US3373384A - Co-ordinate selection switches - Google Patents

Co-ordinate selection switches Download PDF

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Publication number
US3373384A
US3373384A US587193A US58719366A US3373384A US 3373384 A US3373384 A US 3373384A US 587193 A US587193 A US 587193A US 58719366 A US58719366 A US 58719366A US 3373384 A US3373384 A US 3373384A
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Prior art keywords
crosspoints
vertical
horizontal
bars
selection
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Expired - Lifetime
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US587193A
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English (en)
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Pierre M Lucas
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Individual
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Priority claimed from FR16844A external-priority patent/FR1443354A/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H67/00—Electrically-operated selector switches
    • H01H67/22—Switches without multi-position wipers
    • H01H67/24—Co-ordinate-type relay switches having an individual electromagnet at each cross-point
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H13/00—Switches having rectilinearly-movable operating part or parts adapted for pushing or pulling in one direction only, e.g. push-button switch
    • H01H13/70—Switches having rectilinearly-movable operating part or parts adapted for pushing or pulling in one direction only, e.g. push-button switch having a plurality of operating members associated with different sets of contacts, e.g. keyboard
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H15/00—Switches having rectilinearly-movable operating part or parts adapted for actuation in opposite directions, e.g. slide switch
    • H01H15/02—Details
    • H01H15/06—Movable parts; Contacts mounted thereon
    • H01H15/10—Operating parts
    • H01H15/102—Operating parts comprising cam devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H36/00—Switches actuated by change of magnetic field or of electric field, e.g. by change of relative position of magnet and switch, by shielding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H36/00—Switches actuated by change of magnetic field or of electric field, e.g. by change of relative position of magnet and switch, by shielding
    • H01H36/0006—Permanent magnet actuating reed switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H5/00—Snap-action arrangements, i.e. in which during a single opening operation or a single closing operation energy is first stored and then released to produce or assist the contact movement
    • H01H5/02—Energy stored by the attraction or repulsion of magnetic parts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H67/00—Electrically-operated selector switches
    • H01H67/22—Switches without multi-position wipers
    • H01H67/26—Co-ordinate-type selector switches not having relays at cross-points but involving mechanical movement, e.g. cross-bar switch, code-bar switch

Definitions

  • a co-ordinate-selection switching stage for example of the crossbar type, appears in the form of a rectangular matrix of crosspoints constituted by sets of make contacts between fixed blades which are multiplied vertically for example and movable blades which are then multiplied horizontally and with each of which there is associated a flexible finger enabling it to be controlled individually by successive manoeuvres of a horizontal selection bar and of a vertical holding bar, the first of which guides the control fingers for the sets of contacts from a given level between these and the vertical bars in such a manner that the operation of a vertical bar which has no effect on the crosspoints of the unselected levels closes the set of contacts of the selected level and holds it by Wedging of its control finger when the horizontal selection bar returns to normal, the connection thus remaining in existence until the vertical holding bar is restored to normal.
  • Co-ordinate selection switches are likewise known comprising crosspoints which are equipped with devices for locking in the operating position in such a manner that holding them in operation does not consume any power but these switches generally comprise fragile or complicated selection or interlocking members,
  • co-ordinate selection switches are known, th crosspoints of which have two positions of mechanical stability, one inoperative and the other operative, in which contacts mounted round a movable part are respectively opened and closed, the changeover from one of these stable positions of equilibrium to the other being effected by a movement of translation of the movable part under the action of a selection rod which is controlled to render it operative by the manipulation of two coordinate bars and which remains imprisoned in the selection position when the crosspoint is operative in such a manner that the manipulation of one of the co-ordinate bars is sufficient to restore it to rest.
  • One object of the invention is to permit the control of a bistable crosspoint, both to render it inoperative and to render it operative, through the combined action of two co-ordinate bars, these being in their position of rest at all other times.
  • a further object of the invention is to obtain complete independence between the co-ordinate selection mechanism of a switch of the kind in question and the multiples between the contacts of the crosspoints.
  • a further object of the invention is to increase the reliability and the duration of operation of crosspoint manipulated by translation of a movable part having two stable positions of equilibrium.
  • a co-ordinate selection switch comprising horizontal selection bars, vertical control bars and crosspoints arranged along the horizontal rows and the vertical columns of a rectangular matrix
  • each of said vertical bars being in the form of a rectangular panel capable of pivoting in one direction and in the other about one of its large vertical sides, pierced with apertures allowing free passage to the operating members of the crosspoints of a vertical column and carrying selection fingers individually associated with said crosspoints, said selection fingers having one of their ends resiliently embedded in a flange of the vertical bar which carries them in the vicinity of its pivotal axis and their other end engaged in a vertical slot in the opposite flange of said panel in such a manner that in the position of rest they are not in engagement with the operating members for the crosspoints and that their only possible movement is a bending movement in a plane parallel with said panel, and each of said horizontal bars enables the selection fingers of a horizontal row of crosspoint to be displaced in such a manner as to
  • FIG. 1 is a basic diagram showing, in perspective, the arrangement of the co-ordinate bars enabling a crosspoint to be caused to operate which has two positions of mechanical stability in accordance with the first embodiment of the invention
  • FIG. 2 shows diagrammatically and in partial section a modification of the device of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of a crosspoint with two positions of magnetic stability in accordance with the second embodiment of the invention seen in section on the line II of FIG. 4 in the direction indicated by the arrow;
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram of a portion of an automatic switch comprising crosspoints in accordance with FIG. 3, two of which are seen in section along the lines IIAIIA and IIB-IIB in FIG. 3 respectively;
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing the arrangement of two of the co-ordinate bars of the automatic switch of FIG. 4;
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing, in perspective, a mechanism enabling crosspoints without any inherent stability to be operated in accordance with the invention
  • FIG. 7 is a basic diagram of a multi-stage switching network.
  • FIG. 8 is a basic diagram of an example of using switches in accordance with the forms of construction of FIGS. 1 to 6 in the network of FIG. 7.
  • the crosspoints 10 are adapted to establish and interrupt the contact between resilient wires such as 3, 4 passing through an insulating plate 5 and fixed blades 11 to 14 carried by an insulating supporting plate 6.
  • the multiplying of the contacts may be efiected, for example, by means of printed circuits in the vertical direction on the plate 6 for the fixed contacts 11 to 14 and in the horizontal direction on the rear plate 5 for the connections of the four corresponding movable contacts, only two of which 3 and 4 are visible on the drawings, of each crosspoint 10.
  • Each of these comprises a cylindrical or prismatic sleeve 15 which passes through the supporting plate 6 and is fixed thereto.
  • the sleeve 15 is closed at one end by an insulating stopper 16 through which there penetrate the wires such as 3 and 4.
  • An intermediate member 17, of moulded insulating material, is threaded into the sleeve 15 by its end opposite to the stopper 16 and can slide in this under the action of a hook 18 which extends beyond the sleeve 15 in the general axial direction.
  • the intermediate member 17 comprises a cylindrical or prismatic portion in which there is fitted the hook 18 and which is extended, at the opposite side to this, by a portion with a frusto-conical section adapted to urge outwards, the ends of the wires such as 3 and 4 which are bent in consequence, when the member 17 is driven into the sleeve 15.
  • the latter is drilled, opposite the ends of the wires such as 3 and 4, with elongated apertures allowing them to come into contact with the fixed blades such as 13 and 14-.
  • the vertical wires 7 are elongated rectangular panels of which the central portion 75 is bounded on the one hand by an upright 76, pivoting about itself in one direction or the other under the action of two electro-magnets, not illustrated, about a mid position in which the panel 75 is parallel with the supporting plate 6, and on the other hand by a flange 73 pierced by apertures 70.
  • the panel 75 of this is pierced, in the vicinity of the flange 73, wtih an aperture 77 through which the hook 18 of the corresponding crosspoint passes freely.
  • Each aperture 77 is traversed by a flexible selection finger 78 consisting, for example, of a steel wire, one end of which is embedded in the upright 76 and which comprises, in the vicinity of this, a spiral-wound spring section adapted to urge it resiliently towards a horizontal position of rest parallel with the panel 75 in which it passes close to the notched side of the corresponding hook 18 without penetrating into its notch 180.
  • the free end of each selection finger passes through an aperture 70 which holds it in a plane parallel with the panel 75 while leaving it free for displacement in this plane.
  • the horizontal bars 8 comprise an actual bar 81 arranged at the side of the vertical bars opposite to the crosspoints, adapted to pivot about itself and carrying, for each column of crosspoints, a cross-piece 82 extending beyond the corresponding vertical bars close to its flange 73 and capable of acting on the selection finger 7 8 of one or two of them according to their arrangement and the number of electro-magnets controlling the horizontal bar.
  • the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 1 The arrangement illustrated in FIG.
  • the horizontal bar 8 is restored by the movement I2 into the same operating position as for the previous operation, the finger 78 then coming against the outer edge of the notch 180, then the vertical bar 7 is driven in rotation in the direction of the arrow v
  • the finger 78 driven by the edge of the aperture 70 reaching to the panel 75, thus pulls the intermediate member 17 and causes it to execute the movement x which brings it to the end of its travel in which the disconnection is effected.
  • the return to rest of the bars 8 and 7 releases the finger 78 from the notch 180 without any effect on the member 17 which remains in its pulled state.
  • FIG. 2 is a partial view in plan, partially in section, of a switch, the operation of which is identical with that in FIG. 1 but the structure of whch is more compact as a result of a particular arrangement of its vertical bars.
  • These are oriented alternately towards the right and towards the left and arranged slightly obliquely in such a manner as to be able to overlap without their movements being hampered, in such a manner that each cross-piece 82 of a horizontal bar acts simultaneously on the fingers of the same level 78b, 78c of two vertical bars 7b, 70.
  • the same reference numerals with the letters b or c as an index designate the corresponding portions thereof.
  • FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 relate to the case where the stability of the crosspoints in each of their positions of equilibrium is afforded by magnetic means.
  • the crosspoints comprise, as can be seen in particular in FIGS. 3 and 4, a casing, which may be parallelepiped for example, consisting of a base 116 fixed to an insulating plate 106, of a head 112 and of lateral walls 115 between which a piston 117 can slide over a short stroke under the action of a control rod 118 which is rigidly connected thereto and which passes through the base 116 and the supporting plate 106.
  • the control rod 118 may be rectangular in section for example and deeply notched at one of its faces, with two notches 128, 138 which form two hooks with parallel faces by either of which it can be pushed or pulled parallel to its axis.
  • a permanent magnet 127 in the extension of which, parallel with the axis of the piston rod 118, two ferromagnetic members 122 and 126 are fitted respectively into the head 112 and the base 116 of the casing of the crosspoint 110'.
  • the member 122 may be of soft iron for example and the member 126' is preferably a permanent magnet having the opposite orientation to the magnet 127.
  • the members 122 and 126 serve as end stops for the magnet 127 and thus ensure the stability of the piston .117 in two end positions.
  • a contact block 101 rigidly connected to the base 116 and comprising, for example, two fixed blades 113, .114 and two movable blades 103, 104 connected at their opposite end to the block 101 by an insulatingmember 102 which is extended axially in the direction of the piston head 117 by a length such that when this is in its position of equilibrium known as the operating or connection position in which the magnet 127 is in abutment against the magnet 126, the contacts between the movable blades 103, 104 and fixed blades 113, 114 are respectively closed and when the piston 117 is in a position of rest with the magnet 127 in abutment against the soft iron member 122.
  • the blades 103, 104, 113, .114 are respectively equipped with connecting conductors 123, 124, 133, 134 which pass through the base 116 and the insulating plate 106 to be appropriately multipled, for example by means of printed circuits, on said insulating plate.
  • the arrangement of the stacks of contact blades and the number thereof in each stack are selected as a function of the number of circuits to be switched simultaneously, the example given in FIGS. 3 and 4 being in no way limiting.
  • FIG. 4 also shows a modification of the compact structure of an automatic switch with bistable crosspoints illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • the selection bars are designated by the same reference numerals there.
  • This modification has the advantage of avoiding the obliqueness of the vertical bars 7b, 7c in the position of rest with respect to the supporting plate 106 as a result of the alternate use of the hook 128 or of the hook 138 of the cross-points 110 of one level.
  • the cross-pieces 82 of the horizontal bars 8 consequently have the required length for each of them to act simultaneously on the selection fingers 78b and 780 of two contiguous vertical bars 7b, 70 having their axes of rotation respectively comprised in their uprights 76b, 76c which are furthest from the cross-piece 82 in question.
  • FIG. 5 which is similar to FIG. 1, shows two crosspoints 110 corresponding to FIGS. 3 and 4 which are controlled by one and the same vertical bar 7b and selected by two different horizontal bars, only one of which 8 is illustrated for the sake of clarity in the drawing. Comparing this partial illustration with that in FIG. 4 it will be seen that the vertical bar 7b of which the selection fingers 78b are associated with the notches 128 of the operating rods 118 of the crosspoints 110, is framed by two vertical bars 70, the selection fingers 780 of which are associated with the notches 138 of the operating rods of the adjacent crosspoints.
  • FIG. 6 shows a mechanism enabling crosspoints to be operated which have no inherent stability, in the same manner as the bistable crosspoints described above.
  • a blade 9 Associated with each of the crosspoints is a blade 9 carrying, substantially one third along its length, a pair of opposite transverse push-pieces 91, 92, at' its opposite end an insulating push-piece 93 and about half-way between this and the pair of push-pieces 91, 92 an aperture 94.
  • the blades 9 are mounted on parallel cross-pieces 61, 62 of a supporting frame connected to the main frame, of which the first, 61, comprises grooves or channels 65 in which are engaged the ends of the blades 9 opposite to their push-piece 93, and the second 62 carries lugs 63 which are engaged in the apertures 94 and constitute a shoulder out of which is hollowed a groove 64 in which there is engaged the edge of the aperture 94 closest to the end of the blade engaged in the groove 65'.
  • Vertical bars 7d are arranged one at each side of each frame such as 61, 62 carrying a series of aligned blades 9, such frames alternating with the vertical bars 7d.
  • These are elongated rectangular panels, of which the central portion d is,
  • Selection fingers 78d are resiliently fitted into the reinforced portion 76d in such a manner that, in the position of rest, each of them is perpendicular to the axis thereof and is directed parallel with the panel 75d along one edge of an aperture 77 provided with a reinforced portion 79 adapted to serve as a stop.
  • Each vertical bar 7d can effect two movements of rotation in opposite directions v and v about the axis of its reinforced portion 76d under the action of two electromagnets not illustrated.
  • the horizontal bars 8a are arranged perpendicular to the plane of the frames 61, 62 and comprise an actual bar 81d which can efi'ect a single movement of rotation 11 about itself and which carries, opposite each vertical bar which it crosses, a crosspiece 82d in engagement with the free end of a selection finger 78d.
  • the horizontal bar 8d effects the movement it, it pushes all the selection fingers in one horizontal row in such a manner as to move them away from the supporting reinforcement 79' and to cause them to block the central portion of the aperture 77 level with the lateral push-pieces 91, 92 as indicated in broken lines in FIG. 6.
  • the vertical bar 7d situated at the same side as the lateral push-piece 91 of the blade 9b which is operated and has to be restored to normal is actuated in the direction v and for a connection, the vertical bar symmetrical therewith with respect to the frame 61, 62 is actuated in the direction v After each actuation, the coordinate bars are restored to rest.
  • the crosspoints controlled by the push-pieces 33 of the blades 9 may be of very different types and in particular may consist of stacks of conventional contacts which their own resilience holds open when the corresponding blade 9 is in a disconnection position 9a and which are held in the closed position by the terminal push-piece 93b of a blade in the connection position 91).
  • the assemblies of contact stacks thus actuated may be mounted in a totally independent manner above the control mechanism of FIG. 6.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates diagrammatically, in the form of single lines, a simplified example of a switching network with three stages of switches A, B, C.
  • a path between an incoming line X connected to a switch a of the stage A and an outgoing line Y connected to a switch "y of the stage C is defined when a switch 3 of the stage B is selected.
  • the three switches a, B, y used by the route are designated by three individual markings m m 111 which characterize them among the switches of their stage. Moreover end markings m and m, designate the rank of the input X and of the output Y in question.
  • the input link X is designated by the markings m and m the link It].
  • FIG. 8 illustrates two switches at and [3 in each of which there is only illustrated a single crosspoint with three contacts 2 2 p and p' p' p' three electromagnets of horizontals H H g, H g and H,,,, H H
  • the electro-magnets which may concern the crosspoint p p p illustrated are, for example, the electro-magnet of horizontal H and the electro-magnets of vertical V and V Similarly, those which may concern the point p p' p may be for example H V and V' A link such as t between two switches a and [3 com- :prises four wires, three of which are switched over by the contacts such as p 17 p of the corresponding crosspoint, two line wires n a third wire #3 devoted to the busy tests for the links and to the identification of routes, and a fourth wire n serving for the coincidence marking.
  • the electro-magnets of horizontals H H H,, of the switch a are connected on the one hand, in parallel, to the marking point m on the other hand individually to the marking points such as m of the various input links of the switch a: by means of diodes which avoid mixing through return circuits.
  • the electro-magnets of vertical V V are connected, on the one hand in parallel, by means of diodes and of the wire to the electro-magnet of horizontal H of the switch a, on the other hand to a negative source, the first by means of a make contact P, symbolizing connection in parallel or" make contacts carried by all the horizontal bars of the sw' ch 01, and of a contact ex, the closing of which characterizes a connection instruction, the second by means of a contact P similar to P and to the contact dx, the closing of which characterizes a disconnection instruction.
  • the electro-magnets of vertical V and V are similarly connected on the one hand to a horizontal electromagnet of a switch of the stage B other than switch a, and on the other hand respectively to the same contacts P and ex in series and P and dx in series as the electromagnets V and V'
  • the electro-magnets of horizontals H H H are connected on the one hand in parallel to the marking point m on the other hand, the first to the switch by the link #4 and the others to different switches in the stage A in the same manner.
  • the connections of the electro-magnets of verticals of the switch [3 may be deduced from the connections of the electro nagnets of verticals of the switch at by simple offsetting of the stages concerned.
  • a crossbar switch comprising a rectangular matrix, crosspoints arranged along the horizontal rows and vertical columns of said matrix, horizontal selection bars and vertical control bars, each of said crosspoints comprising at least one set of contacts and one intermediate member equipped with an operating member under the action of which it can be subjected to a movement of translation between two stable end positions of equilibrium in which said contacts are respectively opened and closed, each of said vertical bars being in the form of a substantially rectangular panel adapted to pivot in one direction and in the other about one of its large vertical sides, pierced with apertures affording free passage to the operating members for the crosspoints of a vertical column and carrying selection fingers individually associated with said crosspoints, said selection fingers having one of their ends resiliently fitted into an edge of the vertical bar which carries them in the vicinity of its pivotal axis and their other end engaged in a vertical slot in the opposite edge of said panel in such a manner that, in the position of rest they are not in engagement with the operating members of the crosspoints and that their only possible movement is bending in a plane parallel with said
  • a crossbar switch as claimed in claim ll comprising three parts which are easily assembled, the first of which comprises the movable contacts and their multipling, the second of which comprises the guide cylinders or prisms for the intermediate members, the associated fixed contacts and their multipling, and the third of which comprises the co-ordinate bars and their control electro-magnets.
  • a crossbar switch comprising a rectangular matrix, crosspoints arranged along the horizontal rows and vertical columns of said matrix, horizontal selection bars and vertical control bars, each of said crosspoints comprising at least one set of contacts and one intermediate member equipped with an operating member under the action of which it can be subjected to a movement of translation between two end positions in which said contacts are respectively opened and closed, magnetic means ensuring the stability of said intermediate member in each of said end positions, each of said vertical bars being in the form of a substantially rectangular panel adapted to pivot in one direction and in the other about one of its large vertical sides, pierced with apertures affording free passage to the operating members for the crosspoints of a vertical column and carrying selection fingers individually associated with said crosspoints, said selection fingers having one of their ends resiliently fitted into an edge of the vertical bar which carries them in the vicinity of its pivotal axis and their other end engaged in a vertical slot in the opposite edge of said panel in such a manner that, in the position of rest they are not in engagement with the operating members of the crosspoints and that

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Knitting Machines (AREA)
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US587193A 1965-05-13 1966-10-17 Co-ordinate selection switches Expired - Lifetime US3373384A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR16844A FR1443354A (fr) 1965-05-13 1965-05-13 Perfectionnements aux commutateurs à sélection par coordonnées
FR35946A FR88948E (fr) 1965-05-13 1965-10-22 Perfectionnements aux commutateurs à sélection par coordonnées
FR41871A FR89474E (fr) 1965-05-13 1965-12-10 Perfectionnements aux commutateurs à sélection par coordonnées
FR71995A FR90778E (fr) 1965-05-13 1966-08-03 Perfectionnements aux commutateurs à sélection par coordonnées

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US3373384A true US3373384A (en) 1968-03-12

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US587193A Expired - Lifetime US3373384A (en) 1965-05-13 1966-10-17 Co-ordinate selection switches

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US (1) US3373384A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE687945A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (3) FR88948E (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1160978A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3427575A (en) * 1967-06-28 1969-02-11 James Cunningham & Son Co Inc Mechanical latching arrangement for electromechanically actuated switching matrix

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2529010B1 (fr) * 1982-06-22 1985-11-15 Serras Paulet Edouard Clavier a touches enfoncables

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2338181A (en) * 1942-06-20 1944-01-04 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Switching mechanism
US2692304A (en) * 1951-06-18 1954-10-19 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Coordinate selector with each other crossing bars

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2338181A (en) * 1942-06-20 1944-01-04 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Switching mechanism
US2692304A (en) * 1951-06-18 1954-10-19 Ericsson Telefon Ab L M Coordinate selector with each other crossing bars

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3427575A (en) * 1967-06-28 1969-02-11 James Cunningham & Son Co Inc Mechanical latching arrangement for electromechanically actuated switching matrix

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Publication number Publication date
FR88948E (fr) 1967-04-14
GB1160978A (en) 1969-08-13
FR89474E (fr) 1967-06-30
FR90778E (fr) 1968-02-16
BE687945A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1967-03-16

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