US3253072A - Production of textile filaments - Google Patents

Production of textile filaments Download PDF

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Publication number
US3253072A
US3253072A US265587A US26558763A US3253072A US 3253072 A US3253072 A US 3253072A US 265587 A US265587 A US 265587A US 26558763 A US26558763 A US 26558763A US 3253072 A US3253072 A US 3253072A
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sheet
rows
longitudinal
piercing
openings
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US265587A
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English (en)
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Scragg Frederick
Alexander A Chubb
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Ernest Scragg and Sons Ltd
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Ernest Scragg and Sons Ltd
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/42—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like by cutting films into narrow ribbons or filaments or by fibrillation of films or filaments
    • D01D5/423—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like by cutting films into narrow ribbons or filaments or by fibrillation of films or filaments by fibrillation of films or filaments
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
    • Y10S264/47—Processes of splitting film, webs or sheets

Definitions

  • the basic material is a sheet of suitable synthetic material such as nylon, Terylene (R.T.M.), polypropylene, or cellulose diacetate.
  • This sheet is first slit in a manner similar to that employed to produce the so-called expanded metal, except that the slits are located in a herringbone form with the ends of the slits overlapping. As many rows of slits may be made in the material parallel to one another as is required to give the necessary width of filament, and the sheet is thereafter'drawn without further slitting.
  • the degree of draw possible can be much greater than that at present used in the production of non-branched continuous textile filaments.
  • a draw of about four to one is regarded as being a normal maximum, whereas in the case of a sheet which is rapidly cooled after formation the draw can be ten to one or even greater. This means that since the sheet reduces in width during drawing, the slit pattern can be formed several times wider than the width of the filament desired.
  • the sheet is expanded sideways by means of a device such, for example, as an expander, the resulting shape being that of a series of continuous strips of drawn sheet connected by .a number of rungs also of drawn material, sothat the resultant material resembles a plurality of adjacent parallel-sided ladders.
  • This material is now passed. through a cutting machine having a plurality of knives each knife slitting the rungs or branches between adjacent parallel strips, so that the result is a plurality of filaments, each filament having branches extending therefrom.
  • the slit pattern may be employed.
  • the overlaps of the slits may coincide on each side of each filament, or alternatively the overlaps may occur at different places on each side of the filament.
  • the slits may be formed so as all to lie parallel with one another and in parallel rows. The latter formation produces a filamentary structure in which adjacent filaments have short thick branches extending in opposite directions, and it is thought that this form of filament construction may be preferable where a yarn having closely adherent filament structure is desired, since in this case the branches of adjacent filaments, pointing in opposite directions, may readily interlock.
  • slits which are curved or otherwise shaped, so as to secure branch or filament formations of any desired characteristic.
  • the spaces between adjacent slits may be thinned so that the result- 3,Z53,@7Z Patented May 24, 1966 ing branches are tapered towards their ends.
  • a sheet of material may be slit in the same way as that employed to produce expanded metal, in which case the material after expanding would be cut as described above to form a series of continuous filaments, each filament having branches of substantially the same cross-section as itself.
  • a process for manufacturing filaments on an industrial scale is envisaged as comprising a machine for continuously extruding or casting a sheet of suitable filament foaming material.
  • This sheet is fed either directly or after storage into a slitting machine which may employ suitably shaped rotary slitting knives. From this machine the cut sheet passes to a drawing machine in which input rollers feed the sheet over a hot surface such as a heated pin, over which the sheet is drawn by a further set of output rollers rotating at a higher speed in order to achieve a desired draw. Thereafter the sheet is extended by an expander, and at least some of the branches are slit, and the resulting filaments wound up on a beam, or they are combined to form a yarn which is given a low twist and then wound up on a bobbin.
  • Dyeing of the material can be effected at any stage of the process, but is preferably done before the drawing stage, as -it is found that more uniform dyeing occurs on undrawn material than on drawn; the material may have dye incorporated in it before the sheet is formed, or the sheet may be run over a dye-carrying roller.
  • the branches of the structure may be partially or fully heat set whilst the material is in its expanded form and before severing of the branches, in order to ensure that the latter project at a suitable angle from the body of the filament. This may be effected by running the material in the extended form over a heated surface or between heated rollers.
  • the filaments and/or branches may be crimped by any suitable method in order to provide a resultant yarn which is fully bulked or expanded.
  • FIGURES l to 16 show various paterns of slotted material in both undrawn and drawn conditions
  • FIGURE-S 17 and 18 are side and plan views of one form of a slitting and drawing machine respectively.
  • a sheet extruding press 1 having an input hopper 2 for extrudable material. If this material is thermoplastic then the press preferably contains means for heating the material to a plastic condition, and a screw or like device for conveying the plastic material to a slit 3 from which the sheet 4 is emitted.
  • the sheet after extrusion is cooled by passage through a short air space, or otherwise hardened, and is then conducted between a pair of slitting rollers 5, 6, which rotate at a predetermined speed.
  • the roller 6 has a facing of resilient material such as polyurethane and the roller 5 has a series of small sharpened blades projecting from its surface, these blades being arranged so as to produce a slit pattern of required form as described later.
  • the latter After leaving these rollers, which have impressed the required slit pattern on the sheet, the latter passes over a heater 7 which is automatically maintained at a constant predetermined temperature, and then between drawing rollers 8, 9. These latter are pressed together and their pe-- ripheral speed is several times higher than the peripheral speed of the rollers 5, 6. This causes the sheet to be drawn longitudinally, thus orienting the molecules of the material and converting the slit sheet into one suitable for the construction of filaments.
  • the slit and drawn sheet passes over a curved bar 10.
  • the effect of this curved bar is to expand the sheet sideways thus separating the slits and reforming the material into a suitable pattern of filamentary form for a further slitting operation.
  • the latter is effected by a device 11 consisting of a plurality of circular knives mounted on a shaft by means of which they are rotated at a constant speed, the knives acting to slit the ladder-form expanded sheet into a plurality of filaments having side branches.
  • These filaments are finally wound on to a beam 12 resting on a driving roller 13 whereby the wound filaments are given a constant peripheral speed.
  • the press 1 may be followed by a spray of suitable setting fluid acting on the material 4 so as to convert it from a liquid to a solid form.
  • the cutters 11 may act on the material to be slit whilst this material runs over a backing roller, and the said cutters 11 may themselves be heated in order to cut the yarn material more effectively.
  • the slitting roller 5 may also be heated when thermoplastic materials are being cut.
  • the beam and roller 12, 13 may be replaced by a ring and traveller system if the filaments are to be twisted together.
  • FIGURE 1 shows a pattern of slits which may be applied to a sheet or strip material in order to form branched filaments therefrom.
  • the material After drawing longitudinally, the material resembles the pattern shown in FIGURE 2, in which parallelograms represent holes in the material achieved by the drawing process.
  • FIGURE 3 is a diagram illustrating the shape of the material after sideways extension by the stenter, the dotted lines indicating the places where the cutting knives of the roller 11 sever the strip.
  • the portions 14 of the material form the base or trunk of each filament and the sideways extensions 15 form the branches.
  • the rows of slits are displaced relatively one to another as compared with FIGURE 1 in a vertical direction, with the result that a sheet structure as shown in FIGURE 5 results, the difference between this structure and that shown in FIG- URE 3 being that the branches extend from the trunk alternately in opposite directions.
  • FIGURE 6 shows a still further alternative arrangement of straight slits, the resulting drawn and expanded sheet being as shown in FIGURE 7.
  • This type of slitting produces a filament having a relatively thin trunk and thick branches, a yarn made from the filamentary material shown being particularly suitable, for example, for keying on to a material such as rubber.
  • FIGURE 8 shows a pattern of curved slots, in this case portions of the material being punched out of the original sheet instead of forming slits only.
  • Such a pattern when expanded in both dimensions gives a final sheet pattern of FIGURE 9 in which the branches taper, being thickest at their roots.
  • FIGURE 10 shows a pattern of transverse or tilted slots which when expanded in the direction in which the slots lie give a pattern as shown in FIGURE 11. Stentering produces a sheet as shown in FIGURE 12, the latter being slit along the dotted lines to give a series of branched filaments as before.
  • FIGURES 13 and 15 illustrate patterns of circular dot punchings which when expanded by the method described above produce slittable sheet patterns as shown in FIGURES 14 and 16.
  • a process for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising the steps of piercing a thermoplastic undrawn sheet according to a predetermined pattern providing longitudinal rows of piercings in said sheet; drawing the thus-pierced sheet in at least one direction which expands the sheet in said direction and which enlarges said piercings to form therefrom longitudinal rows of openings extending along said sheet with continuous, uninterrupted longitudinal sheet portions extending longitudinally of said sheet between said rows of openings; and then cutting the thus-drawn sheet longitudinally between said continuous uninterrupted sheet portions through each of said rows of openings to provide separate filaments havings trunks formed by said longitudinal, uninterrupted, continuous sheet portions and branches extending laterally from said trunk and formed from the portions of said sheet which are located in said rows between said openings.
  • a process for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising the steps of piercing an undrawn thermoplastic sheet according to a predetermined pattern providing rows of piercings extending longitudinally of said sheet, drawing the thus-pierced sheet in a pair of different directions expanding the sheet and forming from said piercings rows of openings extending longitudinally of said sheet separated longitudinally of said sheet by longitudinal, uninterrupted continuous sheet portions and separated within said rows by sheet portions which extend between said longitudinal continuous sheet portions; and longitudinally cutting the sheet between said continuous uninterrupted sheet portions through each of said rows of openings to form branched filaments having trunks formed by said longitudinal, uninterrupted continuous sheet portions and branches formed by said sheet portions which extends between said longitudinal continuous sheet portions.
  • a process for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising the steps of piercing an undrawn therrnoplastic sheet according to a predetermined pattern providing longitudinal rows of piercings in said sheet; drawing the thus-pierced sheet in a first direction; then expanding the thus-drawn sheet in a second direction providing together with said drawing of said sheet enlargement of said piercings to form openings arranged in longitudinal rows along said sheet, longitudinally separated by longitudinal uninterrupted, continuous sheet portions and separated within said rows by sheet portions which extend between said openings and between said longitudinal continuous sheet portions; and longitudinally cutting the thus drawn and expanded sheet between said continuous uninterrupted sheet portions through each of said rows of openings to form filaments which respectively have longitudinal trunks formed by said longitudinal continuous sheet portions and branches extending laterally from said trunks and formed by said sheet portions which extend between said openings and between said longitudinal continuous sheet portions.
  • a process for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising the steps of piercing an undrawn thermoplastic sheet of the long-chain molecular type according to a predetermined pattern providing the sheet with longitudinal rows of piercings; drawing the thus-pierced sheet in at least one direction providing the sheet with longitudinal rows of openings formed by expanding said piercings and with longitudinal continuous uninterrupted sheet portions situated between said rows of openings and with additional sheet portions in said rows of openings separating said openings from each other and extending between said longitudinal continuous sheet portions; and longitudinally cutting the thus-drawn sheet between said continuous uninterrupted sheet portions through each of said rows of openings to form branched filaments respectively having trunks formed by said longitudinal continuous sheet portions and branches formed by said additional sheet portions.
  • a process for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising the steps of piercing an elongated sheet of undrawn thermoplastic material according to a predetermined pattern providing the sheet with longitudinal rows of piercings; heating the thus-pierced sheet; drawing the thus heated and pierced sheet, while it is at an elevated temperature resulting from said heating, in a direction which expands said piercings into openings arranged in longitudinal rows along the sheet and longitudinally separated from each other by longitudinal uninterrupted continuous sheet portions while separated within said rows by additional sheet portions extending between said openings and between said longitudinal continuous sheet portions; and longitudinally cutting the thus drawn sheet between said continuous uninterrupted sheet portions through each of said rows of openings to form branched textile filaments respectively having trunks formed by said longitudinal uninterrupted continuous sheet portions and branches formed from said additional sheet portions.
  • a process for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising the steps of piercing a thermoplastic undrawn elongated sheet according to a herringbone pattern providing longitudinal rows of slits with the slits of one row being inclined oppositely to the slits of adjoining rows; drawing the thus-pierced sheet in a direction which expands said slits into openings arranged in rows longitudinally of said sheet and separated by longitudinal continuous uninterrupted sheet portions situated between said rows of openings and additional sheet portions located within said rows between said openings and extending between said longitudinal continuous sheet portions; and longitudinally cutting the thus drawn sheet between said continuous uninterrupted sheet portions through each of said rows of openings to form branched filaments respectively having trunks formed by said longitudinal uninterrupted continuous sheet portions and branches formed from said additional sheet portions.
  • a process for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising the steps of piercing an elongated thermoplastic undrawn sheet with a plurality of relatively small openings arranged in rows extending longitudinally of said sheet according to a predetermined pattern; drawing the thus-pierced sheet in a direction which expands said openings to increase the size thereof so as to provide the sheet with longitudinal rows of openings larger than those which are initially pierced in said sheet and with longitudinal uninterrupted continuous sheet portions situated between said rows of larger openings and with additional sheet portions located within said rows between said larger openings and extending between said longitudinal continuous uninterrupted sheet portions; and longitudinally cutting the sheet between said continuous uninterrupted longitudinal sheet portions through each of said rows of larger openings to form branched textile filaments respectively having trunks formed by said longitudinal continuous uninterrupted sheet portions and branches formed by said additional sheet portions.
  • a process for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising the steps of piercing a thermoplastic undrawn elongated sheet with curved piercings arranged in rows longitudinally of said sheet according to a predetermined pattern; drawing the thus pierced sheet in at least one direction which expands said piercings to form therefrom openings arranged in longitudinal rows along said sheet and separated by longitudinal uninterrupted continuous sheet portions situated between said rows of openings and additional sheet portions arranged within said rows between said openings and extending between said longitudinal uninterrupted continuous sheet portions; and longitudinally cutting the thus-drawn sheet between said continuous uninterrupted sheet portions through each of said rows of openings to form branched textile filaments respectively having trunks formed by said longitudinal continuous uninterrupted sheet portions and branches formed by said additional sheet portions.
  • a process for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising the steps of piercing an elongated thermoplastic undrawn sheet according to a predetermined pattern providing the sheet with longitudinal rows of piercings; longitudinally drawing the thus pierced sheet; then transversely expanding the thus longitudinally drawn sheet, the expanded and drawn sheet having longitudinal rows of openings formed by enlargement of said piercings resulting from drawing and expanding of said sheet and said longitudinal rows of openings being separated by longitudinal uninterrupted continuous sheet portions arranged between said rows of openings and additional sheet portions located within said rows of openings between said openings and extending between said longitudinal continuous uninterrupted sheet portions; and longitudinally cutting the thus drawn and expanded sheet between said continuous uninterrupted sheet portions through each of said rows of openings to form branched textile filaments respectively having trunks formed by said longitudinal uninterrupted continuous sheet portions and branches formed from said additional sheet portions.
  • thermoplastic undrawn sheet is extruded and wherein said sheet is pierced as it issues from an extruder.
  • Apparatus for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising, in combination, piercing means for piercing an elongated thermoplastic undrawn sheet according to a predetermined pattern providing the sheet with longitudinal rows of piercings; drawing means drawing the sheet from said piercing means to longitudinally draw the sheet and to extend each piercing; expanding means laterally expanding the drawn sheet after it progresses beyond said drawing means and laterally expanding each piercing; and cutting means cutting the sheet at a portion thereof located beyond said expanding means, said cutting means comprising a plurality of cutters each cutter being located to cut through one of the rows of piercings after the sheet has progressed beyond said expanding means.
  • Apparatus for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising, in combination, piercing means for piercing an elongated thermoplastic undrawn sheet according to a predetermined pattern providing the sheet with longitudinal rows of piercings; drawing means drawing the sheet from said piercing means to longitudinally draw the sheet and to extend each piercing; expanding means laterally expanding the drawn sheet after it progresses beyond said drawing means and laterally expanding each piercing; cutting means cutting the sheet at a portion thereof located beyond said expanding means, said cutting means comprising a plurality of cutters each cutter being located to cut through one of the rows of piercings after the sheet has progressed beyond said expanding means; and take-up means for taking up separate filaments formed from said sheet by said cutting means.
  • Apparatus for manufacturing branched textile filaments comprising, in combination, piercing means for piercing an elongated thermoplastic undrawn sheet according to a predetermined pattern providing the sheet with longitudinal rows of piercings; drawing means drawing the sheet from said piercing means to longitudinally draw the sheet and to extend each piercing; expanding means laterally expanding the drawn sheet after it progresses beyond said drawing means and laterally expanding each piercing; cutting means cutting the sheet at a portion thereof located beyond said expanding means, said cutting means comprising a plurality of cutters each cutter being located to cut through one of the rows of piercings after the sheet has progressed beyond said expanding means; and take-up means for taking up separate filaments formed from said sheet by said cutting means, said take-up means, said drawing means, and said piercing means acting on the sheet to longitudinally transport the same continuously from said piercing means to said drawing means and from said drawing means to said expanding means and from said expanding means to said cutting means and take-up means.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Shaping By String And By Release Of Stress In Plastics And The Like (AREA)
  • Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
  • Yarns And Mechanical Finishing Of Yarns Or Ropes (AREA)
US265587A 1962-03-09 1963-03-11 Production of textile filaments Expired - Lifetime US3253072A (en)

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GB9082/62A GB1010206A (en) 1962-03-09 1962-03-09 Branched artificial filaments

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US3253072A true US3253072A (en) 1966-05-24

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Cited By (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3460337A (en) * 1967-12-18 1969-08-12 Hercules Inc Synthetic yarn and method of making the same
US3484916A (en) * 1967-03-01 1969-12-23 Hercules Inc Method of making non-woven fabric from plies of plastic
US3503106A (en) * 1968-06-27 1970-03-31 Avisun Corp Continuous techniques for making flat woven synthetic fabrics
US3577724A (en) * 1969-01-27 1971-05-04 Phillips Petroleum Co Method of fibrillating and twisting oriented film
US3594870A (en) * 1967-04-01 1971-07-27 Barmag Barmer Maschf Apparatus for the production of filaments from foils
US3641760A (en) * 1969-03-07 1972-02-15 Celanese Corp Foam fibrillated yarn and process
US3645299A (en) * 1966-10-25 1972-02-29 Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag Process for the production of foil ribbon fabrics and apparatus for carrying out this process
US3943222A (en) * 1969-06-27 1976-03-09 Ernest Scragg & Sons Limited Manufacturing textile yarns
US4140826A (en) * 1976-04-08 1979-02-20 Hercules Incorporated Reticulated web structures
US4664616A (en) * 1986-05-27 1987-05-12 Armstrong World Industries, Inc. Single-pass tile domer
US4743486A (en) * 1985-04-12 1988-05-10 P.L.G. Research Limited Product and method of producing a plastics material mesh structure
US5156495A (en) * 1978-10-16 1992-10-20 P. L. G. Research Limited Plastic material mesh structure
US5419659A (en) * 1978-10-16 1995-05-30 P.L.G. Research Limited Plastic material mesh structure
US6071419A (en) * 1993-10-20 2000-06-06 Products Unlimited, Inc. Fluid filter, method of making and using thereof
US20030061611A1 (en) * 2001-09-26 2003-03-27 Ramesh Pendakur Notifying users of available content and content reception based on user profiles
US6923911B1 (en) * 1993-10-20 2005-08-02 Scott B. Beier Method of filtering air through an air passageway

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3496259A (en) * 1968-05-03 1970-02-17 Chevron Res Process for preparing fibrous web

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1454584A (en) * 1920-09-07 1923-05-08 Firm Stachelband G M B H Barbed wire and the like
US2361369A (en) * 1942-10-02 1944-10-31 Dow Chemical Co Method of and apparatus for producing reticulated articles from thermoplastics
US2582777A (en) * 1948-10-01 1952-01-15 Bosch Gmbh Robert Method for the manufacture of separator plates for electric storage batteries
FR1219816A (fr) * 1958-09-24 1960-05-19 Procédé pour l'obtention de fils de matière plastique

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1454584A (en) * 1920-09-07 1923-05-08 Firm Stachelband G M B H Barbed wire and the like
US2361369A (en) * 1942-10-02 1944-10-31 Dow Chemical Co Method of and apparatus for producing reticulated articles from thermoplastics
US2582777A (en) * 1948-10-01 1952-01-15 Bosch Gmbh Robert Method for the manufacture of separator plates for electric storage batteries
FR1219816A (fr) * 1958-09-24 1960-05-19 Procédé pour l'obtention de fils de matière plastique

Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3645299A (en) * 1966-10-25 1972-02-29 Chemiefaser Lenzing Ag Process for the production of foil ribbon fabrics and apparatus for carrying out this process
US3484916A (en) * 1967-03-01 1969-12-23 Hercules Inc Method of making non-woven fabric from plies of plastic
US3594870A (en) * 1967-04-01 1971-07-27 Barmag Barmer Maschf Apparatus for the production of filaments from foils
US3460337A (en) * 1967-12-18 1969-08-12 Hercules Inc Synthetic yarn and method of making the same
US3503106A (en) * 1968-06-27 1970-03-31 Avisun Corp Continuous techniques for making flat woven synthetic fabrics
US3577724A (en) * 1969-01-27 1971-05-04 Phillips Petroleum Co Method of fibrillating and twisting oriented film
US3641760A (en) * 1969-03-07 1972-02-15 Celanese Corp Foam fibrillated yarn and process
US3943222A (en) * 1969-06-27 1976-03-09 Ernest Scragg & Sons Limited Manufacturing textile yarns
US4140826A (en) * 1976-04-08 1979-02-20 Hercules Incorporated Reticulated web structures
US5156495A (en) * 1978-10-16 1992-10-20 P. L. G. Research Limited Plastic material mesh structure
US5419659A (en) * 1978-10-16 1995-05-30 P.L.G. Research Limited Plastic material mesh structure
US4743486A (en) * 1985-04-12 1988-05-10 P.L.G. Research Limited Product and method of producing a plastics material mesh structure
US4664616A (en) * 1986-05-27 1987-05-12 Armstrong World Industries, Inc. Single-pass tile domer
US6071419A (en) * 1993-10-20 2000-06-06 Products Unlimited, Inc. Fluid filter, method of making and using thereof
US6409805B1 (en) 1993-10-20 2002-06-25 Products Unlimited, Inc. Fluid filter system
US6923911B1 (en) * 1993-10-20 2005-08-02 Scott B. Beier Method of filtering air through an air passageway
US20030061611A1 (en) * 2001-09-26 2003-03-27 Ramesh Pendakur Notifying users of available content and content reception based on user profiles

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Publication number Publication date
BE629367A (tr)
DE1435661A1 (de) 1969-10-09
GB1010206A (en) 1965-11-17

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