a temperature between 66-77 K. to render any uncomplexed oxygen gaseous for removal and utilizing the final solidified complexed product as a safe means of storing the complexed oxygen at normal pressure as long as the temperature of the solid product is maintained below 86 K.
2. A method of safely storing oxygen at normal pressures combined in a complex compound comprising, blending in a vacuum oxygen gas with a material selected from the group consisting of water vapor, nitrogen dioxide gas, ethylene gas and isobutylene gas, solidifying the blended gas by freezing at a temperature of approximately 4.2 K. to obtain a complexed product thereof, warming said product to a temperature in a range of 66 K. to 77 K. to render any uncomplexed oxygen gaseous for removal, utilizing the solidified complex product as a safe storage of oxygen at normal pressure by maintaining the temperature below 86 K. and retrieving the oxygen for use from the solidified complex product by raising the temperature to a range of 124 K. to 150 K.
3. A solid complexed compound for the safe storage of oxygen at normal pressure and at temperatures below 86 K. consisting of a stable solidified combination formed of oxygen and a material selected from the group consisting of water vapor, nitrogen dioxide gas, ethylene gas and isobutylene gas and free of uncomplex oxygen.
4. A solid complexed compound for the safe storage of oxygen at normal pressure and at temperatures below 77 K. consisting of a stable solidified compound of solidified oxygen and solidified nitrogen dioxide gas free of uncomplexed oxygen and yielding a supply of oxygen gas at temperatures approaching and including 124 K.
5. A solid complexed compound for the safe storage of oxygen at normal pressure and at temperatures below 77 K. consisting of a stable solidified combination of frozen water vapor and solidified oxygen gas free of uncomplexed oxygen and yielding a supply of oxygen gas at temperatures approaching and including 150 K.
6. A solid complexed compound for the safe storage of oxygen at normal pressure and at temperatures below 72 K. consisting of a stable solidified combination of solidified oxygen and solidified isobutylene gas free of uncomplexed oxygen and yielding a supply of oxygen gas at temperatures approaching and including K.
7. A solid complexed compound for the safe storage of oxygen at normal pressure and at temperatures below 66 K. consisting of a stable solidified combination of solidified oxygen gas and solidified ethylene gas free of uncomplexed oxygen and yielding a supply of oxygen gas at temperatures approaching and including 86 K.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,892,766 6/1959 Broida et a1. 204164 3,062,730 11/1962 Ruehrwein 204176 3,217,503 11/1965 Mitchell et a1 62-1 XR 1,680,873 8/1928 Lucas-Girardville 62-47 2,217,678 10/1940 Goosmann 621 2,939,778 6/ 1960 McKinley 62-48 OTHER REFERENCES Stackelberg, Zeitschrift for Elektrochemie, vol. 58, pp. 104-109 (1958).
MILTON WEISSMAN, Primary Examiner. ROBERT A. OLEARY, Examiner.
M. L. MOORE, Assistant Examiner.
Claims (2)
1. A METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF A COMPLEX COMPOUND CAPABLE OF STORING OXYGEN AT NORMAL PRESSURE COMPRISING, BLENDING OXYGEN GAS IN A VACUUM WITH A MATERIAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF WATER VAPOR, NITROGEN DIOXIDE GAS, ETHYLENE GAS AND ISOBUTYLENE GAS, SOLIDIFYING BY FREEZING THE RESULTING BLEND TO OBTAIN A COMPLEXED PRODUCT THEREOF, WARMING SAID PRODUCT TO A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 66*-77*K. TO RENDER ANY UNCOMPLEXED OXYGEN GASEOUS FOR REMOVAL AND UTILIZING THE FINAL SOLIDIFIED COMPLEXED PRODUCT AS A SAFE MEANS OF STORING THE COMPLEXED OXYGEN AT NORMAL PRESSURE AS LONG AS THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SOLID PRODUCT IS MAINTAINED BELOW 86*K.
3. A SOLID COMPLEXED COMPOUND FOR THE SAFE STORAGE OF OXYGEN AT NORMAL PRESSURE AND AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 86*K. CONSISTING OF A STABLE SOLIDIFIED COMBINATION FORMED OF OXYGEN AND A MATERIAL SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF WATER VAPOR, NITROGEN DIOXIDE GAS, EHTYLENE GAS AND ISOBUTYLENE GAS AND FREE OF UNCOMPLEX OXYGEN.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US147378A US3378351A (en) | 1961-10-24 | 1961-10-24 | Method of storing oxygen |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US147378A US3378351A (en) | 1961-10-24 | 1961-10-24 | Method of storing oxygen |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3378351A true US3378351A (en) | 1968-04-16 |
Family
ID=22521344
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US147378A Expired - Lifetime US3378351A (en) | 1961-10-24 | 1961-10-24 | Method of storing oxygen |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3378351A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3864927A (en) * | 1972-12-14 | 1975-02-11 | Chou H Li | Method and apparatus for storage, transport, and use of cryogenic gases in solid form |
| US4326867A (en) * | 1976-08-16 | 1982-04-27 | Stokes Anthony D | Gas recovery |
| US20050061028A1 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2005-03-24 | Darren Mennie | System for liquefying or freezing xenon |
| US20050235693A1 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-10-27 | Hersman F W | Method and apparatus for accumulating hyperpolarized xenon |
| US20080093543A1 (en) * | 2006-09-20 | 2008-04-24 | Hersman F W | Thermal management technology for polarizing xenon |
| US8405022B2 (en) | 2006-09-20 | 2013-03-26 | University Of New Hampshire | Thermal management technology for polarizing xenon |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1680873A (en) * | 1925-05-20 | 1928-08-14 | Lucas-Girardville Paul Nicolas | Method of storing and transporting gases |
| US2217678A (en) * | 1937-09-24 | 1940-10-15 | White S Dental Mfg Co | Solidification of gases |
| US2892766A (en) * | 1955-01-28 | 1959-06-30 | Herbert P Broida | Formation and stabilization of atoms and free radicals |
| US2939778A (en) * | 1956-06-21 | 1960-06-07 | Air Prod Inc | Liquid explosive |
| US3062730A (en) * | 1959-06-18 | 1962-11-06 | Robert A Ruehrwein | Method of making ozone |
| US3217503A (en) * | 1963-09-04 | 1965-11-16 | Gen Foods Corp | Method of handling gas |
-
1961
- 1961-10-24 US US147378A patent/US3378351A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1680873A (en) * | 1925-05-20 | 1928-08-14 | Lucas-Girardville Paul Nicolas | Method of storing and transporting gases |
| US2217678A (en) * | 1937-09-24 | 1940-10-15 | White S Dental Mfg Co | Solidification of gases |
| US2892766A (en) * | 1955-01-28 | 1959-06-30 | Herbert P Broida | Formation and stabilization of atoms and free radicals |
| US2939778A (en) * | 1956-06-21 | 1960-06-07 | Air Prod Inc | Liquid explosive |
| US3062730A (en) * | 1959-06-18 | 1962-11-06 | Robert A Ruehrwein | Method of making ozone |
| US3217503A (en) * | 1963-09-04 | 1965-11-16 | Gen Foods Corp | Method of handling gas |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3864927A (en) * | 1972-12-14 | 1975-02-11 | Chou H Li | Method and apparatus for storage, transport, and use of cryogenic gases in solid form |
| US4326867A (en) * | 1976-08-16 | 1982-04-27 | Stokes Anthony D | Gas recovery |
| US20050061028A1 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2005-03-24 | Darren Mennie | System for liquefying or freezing xenon |
| US7137274B2 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2006-11-21 | The Boc Group Plc | System for liquefying or freezing xenon |
| US20050235693A1 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2005-10-27 | Hersman F W | Method and apparatus for accumulating hyperpolarized xenon |
| WO2005106367A3 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2006-11-30 | Univ New Hampshire | Method and apparatus for accumulating hyperpolarized xenon |
| US7281393B2 (en) * | 2004-04-21 | 2007-10-16 | University Of New Hampshire | Method and apparatus for accumulating hyperpolarized xenon |
| US20080093543A1 (en) * | 2006-09-20 | 2008-04-24 | Hersman F W | Thermal management technology for polarizing xenon |
| US7928359B2 (en) | 2006-09-20 | 2011-04-19 | University Of New Hampshire | Thermal management technology for polarizing Xenon |
| US8405022B2 (en) | 2006-09-20 | 2013-03-26 | University Of New Hampshire | Thermal management technology for polarizing xenon |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Gordon et al. | Enhanced solubility in solvent mixtures. I. The system phenanthrene—cyclohexane—methylene iodide1 | |
| Carte | The freezing of water droplets | |
| US3378351A (en) | Method of storing oxygen | |
| GB1445966A (en) | Cooling process | |
| Panish | The Ga+ In+ P System | |
| Barber et al. | Vapor pressures of perfluoropentanes | |
| Silcox et al. | An examination of some factors affecting histological preservation in frozen sections of unfixed tissue | |
| Kelley | The specific heat of tantalum at low temperatures and the effect of small amounts of dissolved hydrogen | |
| Booth et al. | Thermal Analysis of the System Argon—Boron Trifluoride. Compounds with the Inert Gases of the Atmosphere1, 2 | |
| Hildebrand et al. | SOLUBILITY. IV. SOLUBILITY RELATIONS OF NAPHTHALENE AND IODINE IN THE VARIOUS SOLVENTS, INCLUDING A METHOD FOR EVALUATING SOLUBILITY DATA. | |
| Garg et al. | Thermodynamic study of liquid Cu-Mg alloys by vapor pressure measurements | |
| Finke et al. | 3-Methylpentane and 3-methylheptane: Low-temperature thermodynamic properties | |
| Furukawa et al. | Heat Capacity, Heats of Fusion and Vaporization, and Vapor Pressure of Decaborane (BlOH14) | |
| Mezhov-Deglin et al. | Condensed water in superfluid He-II | |
| GB1157296A (en) | Improvements in and relating to Cryogenic Fluid Cooling Agents | |
| EP0849550B1 (en) | Process for low temperature cooling of a load and liquefied gas refrigeration system for performing the process | |
| US3360943A (en) | Solidifying liquid at subzero temperatures | |
| Staveley et al. | A dilatometric study of the transition in methyl alcohol | |
| White et al. | Melting and Polymorphism of KHF2, RbHF2, and CsHF2 to High Pressures | |
| Zhang et al. | Multiphase equilibria of binary and ternary mixtures involving solid phase (s) at supercritical-fluid conditions | |
| Cope et al. | The Heat Capacity of the Binary Liquid Mixture. Tetrafluoromethane‐Trifluoromethane Near the Upper Consolute Point | |
| US3211657A (en) | Method of transferring heat | |
| Houghton et al. | The solubilities and diffusion coefficients of isobutylene in dinonyl phthalate | |
| US3296110A (en) | Process for making polyoxymethylene | |
| Rase et al. | Phase Relations in the System Bacl2-BaTiO2 |