US3377217A - Gelled ammonium nitrate-nitromethane explosive composition - Google Patents

Gelled ammonium nitrate-nitromethane explosive composition Download PDF

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Publication number
US3377217A
US3377217A US600710A US60071066A US3377217A US 3377217 A US3377217 A US 3377217A US 600710 A US600710 A US 600710A US 60071066 A US60071066 A US 60071066A US 3377217 A US3377217 A US 3377217A
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ammonium nitrate
nitromethane
detonation
gelled
gelling agent
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US600710A
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James W Francis
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Commercial Solvents Corp
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Commercial Solvents Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B31/00—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
    • C06B31/28—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate
    • C06B31/32—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with a nitrated organic compound
    • C06B31/52—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with a nitrated organic compound the compound being nitrocellulose present as 10% or more by weight of the total composition
    • C06B31/54—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with a nitrated organic compound the compound being nitrocellulose present as 10% or more by weight of the total composition with other nitrated organic compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B31/00—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
    • C06B31/28—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate
    • C06B31/32—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with a nitrated organic compound
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S149/00—Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
    • Y10S149/11—Particle size of a component
    • Y10S149/112—Inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt

Definitions

  • This invention relates to explosive compositions containing ammonium nitrate and nitromethane.
  • this invention relates tonon-cap-sensitive explosive compositions, in gelled form having high rates of detonation.
  • this invention relates to non-cap-sensitive explosive compositions'in' gelled form having high rates of detonation useful in the seismic exploration for oil and natural gas found beneath the ocean floor.
  • Explosives are used in the seismic exploration for oil and gas deposits found beneath the'ocean fioor. Energy from shock waves produced by the detonation of expIosives beneath the surface of the water travels downward to beneath the ocean floor and is then partially reflected upward. The energy returning to the surface is picked up by a receiving apparatus known as a geophone which in turn transmits the received impulses to amplifying and recording devices. Interpretation of the recorded information permits the skilled geophysicist to determine geological structures where oil and natural gas are likely to have accumulated.
  • Explosive compositions used in marine seismic petroleum exploration desirably have high rates of detonation. Because of the stringent safety requirements in major ports regarding the loading of explosives on ocean going vessels, such explosives must also be non-cap-sensitive; that is, incapable of detonation by a single No. '8 electric blasting cap.
  • Explosive compositions in gelled form comprising ammonium nitrate, nitroparaflins such as nitromethane, nitroethane and nitropropane and a gelling agent for the nitroparaflin are known to the art and have a wide variety of applications.
  • Prior explosive compositions containing ammonium nitrate and nitroparalfins in gelled form have not been suitable for use in marine seismic exploration because of failure of the compositions to meet the requirements outlined above.
  • noncap-sensitive explosive compositions having high rates of detonation are prepared by forming an intimate admixture of ammonium nitrate of particle size sufliciently small to substantially completely pass through a 10 mesh screen with not more than 22% passing through a 200 mesh screen, nitromethane, and a gelling agent for the nitromethane wherein the weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane is in the range of from about 65:35 to about 45:55.
  • rate of detonation and detonation rate are used interchangeably with the term detonation velocity.
  • the rate of detonation of an explosive is the rate at which the detonation front passes through the explosive material.
  • Detonation rate is typically expressed in feet per second.
  • high detonation rates are generally considered to be in excess of 12,000 feet per second.
  • the compositions of the present invention have detonation rates in excess of 18,000 feet per second with detonation rates of in excess of 20,000 feet per second being reasonably common in freshly prepared material; that is, material prepared within the most recent 24-hour period.
  • any suitable gelling agent for thickening or gelling the normally liquid nitromethane may be employed in the compositions of the present invention.
  • suitable gelling agents include nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyoxyethylene having molecular weights in the range of from about one hundred thousand to about five million and the like. Because of the excellent results obtained therewith, nitrocellulose is preferred as the gelling agent.
  • the amount of gelling agent suitable for use in the explosive compositions of the present invention will vary depending principally on the particular gelling agent employed and on the viscosity desired for each particular composition. Typically, amounts in the range of from about 2 to about 15% by weight of gelling agent based on the weight of the nitromethane are employed. Preferred amounts are in the range of from about 5 to about 10% by weight.
  • the weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane is a critical feature of the present invention and, as previously stated, must be in the range of from about 65:35 to about 45:55. Preferably the weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane is about 60:40.
  • the particle size of the ammonium nitrate is also a critical feature of the present invention and, as previously stated, the ammonium nitrate must be of particle size sufficient to substantially completely pass through a 10 mesh screen with not more than 22% by weight passing through a 200 mesh screen.
  • the particle size distribution is preferably as follows:
  • Screen Size Percentage (U.S. Sieve Series) Minimum Maximum +10 0 0 10+35 0 10 -35+60 O 40 60+100 0 30 +200 10 22 200+Pan 15 22 for ammonium nitrate are well known to the art and include diatomaceous earth, wax, kaolin clay and the like.
  • the explosive compositions of the present invention are readily prepared by forming an intimate admixture of ammonium nitrate, nitromethane and gelling agent in the amounts and ratios set forth above.
  • the mixing may be carried out by any suitable procedure using mixing equipment suitable for mixing the ingredients.
  • the intimate admixtures have the consistency of heavy doughs and may be termed gels.
  • the compositions may be formed by first mixing the nitromethane and gelling agent to form a thickened or gelled nitromethane composition and subsequently mixing the gelled composition with the ammonium nitrate.
  • the ammonium nitrate, nitromethane and gelling agent may be placed in mixing equipment and mixed in a one-step operation.
  • 600 lbs. of ground ammonium nitrate of particle size sufficiently small to substantially completely pass through a mesh screen with not more than 22% passing through a 200 mesh screen prepared by grinding fertilizer grade, high density, ammonium nitrate prills, 400 lbs. of nitromethane and lbs. of nitrocellulose are placed in a mixing machine and the mixer is operated until an intimate admixture is formed. After thorough mixing the admixture may be packaged in desired quantities. By way of example, the mixture is passed to a hopper and there fed in 50 lb. quantities or other quantities into appropriately sized water resistant containers.
  • the loaded container is then equipped with a detonating device, as for example, a primer, of sufiieient power to detonate the explosive composition contained therein.
  • a detonating device as for example, a primer
  • the containers can be formed of any suitable container material. Waterproof or water resistant containers are naturally preferred. Typical container materials include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, fibrous materials such as wood, paper and cardboard; ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals such as tin, copper and aluminum.
  • the packaged explosive composition is suitable for detonation under water in the seismic exploration for oil and natural gas.
  • the packaged explosive composition has a detonation rate of in excess of 18,000 feet per second and is non-cap-sensitive.
  • the present invention provides explosive compositions which are well adapted for uses requiring non-cap-sensitive gelled explosive compositions having high rates of detonation.
  • a non-cap-sensitive explosive composition in gelled form having a high detonation rate consisting essentially of an intimate admixture of ammonium nitrate of particle size sufiiciently small to substantially completely pass through a 10 mesh screen, not more than 22% by weight of said ammonium nitrate passing a 200 mesh screen, nitromethane and gelling agent for the nitromethane, the weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane being in the range of from about :35 to about 45:55, and the amount of gelling agent being sufiicient to effectively thicken said mixture.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane is about 60:40.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein the amount of gelling agent is in the range of from about 2 to about 15% by weight based on the weight of the nitromethane.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein the amount of gelling agent is in the range of from about 5 to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the nitromethane.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein the gelling agent is nitrocellulose.
  • composition of claim 1 wherein the ammonium nitrate is of particle size distribution to be partially retained on screens 35, 60 and mesh.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Description

United States Patent Oil 3,377,217 GELLED AMMONIUM NITRATE-NITROMETHANE EXPLOSIVE COMPOSITION James W. Francis, Marion, Ill., assignor to Commercial Solvents Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Maryland No Drawing. Filed Dec. 12, 1966, Ser. No.
6 Claims. (Cl. 149-50) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This invention relates to explosive compositions containing ammonium nitrate and nitromethane. In a particular aspect this invention relates tonon-cap-sensitive explosive compositions, in gelled form having high rates of detonation. In a further aspect this invention relates to non-cap-sensitive explosive compositions'in' gelled form having high rates of detonation useful in the seismic exploration for oil and natural gas found beneath the ocean floor.
Explosives are used in the seismic exploration for oil and gas deposits found beneath the'ocean fioor. Energy from shock waves produced by the detonation of expIosives beneath the surface of the water travels downward to beneath the ocean floor and is then partially reflected upward. The energy returning to the surface is picked up by a receiving apparatus known as a geophone which in turn transmits the received impulses to amplifying and recording devices. Interpretation of the recorded information permits the skilled geophysicist to determine geological structures where oil and natural gas are likely to have accumulated.
Explosive compositions used in marine seismic petroleum exploration desirably have high rates of detonation. Because of the stringent safety requirements in major ports regarding the loading of explosives on ocean going vessels, such explosives must also be non-cap-sensitive; that is, incapable of detonation by a single No. '8 electric blasting cap.
Explosive compositions in gelled form comprising ammonium nitrate, nitroparaflins such as nitromethane, nitroethane and nitropropane and a gelling agent for the nitroparaflin are known to the art and have a wide variety of applications. Prior explosive compositions containing ammonium nitrate and nitroparalfins in gelled form have not been suitable for use in marine seismic exploration because of failure of the compositions to meet the requirements outlined above.
It is an object of the present invention to provide noncap-sensitive explosive compositions in gelled form having high rates of detonation containing ammonium nitrate and nitromethane.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide non-cap-sensitive explosive compositions in gelled form having high rates of detonation useful in marine seismic exploration for oil and natural gas.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention ice will be apparent from the specification and appended claims.
The present invention resides in the discovery that noncap-sensitive explosive compositions having high rates of detonation are prepared by forming an intimate admixture of ammonium nitrate of particle size sufliciently small to substantially completely pass through a 10 mesh screen with not more than 22% passing through a 200 mesh screen, nitromethane, and a gelling agent for the nitromethane wherein the weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane is in the range of from about 65:35 to about 45:55.
In the present application the terms rate of detonation and detonation rate are used interchangeably with the term detonation velocity. The rate of detonation of an explosive is the rate at which the detonation front passes through the explosive material. Detonation rate is typically expressed in feet per second. For the purpose of the present invention high detonation rates are generally considered to be in excess of 12,000 feet per second. The compositions of the present invention have detonation rates in excess of 18,000 feet per second with detonation rates of in excess of 20,000 feet per second being reasonably common in freshly prepared material; that is, material prepared within the most recent 24-hour period.
Any suitable gelling agent for thickening or gelling the normally liquid nitromethane may be employed in the compositions of the present invention. Examples of such gelling agents include nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, polyoxyethylene having molecular weights in the range of from about one hundred thousand to about five million and the like. Because of the excellent results obtained therewith, nitrocellulose is preferred as the gelling agent.
The amount of gelling agent suitable for use in the explosive compositions of the present invention will vary depending principally on the particular gelling agent employed and on the viscosity desired for each particular composition. Typically, amounts in the range of from about 2 to about 15% by weight of gelling agent based on the weight of the nitromethane are employed. Preferred amounts are in the range of from about 5 to about 10% by weight.
The weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane is a critical feature of the present invention and, as previously stated, must be in the range of from about 65:35 to about 45:55. Preferably the weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane is about 60:40.
The particle size of the ammonium nitrate is also a critical feature of the present invention and, as previously stated, the ammonium nitrate must be of particle size sufficient to substantially completely pass through a 10 mesh screen with not more than 22% by weight passing through a 200 mesh screen. The particle size distribution is preferably as follows:
Screen Size Percentage (U.S. Sieve Series) Minimum Maximum +10 0 0 10+35 0 10 -35+60 O 40 60+100 0 30 +200 10 22 200+Pan 15 22 for ammonium nitrate are well known to the art and include diatomaceous earth, wax, kaolin clay and the like.
The explosive compositions of the present invention are readily prepared by forming an intimate admixture of ammonium nitrate, nitromethane and gelling agent in the amounts and ratios set forth above. The mixing may be carried out by any suitable procedure using mixing equipment suitable for mixing the ingredients. The intimate admixtures have the consistency of heavy doughs and may be termed gels. The compositions may be formed by first mixing the nitromethane and gelling agent to form a thickened or gelled nitromethane composition and subsequently mixing the gelled composition with the ammonium nitrate. As an alternate procedure, the ammonium nitrate, nitromethane and gelling agent may be placed in mixing equipment and mixed in a one-step operation.
By way of example, 600 lbs. of ground ammonium nitrate of particle size sufficiently small to substantially completely pass through a mesh screen with not more than 22% passing through a 200 mesh screen prepared by grinding fertilizer grade, high density, ammonium nitrate prills, 400 lbs. of nitromethane and lbs. of nitrocellulose are placed in a mixing machine and the mixer is operated until an intimate admixture is formed. After thorough mixing the admixture may be packaged in desired quantities. By way of example, the mixture is passed to a hopper and there fed in 50 lb. quantities or other quantities into appropriately sized water resistant containers. The loaded container is then equipped with a detonating device, as for example, a primer, of sufiieient power to detonate the explosive composition contained therein. The containers can be formed of any suitable container material. Waterproof or water resistant containers are naturally preferred. Typical container materials include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, fibrous materials such as wood, paper and cardboard; ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals such as tin, copper and aluminum. The packaged explosive composition is suitable for detonation under water in the seismic exploration for oil and natural gas. The packaged explosive composition has a detonation rate of in excess of 18,000 feet per second and is non-cap-sensitive.
From the foregoing those skilled in the art should readily understand that the present invention provides explosive compositions which are well adapted for uses requiring non-cap-sensitive gelled explosive compositions having high rates of detonation.
Since many embodiments of this invention may be made and since many changes may be made in the embodiments described, the foregoing is to be interpreted as illustrative only and the invention is defined by the claims appended hereto.
1 claim:
1. A non-cap-sensitive explosive composition in gelled form having a high detonation rate consisting essentially of an intimate admixture of ammonium nitrate of particle size sufiiciently small to substantially completely pass through a 10 mesh screen, not more than 22% by weight of said ammonium nitrate passing a 200 mesh screen, nitromethane and gelling agent for the nitromethane, the weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane being in the range of from about :35 to about 45:55, and the amount of gelling agent being sufiicient to effectively thicken said mixture.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the weight ratio of ammonium nitrate to nitromethane is about 60:40.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the amount of gelling agent is in the range of from about 2 to about 15% by weight based on the weight of the nitromethane.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the amount of gelling agent is in the range of from about 5 to about 10% by weight based on the weight of the nitromethane.
5. The composition of claim 1 wherein the gelling agent is nitrocellulose.
6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the ammonium nitrate is of particle size distribution to be partially retained on screens 35, 60 and mesh.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,113,275 10/1914 Woodbury 149-1l2 X 3,133,844 5/1964 Royer et al. 149-89 X 3,255,057 6/1966 Brower et al. l49-2 3,318,741 5/1967 Jones 149-89 CARL D. QUARFORTH, Primary Examiner. L. DEWAYNE RUTLEDGE, Examiner. S. J. LECHERT, JR., Assistant Examiner.
US600710A 1966-12-12 1966-12-12 Gelled ammonium nitrate-nitromethane explosive composition Expired - Lifetime US3377217A (en)

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3475236A (en) * 1968-04-17 1969-10-28 Seispower Corp Non-aqueous cap-sensitive explosive containing gelled nitromethane and inorganic nitrate oxidizer salt
US3546034A (en) * 1968-06-19 1970-12-08 Commercial Solvents Corp Ammonium nitrate-nitromethane type blasting agent containing urea as a crystallization inhibitor
US3663324A (en) * 1969-10-27 1972-05-16 Talley Frac Corp Liquid explosive containing a nitramine explosive dissolved in a nitroparaffin
US4097316A (en) * 1977-03-15 1978-06-27 Atlas Powder Company Method for gelling nitroparaffins in explosive compositions
JPS5467016A (en) * 1977-11-04 1979-05-30 Nippon Oils & Fats Co Ltd Water containing explosive composition
JPS5467015A (en) * 1977-11-04 1979-05-30 Nippon Oils & Fats Co Ltd Water containing explosive composition
JPS5467017A (en) * 1977-11-04 1979-05-30 Nippon Oils & Fats Co Ltd Water containing explosive composition

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1113275A (en) * 1914-03-02 1914-10-13 Du Pont Powder Co Process of varying the velocity of detonation of explosives.
US3133844A (en) * 1961-11-17 1964-05-19 Aerojet General Co Ammonium nitrate explosives containing nitroalkanes
US3255057A (en) * 1963-10-10 1966-06-07 Aerojet General Co Sensitized ammonium nitrate explosives containing a hydrogen ion indicator
US3318741A (en) * 1965-04-08 1967-05-09 Commercial Solvents Corp Thickened nitroparaffin containing stabilizer

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1113275A (en) * 1914-03-02 1914-10-13 Du Pont Powder Co Process of varying the velocity of detonation of explosives.
US3133844A (en) * 1961-11-17 1964-05-19 Aerojet General Co Ammonium nitrate explosives containing nitroalkanes
US3255057A (en) * 1963-10-10 1966-06-07 Aerojet General Co Sensitized ammonium nitrate explosives containing a hydrogen ion indicator
US3318741A (en) * 1965-04-08 1967-05-09 Commercial Solvents Corp Thickened nitroparaffin containing stabilizer

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3475236A (en) * 1968-04-17 1969-10-28 Seispower Corp Non-aqueous cap-sensitive explosive containing gelled nitromethane and inorganic nitrate oxidizer salt
US3546034A (en) * 1968-06-19 1970-12-08 Commercial Solvents Corp Ammonium nitrate-nitromethane type blasting agent containing urea as a crystallization inhibitor
US3663324A (en) * 1969-10-27 1972-05-16 Talley Frac Corp Liquid explosive containing a nitramine explosive dissolved in a nitroparaffin
US4097316A (en) * 1977-03-15 1978-06-27 Atlas Powder Company Method for gelling nitroparaffins in explosive compositions
JPS5467016A (en) * 1977-11-04 1979-05-30 Nippon Oils & Fats Co Ltd Water containing explosive composition
JPS5467015A (en) * 1977-11-04 1979-05-30 Nippon Oils & Fats Co Ltd Water containing explosive composition
JPS5467017A (en) * 1977-11-04 1979-05-30 Nippon Oils & Fats Co Ltd Water containing explosive composition
JPS5727073B2 (en) * 1977-11-04 1982-06-08
JPS5727071B2 (en) * 1977-11-04 1982-06-08
JPS5727072B2 (en) * 1977-11-04 1982-06-08

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