US3318701A - Photographic monobaths containing a dl 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid antisludging agent - Google Patents
Photographic monobaths containing a dl 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid antisludging agent Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3318701A US3318701A US405585A US40558564A US3318701A US 3318701 A US3318701 A US 3318701A US 405585 A US405585 A US 405585A US 40558564 A US40558564 A US 40558564A US 3318701 A US3318701 A US 3318701A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- monobath
- photographic
- dithio
- acid
- octanoic acid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 title claims description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- CMCWWLVWPDLCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenidone Chemical compound N1C(=O)CCN1C1=CC=CC=C1 CMCWWLVWPDLCRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 21
- AGBQKNBQESQNJD-SSDOTTSWSA-N (R)-lipoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCC[C@@H]1CCSS1 AGBQKNBQESQNJD-SSDOTTSWSA-N 0.000 description 18
- AGBQKNBQESQNJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Lipoic acid Natural products OC(=O)CCCCC1CCSS1 AGBQKNBQESQNJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 235000019136 lipoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- 229960002663 thioctic acid Drugs 0.000 description 18
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 10
- -1 silver halide Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium sulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])=O GEHJYWRUCIMESM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylamine Chemical compound CCN QUSNBJAOOMFDIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCN HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000010265 sodium sulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004133 Sodium thiosulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethanolamine Chemical compound OCCNCCO ZBCBWPMODOFKDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940043237 diethanolamine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
- G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
- G03C5/38—Fixing; Developing-fixing; Hardening-fixing
- G03C5/383—Developing-fixing, i.e. mono-baths
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
- G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
- G03C5/29—Development processes or agents therefor
- G03C5/305—Additives other than developers
Definitions
- a photographic monobath is a bath containingboth the developer and the fixer for a photographic silver halide emulsion; Typical monobath formulae are as follows:
- the foregoing ingredients are typically dissolved in the water at 120 F.
- thioctic acid refers to BL 6-8 dithiooctanoic acid as obtained commercially from K & K Laboratories, Inc., Long Island, NY, and listed as thioctic acid in their catalog Rare Chemicals-Fine, Catalog No. 4, copyright 1961, page 115.
- the chemical formula is CH, C CH(CH2)4C O OH l l
- Example I A solution of 1% thioctic acid in 1% sodium hydroxide was prepared, by dissolving one gram of the acid, in the form of a white powder, in 100 cc. of a 1% solution-of sodium hydroxide.
- Example II The same tests as in Example I were repeated, except that 50 cc. of the thioctic acid solution was added to one liter of the monobath. This time, twelve strips of the same type of film, each having an area of 7 square inches, were processed before the sludge appeared.
- Example III The tests of Example I were repeated, using Monobath Formula II instead of Formula I. The results were substantially the same as the results of Example 1.
- Example IV The tests of Example II were repeated, using monobath Formula II instead of Formula I. The results were substantially the same as the results of Example II.
- the thioctic acid was introduced into the monobath in solution in sodium hydroxide, and hence as a sodium salt of the acid.
- the thioctic acid can be dissolved directly in the monobath, if desired (note that sodium hydroxide is present in the foregoing formulae).
- it can be dissolved in other solvents, such as potassium hydroxide, forming the potassium salt of the acid, or it can be introduced into the monobath as another of the alkali metal salts (e.g.
- alkaline earth metal salts eg the barium, strontium or calcium salts
- organic salts of the acid with amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, butylamine or morpholine
- olamines such as monoethanolamine, diet-hanolamine, or triethanolamine can also be used.
- the proportions of thioctic acid that can be used in a given monobath will vary over a wide range. From 10 to 50 cc, of the solution of thioctic acid mentioned in the foregoing examples can be used per liter of monobath solution according to either one of Formula I or Formula II, for example.
- the higher proportion of thioctic acid will have a greater elfect in suppressing the formation of undesirable sludge, and will permit the processing of larger amounts of film per volume of monobath.
- a continued increase in the proportion of thioctic acid in a given monobath will eventually have the result of reducing gamma, density and speed, which is, in many cases, undesirable.
- the foregoing solution of thioctic acid in sodium hydroxide should not exceed approximately 10% of the total volume of the monobath. On a weight basis, this indicates that the thioctic acid should not exceed 1% of the total ingredients (less solvent) of the monobath containing it; preferably it is a fraction of 1%.
- thioctic acid Although certain forms of thioctic acid have heretofore been proposed for use as antif'ogging agents in photographic negative emulsions (see U.S. Patents No. 2,948,614 and No. 3,128,186), to my knowledge thioctic acid has never before been proposed in any form as an antisludging agent in a monobath. Monobaths are unique in that the tendency for fixed-out silver to form a sludge is vastly greater than in other processing solustanding deficiency of photographic monobaths.
- a photographic monobath according to claim 1 comprised of ap proximately 15% sodium sulphite (anhydrous), between approximately 5% and 15% of hydroquinone, between approximately 1.5% and 9% of sodium hydroxide, between approximately and of sodium thiosulphate, and a fraction of 1% of phenidone, by weight, and in which said DL 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid thioctic acid comprises a fraction of 1% of the total weight of the foregoing ingredients of the monobath.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
Description
United States Patent M This invention relates to photographic monobaths containing an antisludging agent. i
A photographic monobath is a bath containingboth the developer and the fixer for a photographic silver halide emulsion; Typical monobath formulae are as follows:
I, grams II, grams Sodium Sulphite (anhydrous) 35 50 Hydroquimne 35 15 Sodium Hydroxide 20 5 Phenidone 1 0. 5 Sodium 'lhiosulphate Crystals 135 250 Nora-Plus water to make 1 liter, in each case.
The foregoing ingredients are typically dissolved in the water at 120 F.
If a photographic silver halide emulsion film is processed in such a monobath, in any given aliquot portion, sludge containing fixed-out silver salts, or developer oxidation products, or both, becomes plainly visible, and tends to adhere to the surface of the processed film. This difiiculty is well known.
It is the principal object of this invention to inhibit the formation of sludge in photographic monobaths during the processing therein of photographic films. It is another object of the invention to increase the quantity of photographic film that c-an be processed in a given aliquot portion of such a monobath before the onset of sludge rendering the monobath useless, that is, before the products constituting sludge are formed in such quantities that they adhere to, obscure or mar the developed image.
I have discovered that if one adds DL 6-8 dithiooctanoic acid, sometimes referred to as thioctic acid, directly or as one of several salts, to a typical monobath, as exemplified by one or the other of the foregoing monobaths, the appearance of sludge is delayed so that one can now process in a given aliquot portion of monobath up to six to twelve times the amount of photographic film that can be processed in the same aliquot portion of monobath not containing the thioctic acid.
The following examples will serve to illustrate preferred modes of practicing the invention, but are not to be construed as limiting the invention. In these examples the term thioctic acid refers to BL 6-8 dithiooctanoic acid as obtained commercially from K & K Laboratories, Inc., Long Island, NY, and listed as thioctic acid in their catalog Rare Chemicals-Fine, Catalog No. 4, copyright 1961, page 115. The chemical formula is CH, C CH(CH2)4C O OH l l Example I A solution of 1% thioctic acid in 1% sodium hydroxide Was prepared, by dissolving one gram of the acid, in the form of a white powder, in 100 cc. of a 1% solution-of sodium hydroxide. Then 10 cc. of this solution was added to one liter of a monobath made according to Formula I set forth above. In addition, one liter of the monobath was prepared, to which none of the thioctic 3,318,701 Patented May 9, 19 67 acid solution was added. In the latter monobath, development of a 7-square-inch strip of ordinary panchromatic type gelatino-silver-halide photographic film, at any temperature between approximately 20 C. and C., with processing time varying from one to ten seconds, produced a black precipitate or sludge which was plainly visible in the monobath. In the monobath to which the thioctic acid solution was added, six strips of the same film (i.e. 42 square inches) were similarly processed before a similar amount of the precipitate or sludge appeared.
. Example II The same tests as in Example I were repeated, except that 50 cc. of the thioctic acid solution was added to one liter of the monobath. This time, twelve strips of the same type of film, each having an area of 7 square inches, were processed before the sludge appeared.
Example III The tests of Example I were repeated, using Monobath Formula II instead of Formula I. The results were substantially the same as the results of Example 1.
Example IV The tests of Example II were repeated, using monobath Formula II instead of Formula I. The results were substantially the same as the results of Example II.
In each of the foregoing examples, the thioctic acid was introduced into the monobath in solution in sodium hydroxide, and hence as a sodium salt of the acid. The thioctic acid can be dissolved directly in the monobath, if desired (note that sodium hydroxide is present in the foregoing formulae). Alternatively, it can be dissolved in other solvents, such as potassium hydroxide, forming the potassium salt of the acid, or it can be introduced into the monobath as another of the alkali metal salts (e.g. ammonium), or as one of the alkaline earth metal salts (eg the barium, strontium or calcium salts) or as one of the organic salts of the acid with amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, butylamine or morpholine; olamines such as monoethanolamine, diet-hanolamine, or triethanolamine can also be used.
The proportions of thioctic acid that can be used in a given monobath will vary over a wide range. From 10 to 50 cc, of the solution of thioctic acid mentioned in the foregoing examples can be used per liter of monobath solution according to either one of Formula I or Formula II, for example. The higher proportion of thioctic acid will have a greater elfect in suppressing the formation of undesirable sludge, and will permit the processing of larger amounts of film per volume of monobath. However, a continued increase in the proportion of thioctic acid in a given monobath will eventually have the result of reducing gamma, density and speed, which is, in many cases, undesirable. Thus, a practical upper limit within which this undesirable result will not take place is: the foregoing solution of thioctic acid in sodium hydroxide should not exceed approximately 10% of the total volume of the monobath. On a weight basis, this indicates that the thioctic acid should not exceed 1% of the total ingredients (less solvent) of the monobath containing it; preferably it is a fraction of 1%.
Although certain forms of thioctic acid have heretofore been proposed for use as antif'ogging agents in photographic negative emulsions (see U.S. Patents No. 2,948,614 and No. 3,128,186), to my knowledge thioctic acid has never before been proposed in any form as an antisludging agent in a monobath. Monobaths are unique in that the tendency for fixed-out silver to form a sludge is vastly greater than in other processing solustanding deficiency of photographic monobaths.
The embodiments of the invention which have been illustrated and described herein are but a few illustrations of the invention. Other embodiments and modifications will occur to those skilled in the art. No attempt has been made to illustrate all possible embodiments of the invention, but rather only to illustrate its principles and the 'best manner presently known to practice it. Therefore, while certain specific embodiments have been described as illustrative of the invention, such other forms as would occur to one skilled in this art on a reading of the foregoing specification are also within the spirit and scope of the invention, and it is intended that this invention includes all modifications and equivalents which fall within the scope of theappended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. A photographic monobath containing phenidone, hydroquinone, sodium thiosulfate and an antisludging agent selected from the group consisting of DL 6-8 dithiooctanoic acid, alkali metal salts of DL 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid, alkaline earth metal salts of DL 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid, and amine salts of DL 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid, I
2. A-photographic monobath according to claim 1 in which the antisludging agent contains an amount of DL 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid which is a fraction of 1% of the total weight of the ingredients of the monobath.
3. A photographic monobath according to claim 1 in which the antisludging agent contains between approximately 0.1 and 0.5 gram of DL 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid per liter of monobath.
4. A photographic monobath according to claim 1 comprised of ap proximately 15% sodium sulphite (anhydrous), between approximately 5% and 15% of hydroquinone, between approximately 1.5% and 9% of sodium hydroxide, between approximately and of sodium thiosulphate, and a fraction of 1% of phenidone, by weight, and in which said DL 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid thioctic acid comprises a fraction of 1% of the total weight of the foregoing ingredients of the monobath.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,782,120 2/1957 Goldhammer et al. 9=66l 2,948,614 8/1960 Allen et al. 96-l09 3,128,186 4/1964 Corben et al. 96109 3,173,789 3/1965 King et al 96-61 NORMAN G. TORCHIN, Primary Examiner. J. TRAVIS BROWN, Examiner.
C. E. DAVIS, Assistant Examiner.
Claims (1)
1. A PHOGRAPHIC MONOBATH CONTAINING PHENIDONE, HYDROQUINONE, SODIUM THIOSULFATE AND AN ANTISLUDGING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF DL6-8 DITHIOOCTANOIC ACID, ALKALI METAL SALTS OF DL6-8 DITHIO-OCTANOIC ACID, ALKALINE EARTHMETAL SALTS OF DL 6-8 DITHIO-OCTANOIC ACID, AND AMINE SALTS OF DL 6-8 DITHIO-OCTANOIC ACID.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US405585A US3318701A (en) | 1964-10-21 | 1964-10-21 | Photographic monobaths containing a dl 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid antisludging agent |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US405585A US3318701A (en) | 1964-10-21 | 1964-10-21 | Photographic monobaths containing a dl 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid antisludging agent |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3318701A true US3318701A (en) | 1967-05-09 |
Family
ID=23604287
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US405585A Expired - Lifetime US3318701A (en) | 1964-10-21 | 1964-10-21 | Photographic monobaths containing a dl 6-8 dithio-octanoic acid antisludging agent |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3318701A (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2324028A1 (en) * | 1975-09-11 | 1977-04-08 | Ciba Geigy Ag | PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPING PREPARATION CONTAINING AN ORGANIC POLYSULFIDE AND CORRESPONDING DEVELOPMENT PROCESS |
| US5418127A (en) * | 1993-05-28 | 1995-05-23 | Eastman Kodak Company | Water-soluble disulfides in silver halide emulsions |
| EP0775936A1 (en) | 1995-11-08 | 1997-05-28 | Eastman Kodak Company | Silver halide photographic elements containing dioxide compounds as stabilizers |
| US5660972A (en) * | 1994-03-16 | 1997-08-26 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Limited | Method for photographic development using a filter to inhibit occurrence of silver sludges |
| EP0834768A1 (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1998-04-08 | Konica Corporation | Method for processing silver halide photographic light-sensitive material |
| US6280922B1 (en) | 1998-12-30 | 2001-08-28 | Eastman Kodak Company | High chloride silver halide elements containing activated precursors to thiolic stabilizers |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2782120A (en) * | 1954-02-15 | 1957-02-19 | Goldhammer Jerome Stewart | Combined developer and fixer |
| US2948614A (en) * | 1957-07-11 | 1960-08-09 | Stabilized photographic silver halede | |
| US3128186A (en) * | 1960-07-15 | 1964-04-07 | Gen Foods Corp | Stabilized photographic silver halide emulsions |
| US3173789A (en) * | 1962-01-29 | 1965-03-16 | Eastman Kodak Co | Method and composition for inhibiting silver sludge in thiosulfate monobaths |
-
1964
- 1964-10-21 US US405585A patent/US3318701A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2782120A (en) * | 1954-02-15 | 1957-02-19 | Goldhammer Jerome Stewart | Combined developer and fixer |
| US2948614A (en) * | 1957-07-11 | 1960-08-09 | Stabilized photographic silver halede | |
| US3128186A (en) * | 1960-07-15 | 1964-04-07 | Gen Foods Corp | Stabilized photographic silver halide emulsions |
| US3173789A (en) * | 1962-01-29 | 1965-03-16 | Eastman Kodak Co | Method and composition for inhibiting silver sludge in thiosulfate monobaths |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2324028A1 (en) * | 1975-09-11 | 1977-04-08 | Ciba Geigy Ag | PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPING PREPARATION CONTAINING AN ORGANIC POLYSULFIDE AND CORRESPONDING DEVELOPMENT PROCESS |
| US5418127A (en) * | 1993-05-28 | 1995-05-23 | Eastman Kodak Company | Water-soluble disulfides in silver halide emulsions |
| US5660972A (en) * | 1994-03-16 | 1997-08-26 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Limited | Method for photographic development using a filter to inhibit occurrence of silver sludges |
| EP0775936A1 (en) | 1995-11-08 | 1997-05-28 | Eastman Kodak Company | Silver halide photographic elements containing dioxide compounds as stabilizers |
| EP0834768A1 (en) | 1996-10-02 | 1998-04-08 | Konica Corporation | Method for processing silver halide photographic light-sensitive material |
| US6280922B1 (en) | 1998-12-30 | 2001-08-28 | Eastman Kodak Company | High chloride silver halide elements containing activated precursors to thiolic stabilizers |
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