US3280292A - Breaker arm assembly for a contact set - Google Patents

Breaker arm assembly for a contact set Download PDF

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US3280292A
US3280292A US446489A US44648965A US3280292A US 3280292 A US3280292 A US 3280292A US 446489 A US446489 A US 446489A US 44648965 A US44648965 A US 44648965A US 3280292 A US3280292 A US 3280292A
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pivot
contact
arm
bushing
conductive
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US446489A
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Vernon E Heil
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Duracell Inc USA
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PR Mallory and Co Inc
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Priority to US446489A priority Critical patent/US3280292A/en
Priority to GB14563/66A priority patent/GB1095095A/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H1/00—Contacts
    • H01H1/12—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage
    • H01H1/14—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting
    • H01H1/24—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting with resilient mounting
    • H01H1/26—Contacts characterised by the manner in which co-operating contacts engage by abutting with resilient mounting with spring blade support

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to periodic circuit breakers, and more particularly relates to circuit breakers used by ignition timers for internal combustion engines.
  • a prime consideration in timer systems is to provide contact breakers wherein the alignment of contacts during the operation of the system is maintained substantially without variation and wherein any undesirable variation in eifectively rotationally centering the contact arm about its pivot post during the process of opening and closing contacts is avoided.
  • pivotless contactor In an attempt to overcome the alignment difficulty, a type of contactor known as the pivotless contactor has been devised wherein a contact arm is held and located by a flat leaf spring. Because there is no lost motion or friction in the spring itself, there is commonly no difficulty experienced with relative alignment of contacts. However, there are often undesirable variations in the effective center of rotation of the contact arm during the process of making or breaking contact. This effect is likely to be most pronounced at high speeds where inertia forces are relatively large in comparison with static forces. To combat this result, the effective length of the spring is made very short. The shortening of the spring results in highly concentrated stresses in the spring and necessitates very exacting tolerances of forming to maintain proper contact pressure.
  • the invention in another of its aspects, relates to novel features of the instrumentalities described herein for teaching the principal object of the invention and to the novel principles employed in the instrumentalities whether or not these features and principles may be used in the said object and/ or in the said field.
  • FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of the ignition breaker
  • FIGURE 2 is a sectional view of the breaker taken through section 22 of FIGURE 1;
  • FIGURE 3 is a sectional view of the pivot construction taken through section 33 of FIGURE 2;
  • FIGURE 4 is a perspective view of the pivot bushing.
  • the present invention provides a durable ignition breaker which operates :at high speeds with greatl improved contact chattering or rebound characteristics.
  • a nylon pivot arm having an integrally formed pivot bushing is utilized.
  • the bushing is slit in the section around the pivot hole or opening, :and a spring clip is positioned around the outside of the pivot bushing to force the bushing against the pivot post. This permits a close fit at the pivot post and eliminates the danger of binding because of compliance.
  • the breaker gives better high speed performance and longer contact life than present breakers because of the improved dwell characteristics :and lower contact bounce.
  • circuit breaker 10 comprises a nylon arm 11 having cam follower 12 and pivot bushing 13 integrally formed therewith.
  • Bushing 13 has aperture 14 (FIG. 4) for pivot post 15 (FIG. 2).
  • Bushing 13 has slit 16 to permit a close fit around post 15 but to prevent binding.
  • Spring clip 17 is positioned around the outside of bushing 13 to force the bushing against post 15.
  • Tension spring 18 is secured to arm portion 11 by rivets or eyelets 19, 20, 21 [and 22, and is fastened to bracket 23 by fastening means 24 which also provides an electrical termination.
  • Contact arm 25 also is secured to nylon arm 11 by rivets or eyelets 19, 20, 21 and 22 and has a movable contact 26 at one end thereof.
  • Stationary contact 27 is mounted to ear portion 28 of bracket 23 in alignment with movable contact 26. The point opening of the contacts is :between 0.014 and 0.020 inch.
  • bushing 13 of arm 11 is fitted around post 15.
  • Slit 16 provides for compliance in the walls of the bushing 13 which, in connection with the spring clip 17, minimizes the distance between the bushing and the post thereby controlling spurious, unwanted movements of the contact arm about the post.
  • Clip 17 forces bushing 13 against post 15, thereby permitting a close but not binding fit.
  • FIGURE 3 is a sectional View taken through section 33 of FIGURE 2 showing the pivot post 15 surrounded by bushing 13.
  • Spring clip 17 forces bushing 13 against post 15 which is mounted to bracket 23.
  • the relationship of spring clip 17 and split bushing 13 is shown in FIGURE 4.
  • the present invention eliminates play in the breaker arm pivot thereby eliminating variation in the contact location.
  • the close fit of the nylon bushing to the pivot shaft limits the movement of the contact arm to rotational movement. Thus chattering and rebounding of contacts is prevented.
  • a pivot arm comprising: a non-conductive arm portion having a first end and a second end; said first end terminating in a split bushing, said split bushing circumferentially engaging a pivot post; resilient means urging said split bushing against said pivot 3 post; said split bushing adapted to pivotally support said pivot arm on said pivot post; said second end terminating in a cam follower, said cam follower extending downwardly from said pivot arm; and a conductive arm portion cooperating with said non-conductive arm portion.
  • a pivot arm comprising: a nylon arm portion having a first end and a second end; said first end terminating in a split bushing, said split bushing circumferentially engaging a pivot post; resilient means urging said split bushnig against said post; said split bushing adapted to pivotally support said pivot arm on said post; said second end terminating in a cam follower, said cam follower extending downwardly from said pivot arm; and a conductive arm portion cooperating with said nylon arm portion.
  • a pivot arm comprising: a nylon arm portion having a first end and a second end; said first end terminating in a split bushing, said split bushing circumferentially engaging a post; a clip spring urging said split bushing against said post; said split bushing adapted to pivotally support said pivot arm on said post; said second end terminating in a cam follower, said cam follower extending downwardly from said pivot arm;
  • a pivot arm comprising: a nylon arm portion having a first end and a second end; said first end terminating in a split bushing; said split bushing circumferentially engaging a post; resilient means urging said split bushing to said post; said split bushing adapted to pivotally support said pivot arm on said post; said second end terminating in a cam follower, said cam follower extending downwardly from said second end; a conductive arm portion aflixed to a top surface of said nylon arm portion, said conductive arm portion extending outwardly beyond said nylon arm portion and terminating in a movable contact; a leaf spring having one end affixed to a bottom surface of said nylon arm portion, said leaf spring being looped around said bushing in a spaced relationship therewith, said leaf spring affixed to a termination means; conducting means afiixing said conducting arm and said leaf spring to said nylon arm portion, and a stationary contact afiixed to an ear of a support bracket for
  • An ignition contact set comprising: a support bracket having a pivot post extending upwardly therefrom and rigidly fastened thereto; a non-conductive pivot arm having a first and a second end, said first end terminating in a split bushing adapted to circumferentially engage said pivot post, said second end terminating in a cam follower portion; resilient retaining means urging said split bushing against said pivot post; a conductive arm portion affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm so as to extend outwardly beyond said second end, said conductive arm portion terminating in a moveable contact; a stationary contact mounted on said support bracket adjacent to said moveable contact; a conductive leaf spring having a first and second end and a main body portion, said first end affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm and said conductive arm portion so as to be in electrical contact with said moveable contact, said second end afl'ixed to a terminating means for said ignition contact set, said main body portion looped around said split bushing in a spaced apart relationship therewith
  • An ignition contact set comprising: a support bracket having a pivot post extending upwardly therefrom and rigidly fastened thereto; a non-conductive pivot arm having a first and a second end, said first end terminating in a split bushing adapted to eircumferentially engage said pivot post, said second end terminating in a cam follower portion; spring clip means urging said split bushing against said pivot post, said spring clip means circumferentially disposed about said split bushing; a conductive arm portion affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm so as to extend outwardly beyond said second end, said conductive arm portion terminating in a moveable contact; a stationary contact mounted on said support bracket adjacent to said moveable contact; a conductive leaf spring having a first and second end and a main body portion, said first end afiixed to said non-conductive pivot arm and said conductive arm portion so as to be in electrical contact with said moveable contact, said second end aifixed to a terminating means for said ignition contact set, said main body
  • An ignition contact set comprising: asupport bracket having a pivot post extending upwardly therefrom and rigidly fastened thereto; a non-conductive pivot arm having a first and a second end, said first end terminating in a hollow cylindrically-shaped bushing adapted to circumferentially engage said pivot post, said ho'llow cylindrically-shaped bushing having an axially extending split in the wall thereof, said second end terminating in a cam follower portion; resilient retaining means urging said split bushing against said pivot post, a conductive arm portion affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm so as to extend outwardly beyond said second end, said conductive arm portion terminating in a moveable contact; a stationary contact mounted on said support bracket adjacent to said moveable contact; a conductive leaf spring having a first and second end and a main body portion, said first end affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm and said conductive arm portion so as to be in electrical contact with said moveable contact, said second end affixed to a terminating means for said ignition
  • An ignition contact set comprising: a support bracket having a pivot post extending upwardly therefrom and rigidly fastened thereto; a non-conductive pivot arm having a first and a second end, said first end terminating in a hollow cylindrically-shaped bushing adapted to circumferentially engage said pivot post, said hollow cylindrically-shaped bushing having an axially extending split in the wall thereof, said second end terminating in a cam follower portion; spring clip means urging said split bushing against said pivot post, said spring clip means circumscribing more than degrees of said split bushing; a conductive arm portion affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm so as to extend outwardly beyond said moveable contact; a conductive leaf spring having a first and a sec-0nd end and a main body portion, said first end affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm and said conductive arm portion so as to be in electrical contact with said moveable contact, said second end afiixed to a terminating means for said ignition contact set, said main body portion

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  • Mechanisms For Operating Contacts (AREA)
  • Breakers (AREA)

Description

Oct. 18, 1966 v. E. HEIL 3,280,292
BREAKER ARM ASSEMBLY FOR A CONTACT SET Filed April 8. 1965 INVENTOR VERNON E. HE/L BY I) ATTORN Y United States Patent 3 280,292 BREAKER ARM ASSEMBLY FOR A CONTACT SET Vernon E. Heil, Indianapolis, Ind, assignor to P. R. Mailory & Co. Inc., Indianapolis, 11141., a corporation of Delaware Filed Apr. 8, 1965, Ser. No. 446,489 8 Claims. (Cl. 200-166) The present invention relates to periodic circuit breakers, and more particularly relates to circuit breakers used by ignition timers for internal combustion engines.
A prime consideration in timer systems is to provide contact breakers wherein the alignment of contacts during the operation of the system is maintained substantially without variation and wherein any undesirable variation in eifectively rotationally centering the contact arm about its pivot post during the process of opening and closing contacts is avoided.
In the several types of circuit breaker systems heretofore constructed, certain disadvantages have been found. For example, in pivoted breaker type systems, there is the disadvantage that any radial clearance in the pivot bearing used in the breaker allows an undesirable variation in the relative alignment of the two contacts during operation. To keep these clearances within reasonable limits at all temperatures over a reasonable lifetime is an exacting problem of design and production, for as the life of the contacts progresses, surface irregularities develop on the contacts. Normally, one contact becomes pitted and the other contact develops a projection of deposited metal. If these do not always mate exactly, both the performance and the life of the contacts :are adversely affected.
In an attempt to overcome the alignment difficulty, a type of contactor known as the pivotless contactor has been devised wherein a contact arm is held and located by a flat leaf spring. Because there is no lost motion or friction in the spring itself, there is commonly no difficulty experienced with relative alignment of contacts. However, there are often undesirable variations in the effective center of rotation of the contact arm during the process of making or breaking contact. This effect is likely to be most pronounced at high speeds where inertia forces are relatively large in comparison with static forces. To combat this result, the effective length of the spring is made very short. The shortening of the spring results in highly concentrated stresses in the spring and necessitates very exacting tolerances of forming to maintain proper contact pressure.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a novel ignition contact breaker having a construction which provides exact contact alignment for the breaker and wherein said breaker may be made to rotate around a fixed axis so as to provide for an improved high speed ignition contact make and break system.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a durable ignition contact breaker which operates at high speeds with a minimum of chattering or rebounding.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a means for eliminating play in the pivot arm about the pivot post in order to reduce the spurious oscillations and contact bounce and thus improve breaker performance.
The invention, in another of its aspects, relates to novel features of the instrumentalities described herein for teaching the principal object of the invention and to the novel principles employed in the instrumentalities whether or not these features and principles may be used in the said object and/ or in the said field.
Other objects of the invention and the nature thereof will become apparent from the following description considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures of the drawing and wherein the scope of the invention is determined rather from the dependent claims.
Referring now to the drawings:
FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of the ignition breaker;
FIGURE 2 is a sectional view of the breaker taken through section 22 of FIGURE 1;
FIGURE 3 is a sectional view of the pivot construction taken through section 33 of FIGURE 2;
FIGURE 4 is a perspective view of the pivot bushing.
Generally speaking the present invention provides a durable ignition breaker which operates :at high speeds with greatl improved contact chattering or rebound characteristics. To accomplish this, a nylon pivot arm having an integrally formed pivot bushing is utilized. The bushing is slit in the section around the pivot hole or opening, :and a spring clip is positioned around the outside of the pivot bushing to force the bushing against the pivot post. This permits a close fit at the pivot post and eliminates the danger of binding because of compliance. The breaker gives better high speed performance and longer contact life than present breakers because of the improved dwell characteristics :and lower contact bounce.
In FIGURE 1, circuit breaker 10 comprises a nylon arm 11 having cam follower 12 and pivot bushing 13 integrally formed therewith. Bushing 13 has aperture 14 (FIG. 4) for pivot post 15 (FIG. 2). Bushing 13 has slit 16 to permit a close fit around post 15 but to prevent binding. Spring clip 17 is positioned around the outside of bushing 13 to force the bushing against post 15. Tension spring 18 is secured to arm portion 11 by rivets or eyelets 19, 20, 21 [and 22, and is fastened to bracket 23 by fastening means 24 which also provides an electrical termination. Contact arm 25 also is secured to nylon arm 11 by rivets or eyelets 19, 20, 21 and 22 and has a movable contact 26 at one end thereof. Stationary contact 27 is mounted to ear portion 28 of bracket 23 in alignment with movable contact 26. The point opening of the contacts is :between 0.014 and 0.020 inch.
In FIG. 2, it can be seen that bushing 13 of arm 11 is fitted around post 15. Slit 16 provides for compliance in the walls of the bushing 13 which, in connection with the spring clip 17, minimizes the distance between the bushing and the post thereby controlling spurious, unwanted movements of the contact arm about the post. Clip 17 forces bushing 13 against post 15, thereby permitting a close but not binding fit.
FIGURE 3 is a sectional View taken through section 33 of FIGURE 2 showing the pivot post 15 surrounded by bushing 13. Spring clip 17 forces bushing 13 against post 15 which is mounted to bracket 23. The relationship of spring clip 17 and split bushing 13 is shown in FIGURE 4.
The present invention eliminates play in the breaker arm pivot thereby eliminating variation in the contact location. The close fit of the nylon bushing to the pivot shaft limits the movement of the contact arm to rotational movement. Thus chattering and rebounding of contacts is prevented.
The embodiment of the present invention as hereinabove described is illustrative and not exhaustive in scope, and since many widely differing embodiments may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description and shown in the accompanying drawing shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
Having thus described my invention, I claim:
1. In an ignition breaker, a pivot arm comprising: a non-conductive arm portion having a first end and a second end; said first end terminating in a split bushing, said split bushing circumferentially engaging a pivot post; resilient means urging said split bushing against said pivot 3 post; said split bushing adapted to pivotally support said pivot arm on said pivot post; said second end terminating in a cam follower, said cam follower extending downwardly from said pivot arm; and a conductive arm portion cooperating with said non-conductive arm portion.
2. In an ignition breaker, a pivot arm comprising: a nylon arm portion having a first end and a second end; said first end terminating in a split bushing, said split bushing circumferentially engaging a pivot post; resilient means urging said split bushnig against said post; said split bushing adapted to pivotally support said pivot arm on said post; said second end terminating in a cam follower, said cam follower extending downwardly from said pivot arm; and a conductive arm portion cooperating with said nylon arm portion. 1
3. In an ignition breaker, a pivot arm comprising: a nylon arm portion having a first end and a second end; said first end terminating in a split bushing, said split bushing circumferentially engaging a post; a clip spring urging said split bushing against said post; said split bushing adapted to pivotally support said pivot arm on said post; said second end terminating in a cam follower, said cam follower extending downwardly from said pivot arm;
and a conductive arm portion cooperating with said nylon arm portion.
4. In an ignition breaker, a pivot arm comprising: a nylon arm portion having a first end and a second end; said first end terminating in a split bushing; said split bushing circumferentially engaging a post; resilient means urging said split bushing to said post; said split bushing adapted to pivotally support said pivot arm on said post; said second end terminating in a cam follower, said cam follower extending downwardly from said second end; a conductive arm portion aflixed to a top surface of said nylon arm portion, said conductive arm portion extending outwardly beyond said nylon arm portion and terminating in a movable contact; a leaf spring having one end affixed to a bottom surface of said nylon arm portion, said leaf spring being looped around said bushing in a spaced relationship therewith, said leaf spring affixed to a termination means; conducting means afiixing said conducting arm and said leaf spring to said nylon arm portion, and a stationary contact afiixed to an ear of a support bracket for said ignition breaker.
5. An ignition contact set comprising: a support bracket having a pivot post extending upwardly therefrom and rigidly fastened thereto; a non-conductive pivot arm having a first and a second end, said first end terminating in a split bushing adapted to circumferentially engage said pivot post, said second end terminating in a cam follower portion; resilient retaining means urging said split bushing against said pivot post; a conductive arm portion affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm so as to extend outwardly beyond said second end, said conductive arm portion terminating in a moveable contact; a stationary contact mounted on said support bracket adjacent to said moveable contact; a conductive leaf spring having a first and second end and a main body portion, said first end affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm and said conductive arm portion so as to be in electrical contact with said moveable contact, said second end afl'ixed to a terminating means for said ignition contact set, said main body portion looped around said split bushing in a spaced apart relationship therewith so as to urge said moveable contact against said fixed contact.
6. An ignition contact set comprising: a support bracket having a pivot post extending upwardly therefrom and rigidly fastened thereto; a non-conductive pivot arm having a first and a second end, said first end terminating in a split bushing adapted to eircumferentially engage said pivot post, said second end terminating in a cam follower portion; spring clip means urging said split bushing against said pivot post, said spring clip means circumferentially disposed about said split bushing; a conductive arm portion affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm so as to extend outwardly beyond said second end, said conductive arm portion terminating in a moveable contact; a stationary contact mounted on said support bracket adjacent to said moveable contact; a conductive leaf spring having a first and second end and a main body portion, said first end afiixed to said non-conductive pivot arm and said conductive arm portion so as to be in electrical contact with said moveable contact, said second end aifixed to a terminating means for said ignition contact set, said main body portion looped around said split bushing on a spaced apart relationship therewith so as to urge said moveable contact against said fixed contact.
7. An ignition contact set comprising: asupport bracket having a pivot post extending upwardly therefrom and rigidly fastened thereto; a non-conductive pivot arm having a first and a second end, said first end terminating in a hollow cylindrically-shaped bushing adapted to circumferentially engage said pivot post, said ho'llow cylindrically-shaped bushing having an axially extending split in the wall thereof, said second end terminating in a cam follower portion; resilient retaining means urging said split bushing against said pivot post, a conductive arm portion affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm so as to extend outwardly beyond said second end, said conductive arm portion terminating in a moveable contact; a stationary contact mounted on said support bracket adjacent to said moveable contact; a conductive leaf spring having a first and second end and a main body portion, said first end affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm and said conductive arm portion so as to be in electrical contact with said moveable contact, said second end affixed to a terminating means for said ignition contact set, said main body portion looped around said split bushing in a spaced apart relationship therewith so as to urge said moveable contact against said fixed contact.
8. An ignition contact set comprising: a support bracket having a pivot post extending upwardly therefrom and rigidly fastened thereto; a non-conductive pivot arm having a first and a second end, said first end terminating in a hollow cylindrically-shaped bushing adapted to circumferentially engage said pivot post, said hollow cylindrically-shaped bushing having an axially extending split in the wall thereof, said second end terminating in a cam follower portion; spring clip means urging said split bushing against said pivot post, said spring clip means circumscribing more than degrees of said split bushing; a conductive arm portion affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm so as to extend outwardly beyond said moveable contact; a conductive leaf spring having a first and a sec-0nd end and a main body portion, said first end affixed to said non-conductive pivot arm and said conductive arm portion so as to be in electrical contact with said moveable contact, said second end afiixed to a terminating means for said ignition contact set, said main body portion looped around said split bushing in a spaced apart relationship therewith so as to urge said moveable contact against said fixed contact.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,817,160 8/1931 Morison 308-63 2,696,534 12/1954 Mallory 20030 2,835,755 5/1958 Filko 200-30 2,851,314 9/1958 Thomson 30871 X 2,857,214 10/1958 Kogstrom et al 30871 2,962,770 12/ 1960 Ingraham 308-238 X ROBERT K. SCI-IAEFER, Primary Examiner.
H. O. JONE Assistant Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. IN AN IGNITION BREAKER, A PIVOT ARM COMPRISING: A NON-CONDUCTIVE ARM PORTION HAVING A FIRST END AND A SECOND END; SAID FIRST END TERMINATING IN A SPLIT BUSHING, SAID SPLIT BUSHING CIRCUMFERENTIALLY ENGAGING A PIVOT POST; RESILIENT MEANS URGING SAID SPLIT BUSHING AGAINST SAID PIVOT POST; SAID SPLIT BUSHING ADAPTED TO PIVOTALLY SUPPORT SAID PIVOT ARM ON SAID PIVOT POST; SAID SECOND END TERMINATING IN A CAM FOLLOWER, SAID CAM FOLLOWER EXTENDING DOWNWARDLY FROM SAID PIVOT ARM; AND A CONDUCTIVE ARM PORTION COOPERATING WITH SAID NON-CONDUCTIVE ARM PORTION.
US446489A 1965-04-08 1965-04-08 Breaker arm assembly for a contact set Expired - Lifetime US3280292A (en)

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US446489A US3280292A (en) 1965-04-08 1965-04-08 Breaker arm assembly for a contact set
GB14563/66A GB1095095A (en) 1965-04-08 1966-04-01 Ignition breaker

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1817160A (en) * 1928-08-25 1931-08-04 Morison Inc Self tightening bearing
US2696534A (en) * 1954-12-07 Mallory
US2835755A (en) * 1956-10-25 1958-05-20 Filko John Adjustable contact assembly
US2851314A (en) * 1953-09-28 1958-09-09 John B Thomson Resiliently backed plastic bearing
US2857214A (en) * 1955-01-04 1958-10-21 O & S Bearing & Mfg Co Bearing construction
US2962770A (en) * 1957-02-15 1960-12-06 Saco Lowell Shops Top roll for drafting mechanism

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2696534A (en) * 1954-12-07 Mallory
US1817160A (en) * 1928-08-25 1931-08-04 Morison Inc Self tightening bearing
US2851314A (en) * 1953-09-28 1958-09-09 John B Thomson Resiliently backed plastic bearing
US2857214A (en) * 1955-01-04 1958-10-21 O & S Bearing & Mfg Co Bearing construction
US2835755A (en) * 1956-10-25 1958-05-20 Filko John Adjustable contact assembly
US2962770A (en) * 1957-02-15 1960-12-06 Saco Lowell Shops Top roll for drafting mechanism

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