US3322975A - Non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit for pulsers - Google Patents

Non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit for pulsers Download PDF

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US3322975A
US3322975A US373892A US37389264A US3322975A US 3322975 A US3322975 A US 3322975A US 373892 A US373892 A US 373892A US 37389264 A US37389264 A US 37389264A US 3322975 A US3322975 A US 3322975A
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resistor
pulse
linear
line
clipper circuit
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William I Smith
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/20—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for electronic equipment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K3/00—Circuits for generating electric pulses; Monostable, bistable or multistable circuits
    • H03K3/02—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses
    • H03K3/53—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback
    • H03K3/55—Generators characterised by the type of circuit or by the means used for producing pulses by the use of an energy-accumulating element discharged through the load by a switching device controlled by an external signal and not incorporating positive feedback the switching device being a gas-filled tube having a control electrode

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  • the present invention relates generally to anon-linear end-of-line clipper circuit for protecting a line type pulser against load arcs which are commonly experienced when pulsing loads such as klystrons or magnetrons.
  • An additional prior art circuit with improved protection for pulser circuitry consists of a very low impedance diode and series resistor matching the pulse-forming network and connected at the end thereof remote from the switch tube.
  • a load arc at the switch tube end causes the pulse-forming network energy to be delivered to the clipper resistor without appearance of high inverse voltage at the switch tube end.
  • the charging inductor is not overstressed. If the switch tube shuts oil, the next charging cycle is entirely normal.
  • gas diodes have been utilized in the circuit as the very low impedance diode, but inherent delay in achieving requisite ionization has tempered their eifectiveness in short time pulse work.
  • Pretriggered thyratrons have also been utilized in the circuit, but require complicated and expensive associated circuitry in order to operate successfully.
  • the presentinvention overcomes the above-mentioned shortcomings of various prior art protective circuits by providing an end-of-line clipper circuit capable of preventing the appearance of high inverse voltage at the anode of the switch tube therein following a load arc, while allowing stable deionization of the switch tube even under load arc and other drastic fault conditions.
  • an object of the present invention to provide an end-of-line clipper circuit for use with linetype pulsers wherein the clipper circuit utilizes a serially connected non-linear resistor.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit capable of rapidly draining the stored energy from the pulse-forming network of a line-type pulser except for that energy necessary to cause switch tube deionization.
  • Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit capable of protecting a line-type pulser against load arcs while further preventing overstressing of the charging inductor following load arcing.
  • FIGURE 1 is a schematic diagram exemplifying the mechanism of the present invention, as utilized in conjunction with a conventional line-type pulser circuit;
  • FIGURE 2 is a schematic diagram depicting, in detail, the circuit of FIGURE 1.
  • a non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit 10 in accordance with the invention, as utilized in a conventional line-type pulser herein exemplified as a charging inductor 12, a pulse-forming network (PFN) 14 and gas switch tube 16.
  • the PFN 14 is coupled to a load such as for example, a klystron or magnetron (not shown) by means of an output terminal 18 with the other terminal of the load being connected to ground.
  • the PFN 14 includes a tapped inductive element with capacitors having one side connected at top, input and output terminals of said inductive element and the other side connected to a common point.
  • the PFN 14 is charged through the reactor 12 by a suitable D.C.
  • the end-of-line clipper circuit 10 in accordance with the invention comprises linear resistor means 22, nonlinear thyrite resistor means 24 and silicon diode assembly means 26, serially connected together.
  • the free end of linear resistor means 22 such as a common fixed resistor is connected to one side, i.e., the second end of the inductive element of the pulse-forming network 14, and the thereof opposite the side connected to the inductive por- I tion.
  • the clipper circuit 10 assembly is therefore connected in parallel across the last capacitive element of PFN 14.
  • the positive or anode electrode of the silicon diode assembly means 26 is connected to the PFN 14, andthe negative or cathode electrode is connected to the nonlinear thyrite resistor means 24.
  • the thyrite resistor means 24 In operation, for very high pulse currents which are generated by load arcing, the thyrite resistor means 24 has a value less than the impedance of the pulse-forming network 14. Thus the resistor means 22 is effectively inserted to supplement the resistor means 24, to provide accurate matching.
  • the resistance of the thyrite resistor means 24 is much higher than the impedance of the pulse-forming network 14. Hence the inverse voltage present remains on the pulse-forming network a sufficient period to enable the gas switch tube 16 to cease conducting.
  • an optimum safe design for the end-of-line clipper circuit elements is satisfactorily chosen where the sum of the resistances of the thyrite resistor 24 and the resistor 22 means under load are conditions is close to the impedance of the pulse-forming network 14 at the lowest voltage operating level, and where the resistance of the thyrite resistor means 24 is much greater than the impedance of the pulse-forming network 14 for the level of inverse voltage necessary to deionize the gas tube 16.
  • Such action is satisfactorily achieved by choosing a value for resistor means 22 of the order of one-half the pulseforming network impedance, and by adjusting the resistor means 24 to a value of the order of one-half the pulseforming network impedance, at the lowest load are current level.
  • linear resistor means 22 comprises for example a plurality of ohm, 200 watt resistors 28 disposed two in series, with four of such serially connected resistors connected in parallel.
  • the non-linear thyrite resistor means 24 is formed of, for example, 24 six inch diameter thyrite resistors 30 of the silicon carbide type such as General Electrics No. 69W60100, wherein the resistors 30 are disposed threein series, with eight of such serially connected resistors connected in parallel.
  • the silicon diode assembly means 26 is formed of serially connected diodes 32, for example of the type 1N1l96A, wherein each of the diodes has connected thereacross, in parallel electrical relation therewith, a 510,000 ohm 1 watt resistor 34, and a 0.01 microfarad 1 kilovolt capacitor 36.
  • Each diode 32 is shunted with a resistor 34 and a capacitor 36 to insure equal voltage division for each of the serially connected plurality of diodes 32.
  • the charging voltage applied to thepulse forming networks 14 is of the order of 40 to 42 kilovolts for the circuit parameters of above mention.
  • a non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit for protecting against load arcs a line-type pulser having a pulseforming network comprising: resistor means coupled at one end thereofto the output end of one side of said pulseforming network; said resistor means including a linear resistor serially connected to a variable non-linear thyrite resistor; low impedance diode assembly means including an anode and a cathode electrode, wherein said cathode is connected to the second end of said resistor means, and said anode is connected to the output end of the other side of said pulse-forming network, whereby said resistor means and said diode means are serially connected together in parallel relation across said pulse-forming network.
  • non-linear endof-line clipper circuit in accordance with claim 1 wherein said diode means comprises a silicon diode assembly of relatively low impedance.
  • said silicon diode assembly further comprises a silicon diode, a resistor connected in parallel relation across said silicon diode, and a capacitor connected in parallel relation across said silicon diode.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Generation Of Surge Voltage And Current (AREA)

Description

May 30, 1967 w. SMITH v 33 9 NON-LINEAR END-OF-LINE CLIPPER CIRCUIT FOR PULSERS Filed June 9, 1964 INVENTOR. WILL/AM SMITH vATTORNEY United States Patent Oflice 3,322,975 Patented May 30, 1967 sion Filed June 9, 1964, Ser. No. 373,892 4 Claims. (Cl. 307-93) The present invention relates generally to anon-linear end-of-line clipper circuit for protecting a line type pulser against load arcs which are commonly experienced when pulsing loads such as klystrons or magnetrons.
It is well known in the design of line-type pulser circuits commonly utilized in pulsing are susceptible loads such as klystrons or magnetrons that faults can and readily do occur in the load. For example, some reverse voltage is required on a pulse-forming network, following the pulse, to shut olf the gas or solid state type switch tube which is normally used to trigger the pulse into the load, in preparation for the next pulse-forming network cycle. However, if the load arcs or otherwise faults the pulse forming network is over-discharged, causing its voltage to nearly fully reverse. This full reverse voltage appearing at the anode of the switch tube of the pulser immediately after a conductive cycle is quite often destructive to the switch tube. In addition, if this full inverse voltage is removed, it should be done in as short a time as possible as compared with the half-cycle of oscillation of the charging reactor and the capacitance of the pulserforming'network, or the pulse-forming network will seriously overcharge. Overcharging of the pulse-forming network causes excessive load voltage and promotes repetitious arcing of the load with cumulative voltage buildup on the pulseforming network in successive charging cycles until eventual circuit failure occurs.
There are prior art circuits available which utilize a combination of a shunt-diode and a series resistor connected thereto, to drain the pulse-forming network and thus remove the reverse voltage on the pulse-forming network due to load arcing. In circuits heretofore designed with relatively slow acting shunt diode circuitry, the charging reactor is still overstressed for a significant period of time following load arcing. Furthermore, full inverse voltage still appears at the anode of the switch tube promptly following each load arc with probable shortening of the life of such a switch tube.
An additional prior art circuit with improved protection for pulser circuitry consists of a very low impedance diode and series resistor matching the pulse-forming network and connected at the end thereof remote from the switch tube. With such an end-of-line clipper circuit a load arc at the switch tube end causes the pulse-forming network energy to be delivered to the clipper resistor without appearance of high inverse voltage at the switch tube end. The charging inductor is not overstressed. If the switch tube shuts oil, the next charging cycle is entirely normal. In the past, gas diodes have been utilized in the circuit as the very low impedance diode, but inherent delay in achieving requisite ionization has tempered their eifectiveness in short time pulse work. Pretriggered thyratrons have also been utilized in the circuit, but require complicated and expensive associated circuitry in order to operate successfully.
The recent availability of reliable low-impedance silicon diode assemblies have made this type of end-of-line clipper advantageous. However, performance is hampered because some inverse voltage is necessary on the pulse-forming network following a normal pulse as well as following a pulsed load arc in order to shut off the switch tube. A matched end-of-line clipper causes serious deionization or switch shut-off problems by too promptly removing or preventing the appearance of inverse voltage on the pulse-forming network. This is particularly true when utilizing inductive deionization control.
The presentinvention overcomes the above-mentioned shortcomings of various prior art protective circuits by providing an end-of-line clipper circuit capable of preventing the appearance of high inverse voltage at the anode of the switch tube therein following a load arc, while allowing stable deionization of the switch tube even under load arc and other drastic fault conditions.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an end-of-line clipper circuit for use with linetype pulsers wherein the clipper circuit utilizes a serially connected non-linear resistor.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit capable of preventing the appearance of undesired high inverse voltage at the anode of the switch tube in a line-type pulser following a load arc.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit capable of rapidly draining the stored energy from the pulse-forming network of a line-type pulser except for that energy necessary to cause switch tube deionization.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit capable of protecting a line-type pulser against load arcs while further preventing overstressing of the charging inductor following load arcing.
Other objects and advantages will be apparent in the following description and claims considered together with the accompanying drawing, in which;
FIGURE 1 is a schematic diagram exemplifying the mechanism of the present invention, as utilized in conjunction with a conventional line-type pulser circuit; and
FIGURE 2 is a schematic diagram depicting, in detail, the circuit of FIGURE 1.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 1, there is shown a non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit 10 in accordance with the invention, as utilized in a conventional line-type pulser herein exemplified as a charging inductor 12, a pulse-forming network (PFN) 14 and gas switch tube 16. The PFN 14 is coupled to a load such as for example, a klystron or magnetron (not shown) by means of an output terminal 18 with the other terminal of the load being connected to ground. The PFN 14 includes a tapped inductive element with capacitors having one side connected at top, input and output terminals of said inductive element and the other side connected to a common point. The PFN 14 is charged through the reactor 12 by a suitable D.C. power supply (not shown) which is connected to one end of the inductive element of the pulser by means of an input terminal 2% At such time as the PFN 14 is charged, triggering of the gas switch tube 16 provides a closed current path through groundby which the PFN 14 is discharged into the loa V The end-of-line clipper circuit 10 in accordance with the invention comprises linear resistor means 22, nonlinear thyrite resistor means 24 and silicon diode assembly means 26, serially connected together. The free end of linear resistor means 22 such as a common fixed resistor is connected to one side, i.e., the second end of the inductive element of the pulse-forming network 14, and the thereof opposite the side connected to the inductive por- I tion. The clipper circuit 10 assembly is therefore connected in parallel across the last capacitive element of PFN 14. The positive or anode electrode of the silicon diode assembly means 26 is connected to the PFN 14, andthe negative or cathode electrode is connected to the nonlinear thyrite resistor means 24.
In operation, for very high pulse currents which are generated by load arcing, the thyrite resistor means 24 has a value less than the impedance of the pulse-forming network 14. Thus the resistor means 22 is effectively inserted to supplement the resistor means 24, to provide accurate matching. However, when the circuit elements are chosen to deliberately leave very low inverse voltages on the pulse-forming network 14 to cause shut-off of the gas switch tube 16, the resistance of the thyrite resistor means 24 is much higher than the impedance of the pulse-forming network 14. Hence the inverse voltage present remains on the pulse-forming network a sufficient period to enable the gas switch tube 16 to cease conducting.
If the total resistance of thyrite resistor means 24 and resistor means 2 exceeds the impedance of the PFN 14 by an order of magnitude, there is the possibility that switch 16 will are back due to inverse voltage, and the .behavior of the PFN 14 energy may cause failure of the silicon diode assembly means 26 due to reversal of its voltage immediately following conduction. Accordingly, an optimum safe design for the end-of-line clipper circuit elements is satisfactorily chosen where the sum of the resistances of the thyrite resistor 24 and the resistor 22 means under load are conditions is close to the impedance of the pulse-forming network 14 at the lowest voltage operating level, and where the resistance of the thyrite resistor means 24 is much greater than the impedance of the pulse-forming network 14 for the level of inverse voltage necessary to deionize the gas tube 16. Such action is satisfactorily achieved by choosing a value for resistor means 22 of the order of one-half the pulseforming network impedance, and by adjusting the resistor means 24 to a value of the order of one-half the pulseforming network impedance, at the lowest load are current level.
Referring to FIG. 2 there is shown, in greater detail, the circuit of FIG. 1, including examples of the specific values and types of elements hereinbefore generally described. More particularly, linear resistor means 22 comprises for example a plurality of ohm, 200 watt resistors 28 disposed two in series, with four of such serially connected resistors connected in parallel. The non-linear thyrite resistor means 24 is formed of, for example, 24 six inch diameter thyrite resistors 30 of the silicon carbide type such as General Electrics No. 69W60100, wherein the resistors 30 are disposed threein series, with eight of such serially connected resistors connected in parallel. The thy-rite resistors are chosen from the wide range of such resistors available, i.e., having a thyrite current characteristic of the form i=kv where i is the current through the resistor, v is the applied Voltage, k is the conductivity of the unit in amperes at 1 volt applied, and n is a constant depending on the resistor material composition. Values of n thy-rite resistors applicable with the invention may be chosen within the range of from 3 to 8. It is to be understood that although the invention is herein described utilizing thyrite resistors as the non-linear resistor means 24, there are other devices available which may be substituted therefor, e.g. Western Electric Companys silicon carbide varistors, Globar Type BNR voltage sensitive resistors, etc. The silicon diode assembly means 26 is formed of serially connected diodes 32, for example of the type 1N1l96A, wherein each of the diodes has connected thereacross, in parallel electrical relation therewith, a 510,000 ohm 1 watt resistor 34, and a 0.01 microfarad 1 kilovolt capacitor 36. Each diode 32 is shunted with a resistor 34 and a capacitor 36 to insure equal voltage division for each of the serially connected plurality of diodes 32. The charging voltage applied to thepulse forming networks 14 is of the order of 40 to 42 kilovolts for the circuit parameters of above mention.
While the invention has been disclosed with respect to a preferred embodiment, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that numerous variations and modifications may be made within the spirit and scope of the invention and it is not intended to limit the invention except as defined in the following claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit for protecting against load arcs a line-type pulser having a pulseforming network comprising: resistor means coupled at one end thereofto the output end of one side of said pulseforming network; said resistor means including a linear resistor serially connected to a variable non-linear thyrite resistor; low impedance diode assembly means including an anode and a cathode electrode, wherein said cathode is connected to the second end of said resistor means, and said anode is connected to the output end of the other side of said pulse-forming network, whereby said resistor means and said diode means are serially connected together in parallel relation across said pulse-forming network. i
2. The non-linear endof-line clipper circuit in accordance with claim 1 wherein said diode means comprises a silicon diode assembly of relatively low impedance.
3. The non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit in accordance with claim 2 wherein the resistances of said linear resistor and of said thyrite resistor are each made equal to approximately one-half the impedance of the pulseforming network at the lowest load arc current level.
4. The non-linear end-of-line clipper circuit in accordance with claim 2 wherein said silicon diode assembly further comprises a silicon diode, a resistor connected in parallel relation across said silicon diode, and a capacitor connected in parallel relation across said silicon diode.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,438,962 4/1948 Burlingame 3289 2,815,445 12/1957 YUCht 3=1591 X 2,967,275 1/1961 Brown 328--9 X 3,063,012 1/1962 Jackson 328---9 X ORIS L. RADER, Primary Examiner.
T, J. MADDEN, Assistant Examiner,

Claims (1)

1. AN NON-LINEAR END-OF-LINE CLIPPER CIRCUIT FOR PROTECTING AGAINST LOAD ARCS A LINE-TYPE PULSER HAVING A PULSEFORMING NETWORK COMPRISING: RESISTOR MEANS COUPLED AT ONE END THEREOF TO THE OUTPUT END OF ONE SIDE OF SAID PULSEFORMING NETWORK; SAID RESISTOR MEANS INCLUDING A LINEAR RESISTOR SERIALLY CONNECTED TO A VARIABLE NON-LINEAR THYRITE RESISTOR; LOW IMPEDANCE DIODE ASSEMBLY MEANS INCLUDING AN ANODE AND A CATHODE ELECTRODE, WHEREIN SAID CATHODE IS CONNECTED TO THE SECOND END OF SAID RESISTOR MEANS, AND SAID ANODE IS CONNECTED TO THE OUTPUT END OF THE OTHER SIDE OF SAID PULSE-FORMING NETWORK, WHEREBY SAID RESISTOR
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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3517265A (en) * 1968-04-16 1970-06-23 Atomic Energy Commission Deionizing and fault protection circuit for a line-type pulser
US5398150A (en) * 1992-03-09 1995-03-14 Dehn & Soehne Gmbh Coordinated electric surge suppressor with means for suppressing oscillatory transient overvoltages

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2438962A (en) * 1944-08-07 1948-04-06 Colonial Radio Corp Protection of thyratron in impulse generating circuits
US2815445A (en) * 1953-01-16 1957-12-03 Hughes Aircraft Co Protective circuit for electron discharge devices
US2967275A (en) * 1958-12-11 1961-01-03 Western Electric Co Clipper circuit for pulse modulators
US3063012A (en) * 1961-03-22 1962-11-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Automatic magnetron control circuits

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2438962A (en) * 1944-08-07 1948-04-06 Colonial Radio Corp Protection of thyratron in impulse generating circuits
US2815445A (en) * 1953-01-16 1957-12-03 Hughes Aircraft Co Protective circuit for electron discharge devices
US2967275A (en) * 1958-12-11 1961-01-03 Western Electric Co Clipper circuit for pulse modulators
US3063012A (en) * 1961-03-22 1962-11-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Automatic magnetron control circuits

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3517265A (en) * 1968-04-16 1970-06-23 Atomic Energy Commission Deionizing and fault protection circuit for a line-type pulser
US5398150A (en) * 1992-03-09 1995-03-14 Dehn & Soehne Gmbh Coordinated electric surge suppressor with means for suppressing oscillatory transient overvoltages

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