US3317664A - Projection system - Google Patents

Projection system Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US3317664A
US3317664A US392107A US39210764A US3317664A US 3317664 A US3317664 A US 3317664A US 392107 A US392107 A US 392107A US 39210764 A US39210764 A US 39210764A US 3317664 A US3317664 A US 3317664A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
medium
naphthalene
deformable
deformations
container
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US392107A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jr Edward F Perlowski
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
General Electric Co
Original Assignee
General Electric Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to DENDAT1437667 priority Critical patent/DE1437667A1/de
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to US392107A priority patent/US3317664A/en
Priority to GB29639/65A priority patent/GB1074714A/en
Priority to FR29242A priority patent/FR1451605A/fr
Priority to DE19651437678 priority patent/DE1437678A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3317664A publication Critical patent/US3317664A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/74—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor
    • H04N5/7416—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal
    • H04N5/7425—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal the modulator being a dielectric deformable layer controlled by an electron beam, e.g. eidophor projector
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
    • Y10S585/929—Special chemical considerations
    • Y10S585/944—Radiation-resistant composition

Definitions

  • PROJECTION SYSTEM Filed Aug. 26, 1964 SCREEN ELECTRON GUN INVENTOR EDWARD F. PERLOWSKLJR.
  • This invention relates to projection systems of the electronic type. More particularly, it relates to such projection systems having a container with a conducting interior and a deformable medium in the container that decreases in resistivity with decreases in thickness in the presence of an electrical charge on the surface of the medium, the medium being the polymeric reaction product of benzyl chloride and naphthalene.
  • this projection system which is illustrated in FIG. 1 of the drawing, comprises an evacuated glass envelope containing an electron gun .11 for producing an electron beam 13 deflecting the beam in a rectangular raster over the surface of a light transmitting deformable medium 15 which is within a portion 17 of the transparent container. An enlarged view of this portion of the assembly is shown in FIG. 2.
  • the beam 13 is preferably velocity-modulated by a television signal applied to the deflection means (not shown) inthe electron gun 11.
  • Deformable medium 15 has a central portion 19 of decreased thickness which is coincident with the raster area of beam 13 produced by electrons from beam 13 which are attracted to a conducting coating 21 on the inner surface of the container portion 17. These same electrons also produce deformations in the surface of the deformable medium 15 and the amplitudes of these deformations are a function of the number of electrons deposited by the beam .13 at the various points on the surface of medium 15. Thus, the amplitudes of these deformations are a function of the modulated electron beam 13.
  • the deformations on the surface of medium 15 are utilized to ditfract light from a source 23 in an optical system including a lens 24 which projects an image of light source 23 on the surface of medium 15 through a bar and slit system 25.
  • Another lens 29 images the slits of system on the bars of another bar and slit system 31 if there are no deformations on the surface of deformable medium 15.
  • any deformations on such surface diifract the transient light so that it passes through the slits in the system 31 with an intensity that corresponds to the amplitudes of the deformations and hence the amplitudes of the applied modulating signal such as a television signal.
  • the light passing through system 29 is imaged by a projection lens 33 on screen 35 by means of mirror 37.
  • the average charge density produces a force on the medium 15 that overcomes the surface tension from the excess medium outside the raster area and decreases the portion 19 of medium 15 to zero thickness. Under such conditions, no deformations can be formed and the system becomes inoperative until the medium is replaced.
  • the above patent teaches that if the medium has the property of decreasing in resistivity with decreasing thickness, portion 19 does not decrease to zero thickness under the pressure of the charges but maintains a thickness which is a function of the magnitude of charge density on the surface of the medium 15. With decrease in resistivity, the time constant is decreased for the passage of leakage current from the surface of deformable medium 15 to the conducting coating beneath it.
  • the deformable compositions described in the aforesaid Patent, US. 2,943,147, as suitable for the medium are required to be transparent, be capable of withstanding electron bombardment without significant decomposition, have a viscosity at the operating temperature (between about 25 C. and 150 C.) of approximately 100 to 50,000 centistokes, and the deformable composition must not decompose the conducting coating.
  • the medium must also have a volume resistivity that varies within the range of approximately 10 to 10 ohms-cm, with the average resistivity at the stable thickness being approximately 10 ohms-cm.
  • deformable media or fluids described in the above patent are, for instance, beeswax, methyl silicone fluids, methyl silicone fluids containing up to 5% of phenyl silicones, methylphenyl silicones containing an average of two methyl and phenyl groups per silicon atom in which the mole ratio of methyl groups to silicon atoms is greater than zero and less than 2, etc.
  • these deformable fluids are not as stable as one would desire because under the influence of an electron beam, the deformable medium or deformable fluid tends to increase in viscosity and with continued use of the projection system described above, the viscosity increases to a point where gel particles begin to form and ultimately the deformable medium gels. This means that the apparatus can no longer be used with that particular deformable medium.
  • Benzyl chloride is the preferred chloroalkylated material used herein. It will, of course, be appreciated that other halo-substituted benzyl materials of the above description can be used such as the iodoand bromo-substituted materials. However, the chloro-substituted materials are preferred from the point of View of cost and ready availability as well as from the point of view of easier processing. In addition to naphthalene, various hydrocarbon-substituted naphthalenes can also be used.
  • methyl naphthalene is very useful as are the aromatic-substituted materials and aralkyl-substituted naphthalene such as the benzyl-substituted material. Mixtures of the above materials are also useful.
  • Aluminum chloride is preferred as the catalyst material but other materials well known to those skilled in the art, including zinc chloride, ferric chloride, mercury zinc amalgam, mercury sodium amalgam, and boron trifiuoride, as well as various silicate materials, can be used. Generally speaking, any Lewis acid material or equivalent can be used.
  • chloro-methylated aromatic material such as benzyl chloride
  • benzyl chloride preferably from about 0.8 to 3 moles of chloro-methylated aromatic material, such as benzyl chloride, are used for each mole of aromatic hydrocarbon and most preferably at least about one mole of halogenated material for each mole of aromatic hydrocarbon.
  • from about 0.1 to about 10 moles of chloromethylated material is used for each mole of naphthalene.
  • EXAMPLE 1 There were added to a mixture of 256 grams (2 moles) naphthalene, 800 cc. cyclohexane and 2 grams aluminum chloride at 27 C. with mixing, 308 grams (2.44 moles) benzyl chloride over a onehour period, the reaction temperature being maintained at from about 27 C. to 33 C. Stirring was continued for an additional two and onehalf hours to insure completion of reaction, and during this time an additional two grams of aluminum chloride was added to increase the rate of reaction. At the end of the reaction period the mixture was neutralized with dilute (6N) hydrochloric acid, washed with hot potassium hydroxide solution, dried over anhydrous potassium carbonate and treated with activated charcoal and Celkate to improve the color and remove impurities.
  • 6N dilute
  • Celkate is a synthetic magnesium silicate material made by the Johns- Manville Corporation. Solvent and light ends were removed from the product to provide a 63 mole percent yield of material having a boiling point of from about 180 C. to 325 C. at 25 microns Hg. This material was further distilled to provide a out having a boiling point of 220 to 257 C. at 2 microns Hg. This latter material proved to be very suitable for use in connection with the present system.
  • the viscosity of the product at 50 C. was 1000 centistokes and the vapor pressure was 8 10" torr at 50 C.
  • the refractive index at 25 C. was 1.6577.
  • the selected fraction was subjected to electron irradiation with a 1500 kv.
  • the low gas value and small change in viscosity along with the other suitable characteristics of the medium, such as good transparency and a resistivity of about 6 l0 ohm-cm, at 50 C. showed conclusively the suitability of such compositions as a deformable medium in a projection system of the present type.
  • the medium was used in the system as described very clear images were obtained and the fluid was used over long periods of time with no evidence of degradation, gelation or other failure.
  • the polybenzyl naphthalene of Fraction 3 above when treated in the usual manner, provides a material useful as a writing medium for light valves of the type described.
  • deformable media which, because of their desirable transparency, viscosity, resistance to decomposition under electron bombardment, good resistivity, low vapor pressure and compatibility with other elements of the projection system are well suited for the use described. It will be realized that obvious modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conductnig interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of from about 0.1 to moles of halogenated, alkylated aromatic and one mole of a material selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, methyl-substituted naphthalene, aralkyl-substituted naphthalene, aromaticsubstituted naphthalene and mixtures thereof, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating With said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surf-ace of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of from about 0.8 to 3 moles of halogenated, alkylated aromatic and one mole of a material selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, methyl-substituted naphthalene, aralkyl-substituted naphthalene, aromatic-substituted naphthalene and mixtures thereof, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of at least one mole of halogenated, alkylated aromatic and one mole of a material selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, methyl-substituted naphthalene, ar-alkyl-substituted naphthalene, aromatic-substituted naphthalene and mixtures thereof, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projecting system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of from about 0.1 to 10 moles of benzyl chloride and one mole of a material selected from the group consisting of naphthalene, methyl-substituted naphthalene, aralkyl-substituted naphthalene, aromatic-substituted naphthalene and mixtures thereof, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating With said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of from about 0.1 to 10 moles of benzyl chloride and one more of methyl-substituted naphthalene, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of from about 0.1 to 10 moles of benzyl chloride and one mole of aralkyl-substituted naphthalene, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting lightas a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of from about 0.1 to 10 moles of benzyl chloride and one mole of aromatic-substituted naphthalene, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of from about 0.1 to 10 moles of benzyl chloride and naphthalene, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of from about 0.8 to 3 moles of benzyl chloride and one mole of naphthalene, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of at least one mole of benzyl chloride and one mole of naphthalene, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperat' ing with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surf-ace of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the FriedelCrafts reaction product of lbenzyl chloride and naphthalene, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.
  • a projection system comprising a container having a conducting interior, a deformable medium in said container comprising the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of benzyl chloride and benzyl naphthalene, electron beam means for producing an electrical charge on the surface of said deformable medium as a function of an applied electrical signal and cooperating with said conducting interior to subject the medium to a deforming force to produce deformations in the surface of said medium and a light and optical system for projecting light as a function of the deformations in the surface of said medium.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
US392107A 1964-08-26 1964-08-26 Projection system Expired - Lifetime US3317664A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DENDAT1437667 DE1437667A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1964-08-26
US392107A US3317664A (en) 1964-08-26 1964-08-26 Projection system
GB29639/65A GB1074714A (en) 1964-08-26 1965-07-13 Improvements in projection system
FR29242A FR1451605A (fr) 1964-08-26 1965-08-24 Perfectionnements aux systèmes de projection
DE19651437678 DE1437678A1 (de) 1964-08-26 1965-08-26 Projektionssystem

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US392107A US3317664A (en) 1964-08-26 1964-08-26 Projection system

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3317664A true US3317664A (en) 1967-05-02

Family

ID=23549274

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US392107A Expired - Lifetime US3317664A (en) 1964-08-26 1964-08-26 Projection system

Country Status (3)

Country Link
US (1) US3317664A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (2) DE1437678A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB1074714A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3498694A (en) * 1966-09-23 1970-03-03 Stromberg Carlson Corp Optical interference filter means bombarded by crt beam for selectively passing monochromatic light
US3715494A (en) * 1971-01-28 1973-02-06 Gen Electric Projection system
DE2324652A1 (de) * 1972-05-18 1974-01-31 Gen Electric Lichtmodulationsmedium fuer bildprojektionsapparate
US4954896A (en) * 1989-02-08 1990-09-04 Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Fur Nachrichtentechnik Berlin Gmbh Electronic projector system such as a high definition television (HDTV) projection television system or the like having a fluid therein with increased resistance to damage from projection system radiation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3498694A (en) * 1966-09-23 1970-03-03 Stromberg Carlson Corp Optical interference filter means bombarded by crt beam for selectively passing monochromatic light
US3715494A (en) * 1971-01-28 1973-02-06 Gen Electric Projection system
DE2324652A1 (de) * 1972-05-18 1974-01-31 Gen Electric Lichtmodulationsmedium fuer bildprojektionsapparate
US4954896A (en) * 1989-02-08 1990-09-04 Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Fur Nachrichtentechnik Berlin Gmbh Electronic projector system such as a high definition television (HDTV) projection television system or the like having a fluid therein with increased resistance to damage from projection system radiation

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1437678A1 (de) 1968-10-31
GB1074714A (en) 1967-07-05
DE1437667A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2943147A (en) Projection system
US3317664A (en) Projection system
US3317665A (en) Projection system
US2346483A (en) Chargeproof cover glass
JPS5469698A (en) Flame resisting silicon constituent having x ray shielding property
US3288927A (en) Projection system
US2498705A (en) Electronic color television
US2435435A (en) Cathode-ray screen
US2888370A (en) Photoconductor of lead oxide and method of making
US3461075A (en) Poly 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl ether containing electroluminescent phosphor particles
US2569793A (en) Ultraviolet irradiation
US2277009A (en) Television image projection tube
US3715494A (en) Projection system
US2374311A (en) Cathode ray tube
US3125635A (en) Projection system
US3784830A (en) Image magnifier
GB1228490A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
US3125636A (en) I zxch
US3270133A (en) Projection system with improved deformable medium
GB709764A (en) Improvements in or relating to x-ray image amplifiers
GB1173122A (en) Image Intensifier for Optically Produced Images
US3125634A (en) Cshs cahs
US3761616A (en) Projection system
US4954896A (en) Electronic projector system such as a high definition television (HDTV) projection television system or the like having a fluid therein with increased resistance to damage from projection system radiation
US3912370A (en) Ac deformable mirror light valve