US3298096A - Method of forming distortion resistant tubular elements - Google Patents

Method of forming distortion resistant tubular elements Download PDF

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US3298096A
US3298096A US334405A US33440563A US3298096A US 3298096 A US3298096 A US 3298096A US 334405 A US334405 A US 334405A US 33440563 A US33440563 A US 33440563A US 3298096 A US3298096 A US 3298096A
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mandrel
thin walled
metal
hastelloy
distortion resistant
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US334405A
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William R Stuart
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Varian Medical Systems Inc
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Varian Associates Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/10—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of nickel or cobalt or alloys based thereon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
    • B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
    • B21C37/30—Finishing tubes, e.g. sizing, burnishing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
    • C21D7/10—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the whole cross-section, e.g. of concrete reinforcing bars
    • C21D7/12—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the whole cross-section, e.g. of concrete reinforcing bars by expanding tubular bodies
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J9/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for the manufacture, installation, removal, maintenance of electric discharge tubes, discharge lamps, or parts thereof; Recovery of material from discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J9/02—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems
    • H01J9/04—Manufacture of electrodes or electrode systems of thermionic cathodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4981—Utilizing transitory attached element or associated separate material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49863—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part
    • Y10T29/49865—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part by temperature differential [e.g., shrink fit]

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to a method for form ing tubular metal elements resistant to distortion during variations in temperature of the tubular metal elements and more specifically relates to a method for forming thin walled, distortion resistant, cylindrical cathode elements for use in an electron tube.
  • Quick heating electron tubes are essential in portable push-to-talk communication systems where delay in tube warm up of even as much as one second will result in the loss of a portion of the message being transmitted.
  • Such quick heating electron tubes require directly heated, thin walled, distortion resistant, cathode elements which are capable of functioning during thousands of cycles of operation.
  • Directly heated, thin walled, cylindrical cathode elements of an electron tube must maintain sufiicient rigidity to prevent bowing clue to temperature variations which results in undesirable noise and possibly shorting between the cathode and grid electrodes.
  • this invention relates to a method for making a thin walled, tubular metal element resistant to distortion under variations in temperature.
  • a mandrel which is located within a thin walled, tubular metal element, is heated to a temperature and for a time sufficient to increase the outer diameter of the mandrel.
  • the mandrel is made of a material having a coefiicient of thermal expansion greater than the coeificient of thermal expansion of the thin walled, tubular metal element.
  • the thin walled, tubular metal element and the mandrel are cooled to separate the thin Walled, tubular metal element, which is now distortion resistant, from the mandrel.
  • FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional view of a mandrel lo cated within a tubular element which element is to be made distortion resistant in accordance with the method of this invention.
  • FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional view of the mandrel and tubular element after the heating and cooling steps in the distortion resistant treatment of the tubular element.
  • a mandrel is provided within a thin walled, tubular metal element 12.
  • the thin walled, tubular metal element is preferably formed 3,298,096 Patented Jan. 17, 1967 undersized having a diameter smaller than the diameter desired.
  • the assembly of both the mandrel 10 and the tubular metal element 12 is placed in a furnace and heated for a time and at a temperature sufficient to increase the outer diameter of the mandrel It).
  • the mandrel 10 is formed of a material having a coefiicient of thermal expansion which is greater than the coefiicient of thermal expansion of the thin walled, tubular metal element 12. Hence, the thin walled, tubular metal element 12 is radially expanded beyond its normal expansion due to the expansion characteristics of the mandrel 10.
  • the assembly is then cooled and the outer diameter of the mandrel 10 returns to its original size (FIGURE 2).
  • the thin walled, tubular metal element 12 does not return to its original size, but has a slightly increased diameter and is now precipitation hardened or distortion resistant.
  • the thin walled, tubular metal element 12 is preferably formed from .OOOS-inch thick Hastelloy B metal, which is a trade name of a nickel based alloy comprising small amounts of molybdenum, iron and carbon.
  • the Hastelloy B metal cylinder is preferably made by rolling a section of a sheet of Hastelloy B metal into a cylindrical configuration about the mandrel 10 and then the ends are spot welded together.
  • the mandrel 10 which was cylindrical had an outer diameter of .335 inch and the diameter of the Hastelloy B metal cylinder was between .335-.336 inches.
  • the mandrel 10 which is preferably formed of 300 series stainless steel need not be hollow, but in this example a 5 inch diameter hole was formed in the mandrel 10.
  • the Hastelloy B metal cylinder was photoetched to form a plurality of small perforations each of which is vertically offset with respect to the others. Approximately onethird of the Hastelloy B metal material was removed in the photoetching step.
  • the assembly of both the stainless steel mandrel 10 and the Hastelloy B metal cylinder 12 is placed in a furnace, preferably, in a reducing atmosphere, such as hydrogen, and fired at a temperature of 850 C., preferably, for a period of 30 minutes. The assembly was then cooled and the resultant Hastelloy B metal cylinder had a diameter of about .339 inch.
  • the resultant cylinder 12 of Hastelloy B metal is found to be truly cylindrical and remarkably durable during tube lifetime.
  • the method of making a hollow, cylindrical, hardened, distortion resistant, Hastelloy B metal comprising the steps of forming a strip of Hastelloy B metal into a cylindrical configuration about a cylindrical mandrel made: of 300 series stainless steel and securing the ends of said strip together, heating the assembly of said Hastelloy B metal cylinder and said 300 series stainless steel mandrel in a furnace in a reducing atmosphere at -a temperature of about 850 C. for a period of about 30 minutes and then cooling said assembly.
  • the method of making a hardened, hollow, distortion resistant, thin walled structure of Hastelloy B metal comprising the steps of placing the hollow thin walled thin walled structure of- 6 metal structure about a closely fitted mandrel made of a 300 series stainless steel, said mandrel having a coeflicient of thermal expansion greater than the coefficient of thermal expansion of said hollow thin walled metal structure, heating the hollow thin Walled metal structure together with said mandrel located therein to a temperature of about 850 C., said temperature being below the annealing temperature of said hollow thin Walled metal structure, continuing said heating for a period of about 30 minutes, said period being sufiicient to precipitation harden said hollow thin walled metal structure, and cooling said hollow thin walled metal structure with said mandrel contained therein to separate the hardened, hollow, distortion resistant, thin walled metal strucure from said mandrel.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)

Description

Jan. 17, 1967 W. R. STUART METHOD OF FORMING DISTORTION RESISTANT TUBULAR ELEMENTS Filed Dec. 30, 1963 ATTORNEYS United States Patent "ice 3,298,096 METHOD OF FORMING DISTORTION RESISTANT TUBULAR ELEMENTS William R. Stuart, San Carlos, Califl, assignor, by mesne assignments, to Varian Associates, a corporation of California Filed Dec. 30, 1963, er. No. 334,405 3 Claims. (Cl. 29--477) This invention relates generally to a method for form ing tubular metal elements resistant to distortion during variations in temperature of the tubular metal elements and more specifically relates to a method for forming thin walled, distortion resistant, cylindrical cathode elements for use in an electron tube.
In the past, electron tube manufacturers had been unsuccessful in developing a thin walled, distortion resistant, cylindrical cathode element to which a current could be directly applied for quick heating applications.
Quick heating electron tubes are essential in portable push-to-talk communication systems where delay in tube warm up of even as much as one second will result in the loss of a portion of the message being transmitted. Such quick heating electron tubes require directly heated, thin walled, distortion resistant, cathode elements which are capable of functioning during thousands of cycles of operation. Directly heated, thin walled, cylindrical cathode elements of an electron tube must maintain sufiicient rigidity to prevent bowing clue to temperature variations which results in undesirable noise and possibly shorting between the cathode and grid electrodes.
This problem of having a thin walled, directly heated, cylindrical cathode element maintain its rigidity and roundness during tube operation becomes even more severe it the cylindrical cathode element is perforated to increase the electron path which results in an increase in the electrical resistance of the cylindrical cathode element.
It is an object of this invention to provide a method for forming tubular metal eelments which are distortion resistant during variations in temperature of the tubular metal element.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a method for forming a thin walled, cylindrical cathode which can be directly heated and not have its cylindrical shape distort-ed due to temperature variations.
Briefly described, this invention relates to a method for making a thin walled, tubular metal element resistant to distortion under variations in temperature. A mandrel, which is located within a thin walled, tubular metal element, is heated to a temperature and for a time sufficient to increase the outer diameter of the mandrel. The mandrel is made of a material having a coefiicient of thermal expansion greater than the coeificient of thermal expansion of the thin walled, tubular metal element. The thin walled, tubular metal element and the mandrel are cooled to separate the thin Walled, tubular metal element, which is now distortion resistant, from the mandrel.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and drawing taken in connection with the appended claims.
In the drawing:
FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional view of a mandrel lo cated within a tubular element which element is to be made distortion resistant in accordance with the method of this invention; and
FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional view of the mandrel and tubular element after the heating and cooling steps in the distortion resistant treatment of the tubular element.
Referring to FIGURE 1, a mandrel is provided within a thin walled, tubular metal element 12. The thin walled, tubular metal element is preferably formed 3,298,096 Patented Jan. 17, 1967 undersized having a diameter smaller than the diameter desired.
The assembly of both the mandrel 10 and the tubular metal element 12 is placed in a furnace and heated for a time and at a temperature sufficient to increase the outer diameter of the mandrel It). The mandrel 10 is formed of a material having a coefiicient of thermal expansion which is greater than the coefiicient of thermal expansion of the thin walled, tubular metal element 12. Hence, the thin walled, tubular metal element 12 is radially expanded beyond its normal expansion due to the expansion characteristics of the mandrel 10.
The assembly is then cooled and the outer diameter of the mandrel 10 returns to its original size (FIGURE 2). However, the thin walled, tubular metal element 12 does not return to its original size, but has a slightly increased diameter and is now precipitation hardened or distortion resistant.
In making a cylindrical cathode element, the thin walled, tubular metal element 12 is preferably formed from .OOOS-inch thick Hastelloy B metal, which is a trade name of a nickel based alloy comprising small amounts of molybdenum, iron and carbon. The Hastelloy B metal cylinder is preferably made by rolling a section of a sheet of Hastelloy B metal into a cylindrical configuration about the mandrel 10 and then the ends are spot welded together.
In one example, the mandrel 10 which was cylindrical had an outer diameter of .335 inch and the diameter of the Hastelloy B metal cylinder was between .335-.336 inches. The mandrel 10 which is preferably formed of 300 series stainless steel need not be hollow, but in this example a 5 inch diameter hole was formed in the mandrel 10. To increase electrical resistivity, the Hastelloy B metal cylinder was photoetched to form a plurality of small perforations each of which is vertically offset with respect to the others. Approximately onethird of the Hastelloy B metal material was removed in the photoetching step.
The assembly of both the stainless steel mandrel 10 and the Hastelloy B metal cylinder 12 is placed in a furnace, preferably, in a reducing atmosphere, such as hydrogen, and fired at a temperature of 850 C., preferably, for a period of 30 minutes. The assembly was then cooled and the resultant Hastelloy B metal cylinder had a diameter of about .339 inch. The resultant cylinder 12 of Hastelloy B metal is found to be truly cylindrical and remarkably durable during tube lifetime.
Since many changes could :be made in the above method and many apparently, widely different embodiments of this invention could be made without departing from the scope thereof, it is intended that all matters contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawing should be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
I claim:
1. The method of making a hollow, cylindrical, hardened, distortion resistant, Hastelloy B metal comprising the steps of forming a strip of Hastelloy B metal into a cylindrical configuration about a cylindrical mandrel made: of 300 series stainless steel and securing the ends of said strip together, heating the assembly of said Hastelloy B metal cylinder and said 300 series stainless steel mandrel in a furnace in a reducing atmosphere at -a temperature of about 850 C. for a period of about 30 minutes and then cooling said assembly.
2. The method claimed in claim 1 wherein said reducing atmosphere is hydrogen.
3. The method of making a hardened, hollow, distortion resistant, thin walled structure of Hastelloy B metal comprising the steps of placing the hollow thin walled thin walled structure of- 6 metal structure about a closely fitted mandrel made of a 300 series stainless steel, said mandrel having a coeflicient of thermal expansion greater than the coefficient of thermal expansion of said hollow thin walled metal structure, heating the hollow thin Walled metal structure together with said mandrel located therein to a temperature of about 850 C., said temperature being below the annealing temperature of said hollow thin Walled metal structure, continuing said heating for a period of about 30 minutes, said period being sufiicient to precipitation harden said hollow thin walled metal structure, and cooling said hollow thin walled metal structure with said mandrel contained therein to separate the hardened, hollow, distortion resistant, thin walled metal strucure from said mandrel.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 3'0 HN F. CAMPBELL, Primary Examiner.
WHITMORE A. WILTZ, Examiner.
W. I. BROOKS, Assistant Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. THE METHOD OF MAKING A HOLLOW, CYLINDRICAL, HARDENED, DISTORTION RESISTANT, THIN WALLED STRUCTURE OF HASTELLOY B METAL COMPRISING THE STEPS OF FORMING A STRIP OF HASTELLOY B METAL INTO A CYLINDRICAL CONFIGURATION ABOUT A CYLINDRICAL MANDREL MADE OF 300 SERIES STAINLESS STEEL AND SECURING THE ENDS OF SAID STRIP TOGETHER, HEATING THE ASSEMBLY OF SAID HASTELLOY B METAL CYLINDER AND SAID 300 SERIES STAINLESS STEEL MANDREL IN A FURNACE IN A REDUCING ATMOSPHERE AT A TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT 850*C. FOR A PERIOD OF ABOUT 30 MINUTES AND THEN COOLING SAID ASSEMBLY.
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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3383900A (en) * 1965-08-13 1968-05-21 Hoover Ball & Bearing Co Method of sizing of metal objects
US3495434A (en) * 1967-10-09 1970-02-17 Arthur A Lavine Method of scoring
US3845547A (en) * 1971-05-12 1974-11-05 Gen Electric Method of manufacturing a laminated assembly
US3986654A (en) * 1975-11-05 1976-10-19 Carpenter Technology Corporation Method for making tubular members and product thereof
US4048713A (en) * 1975-06-09 1977-09-20 Mogens Hvass Method of making compact electric coils
US4376662A (en) * 1980-05-05 1983-03-15 Chem-Tronics, Inc. Methods for fabricating metallic workpieces
US4604785A (en) * 1984-12-21 1986-08-12 General Electric Company Method of making fuel channel
US5058411A (en) * 1990-03-15 1991-10-22 General Electric Company Method for shaping filament reinforced annular objects
US5265456A (en) * 1992-06-29 1993-11-30 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Method of cold working holes using a shape memory alloy tool
US5407494A (en) * 1993-12-21 1995-04-18 Crs Holdings, Inc. Method of fabricating a welded metallic duct assembly
US11454480B1 (en) 2019-06-12 2022-09-27 Corvid Technologies LLC Methods for forming munitions casings and casings and munitions formed thereby

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US926898A (en) * 1909-07-06 New Departure Mfg Co Process of sizing and shaping.
US1409562A (en) * 1920-05-06 1922-03-14 William H Mason Process and apparatus for enlarging hollow metal articles
US2647216A (en) * 1950-04-01 1953-07-28 Rca Corp Dispenser cathode
US2654940A (en) * 1950-06-10 1953-10-13 Rca Corp Method of mounting screens for cathode-ray tubes
US3050613A (en) * 1959-09-23 1962-08-21 Sylvania Electric Prod Apparatus and method for bonding tubular elements
US3088851A (en) * 1959-08-06 1963-05-07 Philips Corp Method of manufacturing oxide cathodes and cathodes manufactured by such methods

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US926898A (en) * 1909-07-06 New Departure Mfg Co Process of sizing and shaping.
US1409562A (en) * 1920-05-06 1922-03-14 William H Mason Process and apparatus for enlarging hollow metal articles
US2647216A (en) * 1950-04-01 1953-07-28 Rca Corp Dispenser cathode
US2654940A (en) * 1950-06-10 1953-10-13 Rca Corp Method of mounting screens for cathode-ray tubes
US3088851A (en) * 1959-08-06 1963-05-07 Philips Corp Method of manufacturing oxide cathodes and cathodes manufactured by such methods
US3050613A (en) * 1959-09-23 1962-08-21 Sylvania Electric Prod Apparatus and method for bonding tubular elements

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3383900A (en) * 1965-08-13 1968-05-21 Hoover Ball & Bearing Co Method of sizing of metal objects
US3495434A (en) * 1967-10-09 1970-02-17 Arthur A Lavine Method of scoring
US3845547A (en) * 1971-05-12 1974-11-05 Gen Electric Method of manufacturing a laminated assembly
US4048713A (en) * 1975-06-09 1977-09-20 Mogens Hvass Method of making compact electric coils
US3986654A (en) * 1975-11-05 1976-10-19 Carpenter Technology Corporation Method for making tubular members and product thereof
FR2330475A1 (en) * 1975-11-05 1977-06-03 Carpenter Technology Corp IMPROVEMENTS IN THE MANUFACTURING METHODS OF HIGH PRECISION TUBULAR ELEMENTS AND TUBULAR ELEMENTS THUS MANUFACTURED
US4376662A (en) * 1980-05-05 1983-03-15 Chem-Tronics, Inc. Methods for fabricating metallic workpieces
US4604785A (en) * 1984-12-21 1986-08-12 General Electric Company Method of making fuel channel
US5058411A (en) * 1990-03-15 1991-10-22 General Electric Company Method for shaping filament reinforced annular objects
US5265456A (en) * 1992-06-29 1993-11-30 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Method of cold working holes using a shape memory alloy tool
US5407494A (en) * 1993-12-21 1995-04-18 Crs Holdings, Inc. Method of fabricating a welded metallic duct assembly
US11454480B1 (en) 2019-06-12 2022-09-27 Corvid Technologies LLC Methods for forming munitions casings and casings and munitions formed thereby
US11747122B1 (en) 2019-06-12 2023-09-05 Corvid Technologies LLC Methods for forming munitions casings and casings and munitions formed thereby

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