US3358690A - Heart stimulator utilizing a pressuresensitive semiconductor - Google Patents

Heart stimulator utilizing a pressuresensitive semiconductor Download PDF

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US3358690A
US3358690A US412268A US41226864A US3358690A US 3358690 A US3358690 A US 3358690A US 412268 A US412268 A US 412268A US 41226864 A US41226864 A US 41226864A US 3358690 A US3358690 A US 3358690A
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heart
pressure
transducer
ventricle
power source
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Marvin M Cohen
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/02—Detecting, measuring or recording pulse, heart rate, blood pressure or blood flow; Combined pulse/heart-rate/blood pressure determination; Evaluating a cardiovascular condition not otherwise provided for, e.g. using combinations of techniques provided for in this group with electrocardiography or electroauscultation; Heart catheters for measuring blood pressure
    • A61B5/021—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels
    • A61B5/0215—Measuring pressure in heart or blood vessels by means inserted into the body
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/32—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents
    • A61N1/36—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes alternating or intermittent currents for stimulation
    • A61N1/362—Heart stimulators
    • A61N1/365—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential
    • A61N1/36514—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential controlled by a physiological quantity other than heart potential, e.g. blood pressure
    • A61N1/36564—Heart stimulators controlled by a physiological parameter, e.g. heart potential controlled by a physiological quantity other than heart potential, e.g. blood pressure controlled by blood pressure

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  • This invention relates to a heart stimulator. More particularly, this invention relates to an ingenious electronic system for stimulating the heart in order to effect pumping of blood in tune to the need put on the circulatory system.
  • Pacemakers Of fairly recent vintage are electronic systems for heart stimulation, known as Pacemakers.
  • the known Pacemakers work in an ingenious manner to stimulate the ventricle, either the right or left ventricle, or both, in order to provide necessary stimuli in the event that heart blockage has atrophied normal nerve ends in the muscle walls of the heart.
  • nodes of nerve endings are situated on the atrium portion of the heart, being located on the right auricle and left auricle.
  • these nodes act as pressure transducers, continuously telemetering pressure changes in the auricles so that as the pressure increases, the tricuspid valve between the right auricle and right ventricle, and the mitral valve between the left auricle and left ventricle, are opened and the appropriate ventricles suck in the blood from their respective auricles and pulse out the blood through their respective pulmonary artery and aorta.
  • Some congenital heart defects are of a type resulting in what is known as a blockage. In such instances the naturally performing telemetering operation mentioned in the preceding paragraph is in malfunction so that the heart operates inefiiciently.
  • the newly developed Pacemakers take over the telemetering function to an extent by provid ing the ventricle with suitably spaced pulses of electrical energy as if, in fact, the nerve networks of the heart were delivering such pulses.
  • the prior art Pacemakers leave much to be desired inasmuch as they produce a constant pulse frequency, not variable to the requirements of the individual. In other Words, the Pacemaker, in delivering its electrical pulses does so at a beat ordinarily prevalent when the individual is at repose.
  • the Pacemaker does not operate on a faster rate, but actually fights the individual in his additional requirements for blood flow.
  • the Pacemaker does not decrease its frequency, but maintains a constant rate, thereby producing a greater flow of blood than is necessary and oftentimes prevents the individual from obtaining restful sleep.
  • the primary object of the present invention I 3,358,690 Patented Dec. 19, 1967 is to provide a unique telemetering system resulting in heart stimulation accounting for variances in the need for blood supply.
  • FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic cross-section of the heart in the diastole phase.
  • FIGURE 2 is a block diagram of the circuitry involved in carrying out the present invention.
  • the cross-sectional view represents a diagrammatical view of a mammalian heart, and in particular the heart of a human being. It will be assumed that the heart will have undergone a degree of heart blockage, which necessitates the implantation of the present invention.
  • a tiny transducer 11 is positioned within the walls of the right auricle and/ or the left auricle.
  • This tiny transducer is merely a pressure sensitive element, such as a tunnel diode which, under present day technology, may be constructed to assume an extremely tiny dimension.
  • the pressure transducer 11 is positioned in the walls of the heart near the inner periphery by means of open heart surgery, now nicely perfected by our medical scientists.
  • Tiny leads 12 emerge from the heart and are carried outwardly through the parietal pleura of a power source such as a DC. batery 13.
  • the DC battery provides suitable biasing to the tunnel diode pressure transducer when such is utilized.
  • the pressure transducer selected is such that it may be sensitive to pressure changes of the type found from low pressure to high pressure conditions in the atrium.
  • the pressure transducer senses it and would ordinarily throw a suitable electronic switch immediately.
  • the switching is delayed by means of a conventional delay circuit 15 before it is connected to the conventional switching circuit 16 through lead line 17.
  • the power source 18 is put into the line leading to an electrode 19 through leads 20 and 21.
  • the electrode 19 is of the same type as employed in a Pacemaker and is of an extremely small size.
  • the electronic circuitry and power source may be positioned outside the body or may be located directly below the skin and outside of the sternum. Such parts of the circuitry would, of course, be the power source 13, the delay circuit 15, the switching circuit 16, and the power source 18.
  • FIGURE 2 a further rendition of the circuitry of the present invention is set forth, showing the DC. battery source 13, the pressure transducer 11, the delay circuit 15, the switching circuitry 16, the DC. power source 18, and the electrode 19. Electrode 19 is positioned in the ventricle portion of the heart, either right or left, or both.
  • a heart stimulator comprising:
  • a pressure sensitive transducer means adapted to be inserted in the atrium of a heart for sensing a high pressure condition in said atrium;
  • telemetering means connecting said transducer and said electrode means, said telemetering means comprising a delay circuit, a switching circuit, and a DC power source, said delay circuit being connected to receive the output of said pressure sensitive trans- References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,184,972 5/ 1965 Sikorski 7 3-698 3,240,207 3/ 1966 Barker 128-205 3,253,596 5/ 1966 Keller 128421 FOREIGN PATENTS 1,067,538 10/ 1959 Germany.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
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  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)

Description

Dec. 19, 1967 M M. COHEN HEART STII-ZULATOR UTILIZING A PRESSURE-SENSITIVE SEMICONDUCTOR Filed Nov. 18, 1964 AORTA E- 1%? RT. AURIGLE V 7 Zia; 2: l3 1/ LEFT AURICLE 3 PRESSURE l4- TRANSDUCER ,DELAY [-5 CIRCUIT TRICUSPID j.- VALVE -swncnms j: i I I RT. VENTRICLE 1. 1 L5 'I 3 LEFT vENTRlcLE- ELECTRODE '1'. l9
07c. POWER '7 SOURCE 5 I6 I6 I i I I I 0.0. POWER PRESSURE DELAY SWITCHING fi SOURCE TRANSDUCER CIRCUIT CIRCUIT SOURCE l/VVE/VTOR MARVIN M. COHEN B) W I 6-! J: 9, ATTORNEYJ.
United States Patent 3,358,690 HEART STIMULATOR UTILIZING A PRESSURE- SENSITIVE SEMICONDUCTOR Marvin M. Cohen, Silver Spring, Md., assignor to United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army Filed Nov. 18, 1964, Ser. No. 412,268 3 Claims. (Cl. 128-419) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A heart stimulator in which a pressure-sensitive transducer,-such as a tunnel diode -is placed within the walls of an auricle in the heart. When a high pressure condition is reached, a switching signal is transmitted to a switching circuit, after being delayed, and a DC power source is activated thereby activating an electrode placed in the ventricle.
This invention relates to a heart stimulator. More particularly, this invention relates to an ingenious electronic system for stimulating the heart in order to effect pumping of blood in tune to the need put on the circulatory system.
Of fairly recent vintage are electronic systems for heart stimulation, known as Pacemakers. The known Pacemakers work in an ingenious manner to stimulate the ventricle, either the right or left ventricle, or both, in order to provide necessary stimuli in the event that heart blockage has atrophied normal nerve ends in the muscle walls of the heart.
It is well known that nodes of nerve endings are situated on the atrium portion of the heart, being located on the right auricle and left auricle. In effect, these nodes act as pressure transducers, continuously telemetering pressure changes in the auricles so that as the pressure increases, the tricuspid valve between the right auricle and right ventricle, and the mitral valve between the left auricle and left ventricle, are opened and the appropriate ventricles suck in the blood from their respective auricles and pulse out the blood through their respective pulmonary artery and aorta. In other words, as pressure is built up in the atrium, nerve endings and nerve networks in the wall of the heart lead to suitable nodes in the ventricle portion of the heart to dispose of the blood in suitable pressurized fashion. Even though the heart reacts to the pressure change as telemetered from the atrium to the ventricle, the ventricle itself has a natural beat.
Some congenital heart defects are of a type resulting in what is known as a blockage. In such instances the naturally performing telemetering operation mentioned in the preceding paragraph is in malfunction so that the heart operates inefiiciently. The newly developed Pacemakers take over the telemetering function to an extent by provid ing the ventricle with suitably spaced pulses of electrical energy as if, in fact, the nerve networks of the heart were delivering such pulses. Unfortunately, the prior art Pacemakers leave much to be desired inasmuch as they produce a constant pulse frequency, not variable to the requirements of the individual. In other Words, the Pacemaker, in delivering its electrical pulses does so at a beat ordinarily prevalent when the individual is at repose. In the event the individual is engaged in strenuous activity requiring a greater quantity of blood, the Pacemaker does not operate on a faster rate, but actually fights the individual in his additional requirements for blood flow. On the other hand, when the individual is asleep, the Pacemaker does not decrease its frequency, but maintains a constant rate, thereby producing a greater flow of blood than is necessary and oftentimes prevents the individual from obtaining restful sleep.
Accordingly, the primary object of the present invention I 3,358,690 Patented Dec. 19, 1967 is to provide a unique telemetering system resulting in heart stimulation accounting for variances in the need for blood supply.
It is another object of the present invention to disclose an electrical system utilizable in a heart stimulation program.
It is yet another object of the present invention to proide a heart stimulator which is extremely compact and is efficient in operation.
Additional objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon a more detailed consideration as set forth below and taken in conjunction with the drawings, wherein:. 7
FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic cross-section of the heart in the diastole phase; and,
FIGURE 2 is a block diagram of the circuitry involved in carrying out the present invention.
Now, turning our attention to FIGURE 1, it will be noted that the cross-sectional view represents a diagrammatical view of a mammalian heart, and in particular the heart of a human being. It will be assumed that the heart will have undergone a degree of heart blockage, which necessitates the implantation of the present invention. Within the walls of the right auricle and/ or the left auricle, a tiny transducer 11 is positioned. This tiny transducer is merely a pressure sensitive element, such as a tunnel diode which, under present day technology, may be constructed to assume an extremely tiny dimension. The pressure transducer 11 is positioned in the walls of the heart near the inner periphery by means of open heart surgery, now nicely perfected by our medical scientists. Tiny leads 12 emerge from the heart and are carried outwardly through the parietal pleura of a power source such as a DC. batery 13. The DC battery provides suitable biasing to the tunnel diode pressure transducer when such is utilized.
The pressure transducer selected is such that it may be sensitive to pressure changes of the type found from low pressure to high pressure conditions in the atrium. When a high pressure condition is achieved in the atrium, the pressure transducer senses it and would ordinarily throw a suitable electronic switch immediately. However, by means of lead line 14, the switching is delayed by means of a conventional delay circuit 15 before it is connected to the conventional switching circuit 16 through lead line 17. When the switching circuit is phased to the on side, the power source 18 is put into the line leading to an electrode 19 through leads 20 and 21. The electrode 19 is of the same type as employed in a Pacemaker and is of an extremely small size.
It will be appreciated that as in the same manner or use of a conventional Pacemaker, the electronic circuitry and power source may be positioned outside the body or may be located directly below the skin and outside of the sternum. Such parts of the circuitry would, of course, be the power source 13, the delay circuit 15, the switching circuit 16, and the power source 18.
By positioning the electronic components in this manner and employing tiny leads to the heart, there is practically no discomfort to the individual utilizing this system. The entire arrangement is very small and the power consumption is almost infinitesimal, so that the circuitry of the present system may be removed for the replacement of either the electronic components or the power source, which may be in the form of batteries, by means of a simple operation which may be performed on an annual basis.
In FIGURE 2, a further rendition of the circuitry of the present invention is set forth, showing the DC. battery source 13, the pressure transducer 11, the delay circuit 15, the switching circuitry 16, the DC. power source 18, and the electrode 19. Electrode 19 is positioned in the ventricle portion of the heart, either right or left, or both.
By means of the present invention, it will be seen that technological advances have been made to take the place of damaged heart conditions and that the circuitry involved is, in fact, analogous to the heart circuitry, at least in the function thereby achieved.
It will be apparent that many changes and modifications of the several features described herein may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is, therefore, apparent that the foregoing description is by Way of illustration of the invention rather than limitation of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A heart stimulator, comprising:
(a) a pressure sensitive transducer means adapted to be inserted in the atrium of a heart for sensing a high pressure condition in said atrium;
(b) electrode means adapted to be inserted in the ventricle of said heart; and
(c) telemetering means connecting said transducer and said electrode means, said telemetering means comprising a delay circuit, a switching circuit, and a DC power source, said delay circuit being connected to receive the output of said pressure sensitive trans- References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,184,972 5/ 1965 Sikorski 7 3-698 3,240,207 3/ 1966 Barker 128-205 3,253,596 5/ 1966 Keller 128421 FOREIGN PATENTS 1,067,538 10/ 1959 Germany.
RICHARD A. GAUDET, Primary Examiner.
W. E. KAMM, Assistant Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. A HEART STIMULATOR, COMPRISING: (A) A PRESSURE SENSITIVE TRANSDUCER MEANS ADAPTED TO BE INSERTED IN THE ATRIUM OF A HEART FOR SENSING A HIGH PRESSURE CONDITION IN SAID ATRIUM; (B) ELECTRODE MEANS ADAPTED TO BE INSERTED IN THE VENTRICLE OF SAID HEART; AND (C) TELEMETERING MEANS CONNECTING SAID TRANSDUCER AND SAID ELECTRODE MEANS, SAID TELEMETERING MEANS COMPRISING A DELAY CIRCUIT, A SWITCHING CIRCUIT, AND A DC POWER SOURCE, SAID DELAY CIRCUIT BEING CONNECTED TO RECEIVE THE OUTPUT OF SAID PRESSURE SENSITIVE TRANSDUCER, SAID SWITCHING CIRCUIT BEING CONNECTED TO RECEIVE THE OUTPUT OF SAID DELAY CIRCUIT, AND SAID DC POWER SOURCE BEING ADAPTED TO BE CONNECTED TO SAID ELECTRODE MEANS BY SAID SWITCHING CIRCUIT WHEN SAID SWITCHING CIRCUIT IS ACTIVATED BY THE DELAYED SIGNAL
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Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3563245A (en) * 1968-03-15 1971-02-16 Donald Neil Mclean Biologically implantable and energized power supply
US3593718A (en) * 1967-07-13 1971-07-20 Biocybernetics Inc Physiologically controlled cardiac pacer
DE2112583A1 (en) * 1970-03-24 1971-11-18 Zacouto Fred Dr Med Method for determining, controlling and influencing the value of vital functions, in particular the heart, in humans and mammals and device for carrying out this method
US3638656A (en) * 1968-08-26 1972-02-01 Liechti Ag Fred Method and apparatus for monitoring and stimulating the activity of the heart
US3650277A (en) * 1969-02-24 1972-03-21 Lkb Medical Ab Apparatus for influencing the systemic blood pressure in a patient by carotid sinus nerve stimulation
US3911897A (en) * 1974-04-05 1975-10-14 Jr Frank A Leachman Heart assist device
DE2613463A1 (en) * 1975-04-24 1976-11-04 Pacer Snc PACEMAKER
US4566456A (en) * 1984-10-18 1986-01-28 Cordis Corporation Apparatus and method for adjusting heart/pacer rate relative to right ventricular systolic pressure to obtain a required cardiac output
US4600017A (en) * 1984-07-19 1986-07-15 Cordis Corporation Pacing lead with sensor
EP0218009A1 (en) * 1985-10-04 1987-04-15 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Heart pace maker
DE3709073A1 (en) * 1987-03-19 1988-09-29 Alt Eckhard IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICE
US4781715A (en) * 1986-04-30 1988-11-01 Temple University Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Cardiac prosthesis having integral blood pressure sensor
US4791935A (en) * 1986-08-15 1988-12-20 Medtronic, Inc. Oxygen sensing pacemaker
US4791931A (en) * 1987-08-13 1988-12-20 Pacesetter Infusion, Ltd. Demand pacemaker using an artificial baroreceptor reflex
US4807629A (en) * 1986-08-15 1989-02-28 Medtronic, Inc. Oxygen sensing pacemaker
US4813421A (en) * 1986-08-15 1989-03-21 Medtronic, Inc. Oxygen sensing pacemaker
US4899751A (en) * 1987-10-06 1990-02-13 Leonard Bloom System for and method of therapeutic stimulation of a patient's heart
EP0317065A3 (en) * 1987-10-06 1990-08-22 Todd J. Cohen Hemodynamically responsive system for and method of treating a malfunctioning heart
US5058586A (en) * 1987-07-27 1991-10-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Catheter for implantation in the heart, having an integrated measuring probe
US5129394A (en) * 1991-01-07 1992-07-14 Medtronic, Inc. Method and apparatus for controlling heart rate in proportion to left ventricular pressure
US5919210A (en) * 1997-04-10 1999-07-06 Pharmatarget, Inc. Device and method for detection and treatment of syncope
US20060247702A1 (en) * 2005-04-28 2006-11-02 Berthold Stegemann Measurement of coronary sinus parameters to optimize left ventricular performance
US7136704B2 (en) 2003-04-16 2006-11-14 Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research Blood oxygen monitoring system and a lead therefor
US20100140943A1 (en) * 2008-12-04 2010-06-10 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Device for storage of intraluminally generated power
US20100141052A1 (en) * 2008-12-04 2010-06-10 Searete Llc,A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware System for powering devices from intraluminal pressure changes
US9353733B2 (en) 2008-12-04 2016-05-31 Deep Science, Llc Device and system for generation of power from intraluminal pressure changes
US9567983B2 (en) 2008-12-04 2017-02-14 Deep Science, Llc Method for generation of power from intraluminal pressure changes
US9759202B2 (en) * 2008-12-04 2017-09-12 Deep Science, Llc Method for generation of power from intraluminal pressure changes

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1067538B (en) * 1958-03-29 1959-10-22 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Apparatus for controlling or supporting cardiac activity by means of electrical stimulation current impulses
US3184972A (en) * 1961-04-24 1965-05-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Pressure transducers
US3240207A (en) * 1963-05-31 1966-03-15 North American Aviation Inc Pressure sensor
US3253596A (en) * 1963-05-27 1966-05-31 Cordis Corp Cardiac pacer

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1067538B (en) * 1958-03-29 1959-10-22 Siemens Reiniger Werke Ag Apparatus for controlling or supporting cardiac activity by means of electrical stimulation current impulses
US3184972A (en) * 1961-04-24 1965-05-25 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Pressure transducers
US3253596A (en) * 1963-05-27 1966-05-31 Cordis Corp Cardiac pacer
US3240207A (en) * 1963-05-31 1966-03-15 North American Aviation Inc Pressure sensor

Cited By (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3593718A (en) * 1967-07-13 1971-07-20 Biocybernetics Inc Physiologically controlled cardiac pacer
US3563245A (en) * 1968-03-15 1971-02-16 Donald Neil Mclean Biologically implantable and energized power supply
US3638656A (en) * 1968-08-26 1972-02-01 Liechti Ag Fred Method and apparatus for monitoring and stimulating the activity of the heart
US3650277A (en) * 1969-02-24 1972-03-21 Lkb Medical Ab Apparatus for influencing the systemic blood pressure in a patient by carotid sinus nerve stimulation
DE2112583A1 (en) * 1970-03-24 1971-11-18 Zacouto Fred Dr Med Method for determining, controlling and influencing the value of vital functions, in particular the heart, in humans and mammals and device for carrying out this method
US3911897A (en) * 1974-04-05 1975-10-14 Jr Frank A Leachman Heart assist device
DE2613463A1 (en) * 1975-04-24 1976-11-04 Pacer Snc PACEMAKER
US4600017A (en) * 1984-07-19 1986-07-15 Cordis Corporation Pacing lead with sensor
EP0178528A1 (en) * 1984-10-18 1986-04-23 Telectronics N.V. Method for adjusting heart/pacer rate relative to right ventricular systolic pressure to obtain a required cardiac output
US4566456A (en) * 1984-10-18 1986-01-28 Cordis Corporation Apparatus and method for adjusting heart/pacer rate relative to right ventricular systolic pressure to obtain a required cardiac output
EP0218009A1 (en) * 1985-10-04 1987-04-15 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Heart pace maker
US4763646A (en) * 1985-10-04 1988-08-16 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Heart pacemaker
US4781715A (en) * 1986-04-30 1988-11-01 Temple University Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Cardiac prosthesis having integral blood pressure sensor
US4791935A (en) * 1986-08-15 1988-12-20 Medtronic, Inc. Oxygen sensing pacemaker
US4807629A (en) * 1986-08-15 1989-02-28 Medtronic, Inc. Oxygen sensing pacemaker
US4813421A (en) * 1986-08-15 1989-03-21 Medtronic, Inc. Oxygen sensing pacemaker
DE3709073A1 (en) * 1987-03-19 1988-09-29 Alt Eckhard IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL DEVICE
US5058586A (en) * 1987-07-27 1991-10-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Catheter for implantation in the heart, having an integrated measuring probe
US4791931A (en) * 1987-08-13 1988-12-20 Pacesetter Infusion, Ltd. Demand pacemaker using an artificial baroreceptor reflex
US4899751A (en) * 1987-10-06 1990-02-13 Leonard Bloom System for and method of therapeutic stimulation of a patient's heart
EP0317065A3 (en) * 1987-10-06 1990-08-22 Todd J. Cohen Hemodynamically responsive system for and method of treating a malfunctioning heart
US5129394A (en) * 1991-01-07 1992-07-14 Medtronic, Inc. Method and apparatus for controlling heart rate in proportion to left ventricular pressure
US5919210A (en) * 1997-04-10 1999-07-06 Pharmatarget, Inc. Device and method for detection and treatment of syncope
US6078834A (en) * 1997-04-10 2000-06-20 Pharmatarget, Inc. Device and method for detection and treatment of syncope
US7136704B2 (en) 2003-04-16 2006-11-14 Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research Blood oxygen monitoring system and a lead therefor
US7904158B2 (en) 2005-04-28 2011-03-08 Medtronic, Inc. Measurement of coronary sinus parameters to optimize left ventricular performance
US20060247702A1 (en) * 2005-04-28 2006-11-02 Berthold Stegemann Measurement of coronary sinus parameters to optimize left ventricular performance
WO2006118713A1 (en) 2005-04-28 2006-11-09 Medtronic. Inc. Measurement of coronary sinus parameters to optimize left ventricular performance
US20110160790A1 (en) * 2005-04-28 2011-06-30 Medtronic, Inc. Measurement of coronary sinus parameters to optimize left ventricular performance
US20100141052A1 (en) * 2008-12-04 2010-06-10 Searete Llc,A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware System for powering devices from intraluminal pressure changes
US20100140943A1 (en) * 2008-12-04 2010-06-10 Searete Llc, A Limited Liability Corporation Of The State Of Delaware Device for storage of intraluminally generated power
US9353733B2 (en) 2008-12-04 2016-05-31 Deep Science, Llc Device and system for generation of power from intraluminal pressure changes
US9526418B2 (en) * 2008-12-04 2016-12-27 Deep Science, Llc Device for storage of intraluminally generated power
US9567983B2 (en) 2008-12-04 2017-02-14 Deep Science, Llc Method for generation of power from intraluminal pressure changes
US9631610B2 (en) * 2008-12-04 2017-04-25 Deep Science, Llc System for powering devices from intraluminal pressure changes
US9759202B2 (en) * 2008-12-04 2017-09-12 Deep Science, Llc Method for generation of power from intraluminal pressure changes

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