US3303691A - Ultrasonic inspection method and apparatus - Google Patents

Ultrasonic inspection method and apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US3303691A
US3303691A US259659A US25965963A US3303691A US 3303691 A US3303691 A US 3303691A US 259659 A US259659 A US 259659A US 25965963 A US25965963 A US 25965963A US 3303691 A US3303691 A US 3303691A
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United States
Prior art keywords
liquid
test piece
transducer
face
couplant
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Expired - Lifetime
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US259659A
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English (en)
Inventor
Beaujard Louis
Mondot Jacques
Kapluszak Marian
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Institut de Recherches de la Siderurgie Francaise IRSID
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Institut de Recherches de la Siderurgie Francaise IRSID
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
    • G01N29/22—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details
    • G01N29/28—Details, e.g. general constructional or apparatus details providing acoustic coupling, e.g. water

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to improvements in ultrasonic inspection systems, and more particularly to a novel method of ultrasonically detecting flaws in test pieces at an elevated temperature above the point of depolarization or the Curie point of the usual piezo-electric transducer used in such systems.
  • this invention provides an ultrasonic inspection method wherein an electro-mechanical transducer face is placed adjacent an area of the test piece to be inspected and a stream of a cold liquid couplant is continuously delivered between the transducer face and this test piece area to couple the transducer acoustically to the area.
  • the liquid of the couplant has a boiling point below the temperature of the test piece and at least a portion of the stream of fresh liquid couplant entering the space between the transducer face and the test piece surface first sweeps the transducer face before more closely approaching the test piece to prevent the transducer face from being unduly heated by the test piece.
  • the liquid couplant stream forms a flowing liquid film in the space and moves at all points at such high speed that the liquid does not reach its boiling point in the space.
  • a high-speed stream of a cooling liquid which may be the liquid couplant stream, reduces the surface temperature of the area rapidly and fieetingly.
  • the high-speed stream of the cooling liquid is delivered to a region of the test piece having an area at least equal to the area of the test piece to be inspected, and the transducer face is immediately thereafter placed adjacent the cooled region while its surface temperature is still reduced, with a separate stream of a cold liquid couplant being delivered in the above-described manner.
  • the transducer face may be continuously moved over successive cooled regions of the test piece.
  • cooling liquid and liquid 3,303,691 Patented" Feb. 14, 1 967 couplant stream are the same, the high-speed liquid streamserving the function of cooling liquid and liquid couplant.
  • liquids with a higher boiling point are used.
  • such liquids include oils of different boiling points or fused salts or metals.
  • the transducer When such liquids are used, the transducer must be enclosed in a cooled, for instance water-cooled, container, the cooling liquid simultaneously establishing the necessary acoustic contact between the transducer and the container, while the container is in acosutic contact with the test piece through the liquid couplant with the high boiling point. It will be realized, however, that the number of separating interfaces through which the ultrasonic beam must pass in such a system is increased, which unfavorably influences the accuracy of the flaw detecting system. Therefore, water is definitely the preferred fluid medium.
  • FIG. 1 is a vertical section along line I-I of FIG. 2 of a searching unit for carrying out the method according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is a bottom view of the unit of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a sectional view along line IIIIII of FIG. 4 similar to that of FIG. 1 of another embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a bottom view of FIG. 3.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 there is shown a searching unit useful for the continuous inspection of hot flat stock, for instance rolled metal sheets.
  • the metallic body 1 of the searching unit has a flat end face 10 designed to be placed parallel to, and at a slight distance of, for instance, a few tenths of a millimeter from, the fiat surface of the test piece 2 to be inspected.
  • the searching unit is hydraulically supported on the test piece surface in a manner more particularly described and claimed in our copending application Serial No. 259,660, now Patent No. 3,159,756, filed on even date herewith and also entitled Ultrasonic Inspection. This support forms no part of the present invention and will, therefore, be described only sketchily herein.
  • the end face 10 defines three circular orifices at the end of hydraulic liquid delivery conduits 3, 4, and 5 constituted by bores in the searching unit body 1 and permitting three supporting colums of a hydraulic liquid to flow therethrough to support the body end face 10 in spaced relation to the test piece surface.
  • a reservoir 6 holding a liquid under a suitable pressure is bolted to the top of the searching unit body 1 and receives the liquid through the supply conduit 19, tho liquid being pumped or otherwise delivered to the reservoir under the desired ressure from a source (not shown).
  • a source not shown.
  • water used as hydraulic liquid we have found a head of 4 kg./sq. cm. to be satisfactory but this may obviously vary according to operating conditions and dimensions of the searching unit and delivery conduits.
  • the hydraulic fluid is fed into the delivery conduits through suitably restricted passages of calibrated nozzles 7, 8 and 9, respectively, in such a manner that the liquid fiow is controlled substantially independently of the conditions of support of the searching unit on the test piece and maintained substantially constant regardless of such conditions.
  • the searching unit floats on the test piece and the distance on the end face 10 from the test piece surface is self-regulated in sole dependence on the head of the hydraulic liquid in the supporting columns.
  • Ultrasonic inspection iseffected by an annular piezoelectric crystal 11 pierced by a central hole 12 in alignment with conduit 3 to permit passage of the hydraulic liquid to the surface of the test piece.
  • the piezo-electric transducer is connected by a coaxial cable in the manner illustrated in FIG. 3 to an ultrasonic generator (not shown) to constitute an otherwise conventional ultrasonic flaw detection system as described, for instance, in Ultrasonic Flaw Detection, issued by the U8. Department of Commerce, November 1958, and available through the Faculty of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Oflice. Since the invention is not concerned with this aspect of the system, the electrical circuit elements connected to the transducer have not been illustrated.
  • the hydraulic liquid fed through conduit 3 simultaneously serves as a high-speed stream of coolant and as a liquid couplant between the transducer face and the area of the test piece to be inspected.
  • the stream of fresh liquid coming from reservoir 6 radially flows outwardly from conduit 3 and sweeps the transducer face to prevent the face from being heated.
  • the stream fills the space between the transducer face and the test piece area to be inspected to form therein a liquid couplant, and the liquid film moves at such high speed that the liquid does not reach its boiling point in this space.
  • the liquid flow in the space is unencumbered and there are no dead spaces or eddies to interfere with the rapid and continuously even outward flow of the liquid over the entire transducer face and test piece area to be inspected.
  • a fourth conduit 13 connects the reservoir 6 with a V-shaped orifice 14 in end face 10 of the searching unit body 1.
  • the orifice 14 is located between the crystal 11 and the line which connects the orifices of the conduits 4, 5, and the apex of the V-shape is directed toward the afore-mentioned line.
  • the conduit 13 delivers a wave or sheet of cooling liquid to the test piece surface, the flow of this cooling liquid being controlled by another nozzle 15 which is threadedly mounted for ready replacement in conduit 13, as nozzles 7, 8 and 9 are mounted in conduits 3, 4 and 5, respectively.
  • suitable calibration of the nozzle passages controls the liquid flow through all conduits.
  • This searching unit operates in the following manner:
  • the searching unit and the test piece are moved relatively to each other in the direction of arrow A, either by maintaining the test piece at rest and moving the searching unit over it in the indicated direction or by maintaining the searching unit at rest and moving the test piece past it in the opposite direction.
  • the cooling liquid wave delivered through V-shaped orifice 14 rapidly and fleetingly reduces the surface temperature of the [hot test piece before the transducer moves past the cooled region.
  • the cold hydraulic liquid flowing out of delivery conduits 4 and 5 causes a first intensive cooling of the test piece surface. This cooling is completed by the cooling liquid flowing out of V-shaped orifice 14.
  • the inclination of the two branches of the V-shaped orifice causes the cold wave of liquid emerging therefrom like a jet to sweep before it the liquid film produced by the hydraulic liquid coming from conduits 4 and 5, and which has been heated by contact with the hot test piece surface, as the relative movement in the direction of arrow A proceeds.
  • This V-shaped cold liquid jet thus sweeps the hot liquid laterally outwardly andout of the path of the immediately following transducer which will inspect the thusly cooled region of the test piece while the surface temperature is still reduced.
  • the liquid flowing through conduit 3 is distributed radially and flows under centrifugal force and in a homogeneous stream under the transducer face with a speed sufiicient to prevent the cooled surface from being reheated by the internal heat 'of the test piece and the rapidly flowing liquid from reaching the boiling point in the path of the ultrasonic beam.
  • this rapidly flowing liquid couplant cools the face of the transducer.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 is a simple searching unit useful for carrying out the method of this invention when a fixed point of a test piece is to be inspected.
  • the piezo-electric transducer 11a is similar to that of the embodiment of FIG. 1 and is suitably arranged in a mounting supported on a test piece (not shown) by three points of support 22, 23, 24 forming a tripod support for the transducer on the test piece, the face of the annular transducer being adjacent an area of the test piece to be inspected.
  • the transducer defines a central hole 12a in alignment with an axial conduit 3a in the transducer mounting.
  • the transducer is connected with conventional elements of an electric generator and indicating circuit (not shown) by a coaxial cable 21 coupled to the mounting at 20.
  • a suitable cold liquid such as water
  • the transducer mounting is placed on its tripod support over the area of the test piece to be tested and a suitable cold liquid, such as water, is supplied under pressure to the delivery conduit 3a through connection 19a leading to a supply of water under the required head, similarly to the embodiment of FIG. 1. If the test area is hot, the jet of cold liquid flowing through the hole 12a cools the surface and is radially distributed in an outward fiowof considerable speed between the face of the transducer and the test piece area adjacent thereto.
  • liquid pressure is high enough to assure a sufliciently rapid outward flow
  • the liquid film constituted by the rap idly flowing stream of liquid will simultaneously cool the transducer face and the test piece area adjacent thereto whileacoustically coupling the transducer to this area.
  • the speed of the liquid flow is so chosen that the liquid will not boil in the space traversed by the ultrasonic beam.
  • cooling fluid that is necessary depends on many factors; shape and dimensions of the transducer, distance between the latter and the test piece, said distance varying as the wave length, nature of the surface, etc.
  • the area of the test piece to be inspected is rapidly and fleetingly cooled down by a localized cooling jet, the surface of this area assuming a low enough temperature for the time that the transducer face is opposite it to prevent the liquid couplant from boiling although its boiling point is lower than the general temperature of the test piece.
  • This is accomplished by interposing between the transducer and the test piece surface a liquid film moving at great speed so that the thermal inertia of the liquid produces a non-boiling zone in front of the transducer face.
  • the liquid couplant can fulfill its function of acoustically coupling the test piece with the electro-mechanical transducer while the transducer remains protected from the high temperature of the test piece.
  • this fleeting surface cooling of a limited area of the test piece does not substantially modify the physical characteristics of the test piece, which rae due to its elevated temperature.
  • the considerable internal heat of the test piece suflices to reestablish the surface temperature rapidly to at least nearly its original degree at the tested area as soon as the inspection is completed and the searching unit is moved on and away from this area. Therefore, the ability of the tested piece to be subjected to such finishing operations as rolling, clipping, shaving, stamping or any other operation requiring a certain plasticity of the hot meta-l, is in no way impaired.
  • Water will obviously be the most useful and practical cooling and couplant liquid, and it will be used wherever feasible. Preliminary experiments have shown that water can be successfully used in the method of the present invention for test piece temperature up to about 500 C. or 600 C. and it is quite likely that further experiments may establish its usefulness even beyond these operating temperatures.
  • a non-boiling zone may still be maintained in the path of the ultrasonic beam. Outside of this Zone, the water will boil and evaporate but the vapor production is favorably influenced by the heating phenomenon. In effect, the vapor volume is not considerably larger at 1000 C. than it is at 300 C. The only essential condition is the avoidance of vaporization of the couplant in front of the transducer because this would gravely disturb the acoustic contact and testing would become impossible if the ultrasonic beam would have to pass through vapor and bubbles.
  • Another advantage of the invention in the inspection of iron metal test pieces resides in the fact that the sudden contact of a cold liquid jet ahead of the transducer with the hot test piece surface tends to cause a thermal shock on the oxide layer generally present on such pieces at high temperatures. This thermal shock will tend to crack and detach the oxide pellicle and to sweep it away by the dynamic force of the liquid before the transducer reaches the test area.
  • a method of ultrasonically inspecting a test piece having an elevated temperature the steps of placing an electro-mechanical transducer adjacent a test piece to be inspected so that a face of the transducer is oppositely spaced from a surface area of the test piece continuously delivering a stream of a cold liquid couplant between the transducer face and said area to couple the transducer acoustically to said area, the liquid of the couplant having a boiling point below the temperature of the test piece, at least a portion of the stream of fresh liquid couplant first sweeping said face of the transducer before more closely approaching said area of the test piece to prevent the transducer face from being heated by the test piece area, said liquid couplant stream forming a flowing liquid film in said space moving at all points of said space at such high speed-that the liquid does not reach its boiling point in said space.
  • a method of ultrasonically inspecting a test piece having an elevated temperature the steps of delivering a high-speed stream of a cooling liquid to a surface region of the test piece to reduce the temperature of said region, immediately thereafter, and while said surface temperature is reduced, placing a face of an electromechanical transducer oppositely and spacedly adjacent said region, continuously delivering a stream of a cold liquid couplant between the transducer face and said region to couple the transducer acoustically to said test piece, the liquid of the couplant having a boiling point below said elevated temperature, at least a portion of the stream of fresh liquid couplant first sweeping said face of the transducer to prevent the transducer face from being heated before the stream more closely approaches said region of the test piece, the liquid couplant stream forming a flowing liquid film in said space and moving at all points of said space at such high speed that the liquid does not reach its boiling point in said space.
  • the liquid couplant and the cooling liquid being water.
  • a method of ultransonically inspecting a test piece having an elevated temperature the steps of placing an electro-mechanical transducer face oppositely adjacent a surface area of the test piece to be inspected, continuously delivering a high-speed stream of a cold liquid couplant between the transducer face and said area of the test piece whereby the transducer is acoustically coupled to said area, the liquid having a boiling point below said elevated temperature, at least a portion of the stream of the fresh liquid first sweeping the transducer face to prevent the transducer face from being heated before the liquid more closely approaches said test piece area, the liquid stream forming a flowing liquid couplant in said space and moving at all points of said space at such high speed that the liquid does not reach its boiling point in said space.
  • the liquid being water.
  • a method of ultrasonically inspecting a test piece having an elevated temperature which comprises:
  • An apparatus for ultrasonicallyinspecting a test piece havingan elevated temperature comprising, in combination:
  • said body being formed with a plurality of openings in said face

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
US259659A 1962-02-23 1963-02-19 Ultrasonic inspection method and apparatus Expired - Lifetime US3303691A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR888981A FR1323002A (fr) 1962-02-23 1962-02-23 Procédé de sondage ultra-sonore de pièces portées à haute température

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US3303691A true US3303691A (en) 1967-02-14

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US (1) US3303691A (en, 2012)
AT (1) AT253254B (en, 2012)
BE (1) BE628378A (en, 2012)
DE (1) DE1473474B2 (en, 2012)
FR (1) FR1323002A (en, 2012)
GB (1) GB1023513A (en, 2012)
LU (1) LU43232A1 (en, 2012)

Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3512401A (en) * 1966-07-14 1970-05-19 Concast Ag Method of coupling ultrasound into hot metal
US3585865A (en) * 1967-12-23 1971-06-22 Knapsack Ag Apparatus for the ultrasonic testing of metal walls
US3646806A (en) * 1970-06-03 1972-03-07 Nippon Kokan Kk Ultrasonic prove system for flaw-detection of material
US3662590A (en) * 1969-08-09 1972-05-16 Sumitomo Metal Ind Precooling apparatus for continuous automatic ultrasonic inspection
JPS49107290A (en, 2012) * 1973-02-13 1974-10-11
JPS518991A (en, 2012) * 1974-06-10 1976-01-24 Canada Steel Co
US3950660A (en) * 1972-11-08 1976-04-13 Automation Industries, Inc. Ultrasonic contact-type search unit
US4024470A (en) * 1974-05-20 1977-05-17 Republic Steel Corporation Eddy current detector for hot test pieces having coolant fluid and purge features
JPS55168858U (en, 2012) * 1974-06-10 1980-12-04
DE3121331A1 (de) * 1981-05-29 1982-12-16 Institut Dr. Friedrich Förster Prüfgerätebau GmbH & Co KG, 7410 Reutlingen Vorrichtung zum abtasten einer oberflaeche eines heissen pruefteiles
US4461995A (en) * 1981-10-29 1984-07-24 Republic Steel Corporation Cooling method and apparatus for eddy current flaw detection
US4558598A (en) * 1984-06-07 1985-12-17 The Boeing Company Ultrasonic linear array water nozzle and method
DE3524167A1 (de) * 1984-07-13 1986-01-16 Centro Sperimentale Metallurgico S.p.A., Rom/Roma Sonde fuer die kontrolle von oberflaechendefekten metallischer koerper bei hohen temperaturen
US4924707A (en) * 1987-08-03 1990-05-15 Hoesch Aktiengesellschaft Method of and device for coupling an ultrasonic probe to a test piece
US10876871B2 (en) * 2018-07-12 2020-12-29 Abilene Christian University Apparatus, systems, and methods for non-invasive measurement of flow in a high temperature pipe

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2873391A (en) * 1955-11-04 1959-02-10 Sperry Prod Inc Methods and means for coupling an ultrasonic transducer to a test specimen
US2992553A (en) * 1957-04-24 1961-07-18 Ivan L Joy Coupling method and apparatus for ultrasonic testing of solid bodies
FR1282485A (fr) * 1961-03-03 1962-01-19 Machine à couler la fonte en coquille
US3121325A (en) * 1959-07-20 1964-02-18 Hunsun Works Ultrasonic testing of materials
US3171047A (en) * 1962-09-04 1965-02-23 Standard Oil Co Ultrasonic inspection apparatus
US3242723A (en) * 1962-09-27 1966-03-29 Dwight J Evans Ultrasonic transducer

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2873391A (en) * 1955-11-04 1959-02-10 Sperry Prod Inc Methods and means for coupling an ultrasonic transducer to a test specimen
US2992553A (en) * 1957-04-24 1961-07-18 Ivan L Joy Coupling method and apparatus for ultrasonic testing of solid bodies
US3121325A (en) * 1959-07-20 1964-02-18 Hunsun Works Ultrasonic testing of materials
FR1282485A (fr) * 1961-03-03 1962-01-19 Machine à couler la fonte en coquille
US3171047A (en) * 1962-09-04 1965-02-23 Standard Oil Co Ultrasonic inspection apparatus
US3242723A (en) * 1962-09-27 1966-03-29 Dwight J Evans Ultrasonic transducer

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3512401A (en) * 1966-07-14 1970-05-19 Concast Ag Method of coupling ultrasound into hot metal
US3585865A (en) * 1967-12-23 1971-06-22 Knapsack Ag Apparatus for the ultrasonic testing of metal walls
US3662590A (en) * 1969-08-09 1972-05-16 Sumitomo Metal Ind Precooling apparatus for continuous automatic ultrasonic inspection
US3646806A (en) * 1970-06-03 1972-03-07 Nippon Kokan Kk Ultrasonic prove system for flaw-detection of material
US3950660A (en) * 1972-11-08 1976-04-13 Automation Industries, Inc. Ultrasonic contact-type search unit
JPS49107290A (en, 2012) * 1973-02-13 1974-10-11
US4024470A (en) * 1974-05-20 1977-05-17 Republic Steel Corporation Eddy current detector for hot test pieces having coolant fluid and purge features
US4123708A (en) * 1974-05-20 1978-10-31 Republic Steel Corporation Method and apparatus for eddy current inspection of hot test pieces with means to cool the detector and to purge the test path of contaminants
US3979946A (en) * 1974-06-10 1976-09-14 The Steel Company Of Canada, Limited Ultrasonic plate inspection system
JPS518991A (en, 2012) * 1974-06-10 1976-01-24 Canada Steel Co
JPS55168858U (en, 2012) * 1974-06-10 1980-12-04
DE3121331A1 (de) * 1981-05-29 1982-12-16 Institut Dr. Friedrich Förster Prüfgerätebau GmbH & Co KG, 7410 Reutlingen Vorrichtung zum abtasten einer oberflaeche eines heissen pruefteiles
US4461995A (en) * 1981-10-29 1984-07-24 Republic Steel Corporation Cooling method and apparatus for eddy current flaw detection
US4558598A (en) * 1984-06-07 1985-12-17 The Boeing Company Ultrasonic linear array water nozzle and method
DE3524167A1 (de) * 1984-07-13 1986-01-16 Centro Sperimentale Metallurgico S.p.A., Rom/Roma Sonde fuer die kontrolle von oberflaechendefekten metallischer koerper bei hohen temperaturen
US4924707A (en) * 1987-08-03 1990-05-15 Hoesch Aktiengesellschaft Method of and device for coupling an ultrasonic probe to a test piece
US10876871B2 (en) * 2018-07-12 2020-12-29 Abilene Christian University Apparatus, systems, and methods for non-invasive measurement of flow in a high temperature pipe
US11674832B2 (en) 2018-07-12 2023-06-13 Abilene Christian University Waveguides for non-invasive measurement of flow in a high temperature pipe and apparatuses, systems, and methods of use thereof

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1473474B2 (de) 1970-10-08
FR1323002A (fr) 1963-04-05
BE628378A (en, 2012)
GB1023513A (en) 1966-03-23
AT253254B (de) 1967-03-28
LU43232A1 (en, 2012) 1963-04-20
DE1473474A1 (de) 1968-12-19

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