US3336227A - Polyalkylene glycol-diorthosilicic acid ester lubricants and power transmitting fluids - Google Patents

Polyalkylene glycol-diorthosilicic acid ester lubricants and power transmitting fluids Download PDF

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Publication number
US3336227A
US3336227A US470629A US47062965A US3336227A US 3336227 A US3336227 A US 3336227A US 470629 A US470629 A US 470629A US 47062965 A US47062965 A US 47062965A US 3336227 A US3336227 A US 3336227A
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Prior art keywords
ester
diorthosilicic
ether
diethyleneglycol
esters
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US470629A
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Gothel Herbert
Feichtinger Hans
Noeske Heinz
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Ruhrchemie AG
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Ruhrchemie AG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M1/00—Liquid compositions essentially based on mineral lubricating oils or fatty oils; Their use as lubricants
    • C10M1/08—Liquid compositions essentially based on mineral lubricating oils or fatty oils; Their use as lubricants with additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
    • C07F7/04—Esters of silicic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/282—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/34—Esters having a hydrocarbon substituent of thirty or more carbon atoms, e.g. substituted succinic acid derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2223/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2223/02—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing phosphorus as ingredients in lubricant compositions having no phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
    • C10M2223/04—Phosphate esters
    • C10M2223/042—Metal salts thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2227/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2203/00, C10M2207/00, C10M2211/00, C10M2215/00, C10M2219/00 or C10M2223/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2227/02—Esters of silicic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/02—Unspecified siloxanes; Silicones
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2229/00—Organic macromolecular compounds containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M2205/00, C10M2209/00, C10M2213/00, C10M2217/00, C10M2221/00 or C10M2225/00 as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2229/04—Siloxanes with specific structure
    • C10M2229/05—Siloxanes with specific structure containing atoms other than silicon, hydrogen, oxygen or carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/08—Hydraulic fluids, e.g. brake-fluids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/12—Gas-turbines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/12—Gas-turbines
    • C10N2040/13—Aircraft turbines

Definitions

  • This invention relates to new and useful synthetic liquid compositions or oils. More particularly, the invention is concerned with fluid or. oily compositions comprising a diorthosilicic acid ester or a mixture containing a diorthosilicic acid ester.
  • fluid compositions of this invention may be used alone or admixed with other liquid materialse.g., fluid bodies such as polyoxyalkyleneglycol-diortho-silicic acidhexaalkyl esters disclosed in US. Patent No. 2,776,307 as electrically insulating fluids, hydraulic fluids, damping fluids, lubricants, etc.
  • fluid bodies such as polyoxyalkyleneglycol-diortho-silicic acidhexaalkyl esters disclosed in US. Patent No. 2,776,307 as electrically insulating fluids, hydraulic fluids, damping fluids, lubricants, etc.
  • Synthetic lubricants, power transmission fluids, etc. must possess a number of properties in order to be capable of heavy duty service under varying operating conditions. Such fluids must be characterized by small changes in viscosity with temperature, remain fluid at low temperatures, be non-volatile at high temperatures, have high thermal and oxidative stability, and the lubricating films formed therefrom must have adequate load carrying capacities.
  • Silicic acid esters are known which more or less meet the above requirements, as, for instance, polyoxyalkyleneglycol-diorthosilicic acid-heXa-alkyl esters disclosed in U.S Patent No. 2,776,307.
  • the viscosity indices of these esters' decrease in those instances where the esters have alkyl groups which contain more than 8 carbon atoms.
  • the esters having low viscosity indices are not satisfactory for application as jet propulsion engine oils.
  • an object of the present invention is to provide silicic acid esters having high boiling ranges, 10w volatilities, high viscosity indices, low viscos-ities at low temperatures and as well capable of forming lubricating films having satisfactory load carrying capacities.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide fluidcompositions suitable for use as electrically insulating fluids
  • liquid material comprising diorthosilicic acid esters of the formula I i)z( )s n( R')n wherein A represents a polyoxyalkylene radical having 1 3,335,227 Patented Aug. 15, 1967 "ice to 6 and preferably 2 to 4 ether-oxygen atoms, R represents a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether radical having 2 to 8 ether-oxygen atoms, R represents an alkyl group having 9 to 20 carbon atoms, n is of the class consisting of from 1 to 4 and 0 and wherein R and R may be the same or different, provides liquid or fluid compositions which are suitable for use as lubricants, brake fluids, hydraulic fluids, etc.
  • A represents a polyoxyalkylene radical having 1 3,335,227 Patented Aug. 15, 1967 "ice to 6 and preferably 2 to 4 ether-oxygen atoms
  • R represents a polyoxyalkylene glycol ether radical having 2 to 8 ether-oxygen atoms
  • R represents an al
  • a preferred group of diorthosilicic acid esters for the purposes of the invention has the following formulae:
  • esters of the invention are shown in the following table wherein a comparison of certain of the esters of the invention with certain known silicic acid esters having similar molecular sizes has been set out.
  • the known esters employed in comparison include diand tri-oxyalkyleneglycol-diorthosilicic acidheXa-isodecyl-ester (I, III) as well as tri-oxyalkyleneglycol-diorthosilicic acid-hexa-iso-tridecyl-ester (VIII) corresponding to the formula:
  • esters of the invention used in the comparison are the following:
  • the load carrying capacity of the lubricating film of each of the esters was determined using the four-ball testing apparatus as described by Boerlage (Lexikon der Schmiertechnik, G. Voegtle, Franckh'sche Verlangshandlun-g Stuttgart 1964).
  • the first number represents the highest possible load in kg. which the lubricating film withstands for one minute, without alteration, while the second number designates the load at which the balls are welded, i.e.,
  • the viscosity indices of the esters II and IV lie above 200, which is significantly higher than the viscosity index of the hexa-isodecyl-ester I.
  • the viscosity indices of the triethyleneglycol-diorthosilicic acid esters IV and V differ considerably from those of esters I and III, respectively, of comparable molecular size and, namely, by 17 or 18 units, respectively.
  • the silicic acid esters according to the invention possess satisfactory low temperature viscosities at, for example, -40 and at 54 C. Because of this favorable viscositytemperature relationship, the esters of the invention are particularly well suited for use as lubricants, additives to lubricants, as well as power transmission fluids, where extremely low temperatures must be encountered.
  • esters IV and V containing oxyalkyleneglycol ether residues, are more viscous at 37.8 and 98.9 C. than the known hexa-isodecyl-ester 1, they are much more fluid in the cold than the commercially available lubricating oils of different chemical composition used at present for gas turbine airplanes.
  • Ester VII although highly viscous at 37.8 and 989 C., has substantially the same viscosity as ester I at extremely low temperatures.
  • the di-orthosilicic acid esters containing oxyalkyleneglycol-ether radicals in their molecule according to the invention exhibit an unexpectedly great improvement in their viscosity-temperature relationship, their low temperature behavior, as well as an increased load carrying capacity of their lubricating films as compared with the di-orthosilicic acid esters known in the art.
  • esters according to the invention have proved especially useful under the application of high loads of the resulting mixed friction.
  • Polyoxyalkyleneglycol-diorthosilicic acid-hexaoxyalkylene-ether esters according to the invention have molecular weights below 900 and are especially suitable for use as hydraulic fluids due to their high viscosity indices, their low viscosities at low temperatures and adequate viscosities at high temperatures, i.e., under conditions wherein a function of the temperature, it likewise exhibits but an extremely small pressure responsivity. This property is of considerable importance for hydraulic fluids.
  • diethyleneglycol -diorthosilicic acid-hexa-(ethyleneglycol-n-butyl-ether)-ester (molecular weight 862) has a viscosity index of 218.
  • the esters of this invention can be used alone or in admixture with other liquid materials known in the art as lubricants or power transmission fluids, e.g., mineral lubricants, dicarboxylic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, organo-silicium compounds of different structure, as well as with conventional oxidation inhibitors and other like conventional additives.
  • lubricants or power transmission fluids e.g., mineral lubricants, dicarboxylic acid esters, phosphoric acid esters, organo-silicium compounds of different structure, as well as with conventional oxidation inhibitors and other like conventional additives.
  • they may be admixed with (1) a liquid dicarboxylic acid ester or with (2) a liquid organo-silicium compound, as, for example, a methyl polysiloxane, or (3) with both a phosphoric acid ester and an oxidation inhibitor.
  • the ester of the invention is present in any admixture in an amount equal to at least
  • An especially well suited oxidation inhibitor is phenothiazine. It can be added in amounts from 0.1 up to 1.5% by weight, dependant upon the quantity of the lubricant.
  • the diorthosilicic acid esters can be prepared, for instance, by reacting stoichiometric mixtures of suitable alcohols and ether alcohols with gaseous SiCl according to the disclosure of German Patent No. 1,142,855 or as disclosed in German patent application R 32,696 IVb/ 120, Deutsche Auslegeschrift 1,180,359.
  • Example I A reaction vessel (a so-called bubble-column reactor) consisting of a vertical glass tube with an internal diameter of 69 mm. and a height of 550 mm. provided with a glass frit (Jena apparatus glass, grain coarseness 2) in its bottom was charged with 121 g. diethyleneglycol and 1122 g. diethyleneglycol-n-butylether, which had previously been dried to a water content below 0.1%. Silicium tetrachloride was applied dropwise from a dosing vessel 5 into an evaporator coil heated at C., which was gastight connected with the said reaction vessel, by a conduit joining the said reaction vessel below the said glass hit.
  • a glass frit Japanese apparatus glass, grain coarseness 2
  • esters according to the invention can be prepared.
  • the viscosity in the temperature range above 50 C. is increased, in the temperature range below 37.8 C. decreased.
  • the viscosity index is increased, the flame point and the load carrying capacity are also increased.
  • Example 4 75 parts by volume of a mineral lubricating oil (free of any additive) were admixed with 25 parts by volume of 1 diethyleneglycol-diorthosilicic"acid-hexa-(diethyleneglycoln-butylether)-ester (ester II of the invention).
  • admixture 75/25 percent by vol.'M a comparison of the lubricant so obtained with the said mineral oil and ester II has been set out in Table 4.
  • esters of the invention Due to the addition of the esters of the invention to mineral lubricating oils, essential properties of these oils are improved.
  • the viscosity index is increased (as for instance for 36 units at an addition of 25% of the ester of the invention).
  • the viscosity, especially at low temperatures is diminished.
  • the flame points are raised and the setting points are lowered. Further on, the lubricating action is improved.
  • a lubricant and power transmission fluid comprising at least 5% by weight of a diorthosilicic acid ester of the formula:
  • A represents a polyoxyalkylene radical having 1 to 6 ether oxygen atoms
  • R represents a polyoxyalkylene-glycol-ether radical having 2 to 8 ether-oxygen atoms
  • R' represents alkyl having 9 to 20 carbons atoms
  • n is of the class consisting of integers of from 1 to 4 and 0 admixed with another liquid lubricant.
  • a lubricant and power transmission fluid according to claim 1 additionally containing an anti-oxidant.
  • diorthosilicic acid ester is triethyleneglycol diorthosilicic acid tri-(diethyleneglycolethyl-ether) -tri- (diethyleneglycol-n-butyl-ether) -ester.
  • a lubricant and power transmission fluid comprising at least 5.0% by weight of a diorthosilicic acid ester of the formula:
  • diorthosilicic acid ester is diethyleneglycol diorthosilicic acid tri (diethyleneglycol ethyl-ether)-tri-(diethyleneglycol-n-butyl-ether)- ester.
  • diorthosilicic acid ester is triethyleneglycol diorthosilicic acid tri (diethyleneglycol ethyl-ether)-tri-(diethyleneglycol-n-butyl-ether)- ester.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Lubricants (AREA)
US470629A 1964-07-10 1965-07-08 Polyalkylene glycol-diorthosilicic acid ester lubricants and power transmitting fluids Expired - Lifetime US3336227A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DER38337A DE1262485B (de) 1964-07-10 1964-07-10 Synthetische Schmiermittel auf Basis von Polyalkylenglykoldiorthokieselsaeure-(polyoxyalkylenglykolaether)-estern

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US3336227A true US3336227A (en) 1967-08-15

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US (1) US3336227A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE1262485B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1062375A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
NL (2) NL6508747A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3514402A (en) * 1966-12-01 1970-05-26 Ruhrchemie Ag Synthetic lubricants containing trimethylol - alkane - di - ortho-silicic acid esters
US3538001A (en) * 1964-07-10 1970-11-03 Ruhrchemie Ag Synthetic lubricants and power transmission fluids
US3994948A (en) * 1973-09-25 1976-11-30 Castrol Limited Hydraulic fluids
US4013698A (en) * 1974-03-25 1977-03-22 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Polysiloxanes containing hydroxyl groups
US4016088A (en) * 1973-09-25 1977-04-05 Castrol Limited Hydraulic fluids
US4093554A (en) * 1974-03-27 1978-06-06 Castrol Limited Hydraulic fluid compositions
FR2429835A1 (fr) * 1978-06-29 1980-01-25 Olin Corp Nouveaux alcoxy-bis(trialcoxysiloxy)silanes tensio-actifs
US4226794A (en) * 1979-05-21 1980-10-07 Olin Corporation Low-foaming alkoxy-bis(trialkoxysiloxy)-silane surfactants
US20110150163A1 (en) * 2009-12-22 2011-06-23 Westinghouse Electric Company Llc Process for application of lubricant to fuel rod during fuel assembly loading process

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2724698A (en) * 1950-12-01 1955-11-22 Exxon Research Engineering Co Lubricating oil anti-foaming agent
US2947772A (en) * 1958-11-10 1960-08-02 Dow Corning Alkoxysilanes and their use as lubricants
US3029269A (en) * 1956-08-21 1962-04-10 California Research Corp Silicon esters
US3118841A (en) * 1960-02-09 1964-01-21 Douglas Aircraft Co Inc Lubrication and hydraulic fluid composition
US3133111A (en) * 1961-04-07 1964-05-12 Union Carbide Corp Process for the transesterification of alkoxy-containing organosilicon compounds

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2724698A (en) * 1950-12-01 1955-11-22 Exxon Research Engineering Co Lubricating oil anti-foaming agent
US3029269A (en) * 1956-08-21 1962-04-10 California Research Corp Silicon esters
US2947772A (en) * 1958-11-10 1960-08-02 Dow Corning Alkoxysilanes and their use as lubricants
US3118841A (en) * 1960-02-09 1964-01-21 Douglas Aircraft Co Inc Lubrication and hydraulic fluid composition
US3133111A (en) * 1961-04-07 1964-05-12 Union Carbide Corp Process for the transesterification of alkoxy-containing organosilicon compounds

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3538001A (en) * 1964-07-10 1970-11-03 Ruhrchemie Ag Synthetic lubricants and power transmission fluids
US3514402A (en) * 1966-12-01 1970-05-26 Ruhrchemie Ag Synthetic lubricants containing trimethylol - alkane - di - ortho-silicic acid esters
US3994948A (en) * 1973-09-25 1976-11-30 Castrol Limited Hydraulic fluids
US4016088A (en) * 1973-09-25 1977-04-05 Castrol Limited Hydraulic fluids
US4013698A (en) * 1974-03-25 1977-03-22 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Polysiloxanes containing hydroxyl groups
US4093554A (en) * 1974-03-27 1978-06-06 Castrol Limited Hydraulic fluid compositions
FR2429835A1 (fr) * 1978-06-29 1980-01-25 Olin Corp Nouveaux alcoxy-bis(trialcoxysiloxy)silanes tensio-actifs
US4226794A (en) * 1979-05-21 1980-10-07 Olin Corporation Low-foaming alkoxy-bis(trialkoxysiloxy)-silane surfactants
FR2457122A1 (fr) * 1979-05-21 1980-12-19 Olin Corp Alcoxy-bis (trialcosysiloxy)-silanes tensio-actifs a faible pouvoir moussant
US20110150163A1 (en) * 2009-12-22 2011-06-23 Westinghouse Electric Company Llc Process for application of lubricant to fuel rod during fuel assembly loading process
US8599990B2 (en) * 2009-12-22 2013-12-03 Westinghouse Electric Company Llc Process for application of lubricant to fuel rod during fuel assembly loading process

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Publication number Publication date
NL132926C (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB1062375A (en) 1967-03-22
DE1262485B (de) 1968-03-07
NL6508747A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1966-01-11

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