Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
  • C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
  • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
  • C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
  • C06B45/18—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component
  • C06B45/30—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component the component base containing an inorganic explosive or an inorganic thermic component
  • C06B45/32—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component the component base containing an inorganic explosive or an inorganic thermic component the coating containing an organic compound

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an improved explosive composition. More particularly, it relates to an explosive composition of high inorganic nitrate content plus a liquid, which also contains a metallic fuel.
• An especially preferred composition is one of the aqueous slurry type which contains enough water to establish a reasonably continuous liquid phase, i.e., enough to make it plastic or fluid and which also contains substantial quantities of inorganic nitrate, fortified and sensitized by a reducing metal, preferably aluminum, which is of such character as to resist wetting.
• compositions of high inorganic nitrate content it is intended to mean compositions containing at least 40% by weight, and usually more, of such materials as ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate and mixtures of any two or more of these.
• compositions will contain at least 40% by weight'of ammonium nitrate as a basic ingredient. In many cases it will also contain enough liquid preferably or m'ainly water, to establish a substantially continuous phase. However, under some conditions, e.g.
• the solids will predominate and the slurry will be a relatively dry one, though still pourable, e.g. something like a stiff concrete mix.
• a pumper slurry may be quite liquid when pumped into a borehole and still become relatively solid after it sets and cools. It will also include particulate aluminum or other metal equivalent for the purpose (boron or magnesium) which has the particular qualities of bulk denerties set forth in detail hereinafter.
• the invention contemplates addition of other oxidizers, such as perchlorates, if desired, but these ordinarily will be used in only minor proportions.
• oxidizers such as perchlorates
• a suitable aqueous composition may be prepared by dissolving one of the common water-soluble inorganic nitrates, e.g. ammonium nitrate, or ammonium nitrate plus sodium nitrate in Water to form a concentrated or preferably a saturated solution. This solution is then usually and preferably combined with 3,249,474 Patented May 3, 1966 further inorganic nitrate ingredients to make a slurry containing solid particulate nitrate.
• the final compo-' sition may include additional oxidizers either in solution or in undissolved particulate or crystalline form such as. inorganic perchlorates, along with or in lieu of further quantities of either an ammonium or sodium nitrate.
• non-explosive fuels such !as sulfur, solid or viscous liquid hydrocarbons, which do not wet the particulate metal surface, as well as liquid simple alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, solid carbohydrates, etc.
• Materials which are explosive per so also may be used, e.g. nitrated organic materials such as trinitrotoluene,, nitrostarch, nitrobenzene, nitric acid, cellulose nitrate, single, double and triple base smokeless powders and the like.
• these usually are not really necessary.
• a principal object of this invention is to use a suitably lyophobic surfaced metal, in suitable particulate form, to control the sensitivity of the high ammonium nitrate explosive composition.
• additional metal especially aluminum
• additional metal may also be used, above and beyond sensitivity requirements, in such a manner as to augment the energy of the blasting agent.
• additional metal is frequently desirable to improve oxygen balance.
• the other metals already mentioned, such as boron and magnesium, and particularly the latter are very suitable for this latter purpose, provided their chemical activity as well as their lyophobic qualities are appropriate, -i.c. coated magnesium can be used. In some experiments, untreated magnesium has been found to be overactive chemically and hence unsuitable.
• a further object of this invention is to control directly the density of the slurry composition by the incorporation therein of suitably treated metal of appropriate particle size and character.
• This latter aspect is applicable also to non-slurry blasting materials of high inorganic nitrate composition, which contain aluminum.
• a suitable kind of aluminum i.e., one of suitable particle size and density, and particularly one which has relatively high surface area and an irregular, e.g. wrinkled or fluffy structure, a considerable percentage by volume of void spaces may be included.
• gases e.g. air
• this density value in terms of grams per cc. is generally not greater than about 1.5 and preferably not carbon derivatives.
• explosives of this general nature have a density that does not exceed about 1.45.
• the sensitivity of explosives of this general type may be considerably increased.
• the sensitivity effect is substantially inversely proportional to the density. It is desirable for'many purposes to control the overall slurry density; the range may vary rather widely consistent with requisite energy in the explosive mass, and a highly satisfactory range is generally between about 1.1 and 1.60.
• slurry type explosives will often have densities above 1.60 or even higher. In most cases the highly dense compositions are very difficult to detonate.
• surface activity may be controlled as desired and materials not ordinarily detonable may become so even if their density is relatively high.
• the finely divided metal from whatever source, may be rendered high effective, or relatively ineffective, depending on the extent to which it is wet by the aqueous menstruum. It was found that metal which originally did not have the desired surface active or hydrophobic properties could be treated in very simple fashion to control sensitivity of the composition with considerable success.
• the sensitivity of the blasting agent in which the finely divided metal, granulated or powdered appropriately is incorporated is found to be readily controllable by coating or partly coating the metal to make it water repellant or partly water repellant.
• non-aqueous compositions i.e., those which contain some continuous liquid menstruum other than water, such, for example, as oil, alcohol, ketones and other hydro-
• the metal is treated to resist in appreciable degree the wetting of its surface by any of these slurrying agents, i.e., it should be made lyophobic.
• another object of this invention is to control the sensitivity and power of various liquid-containing explosives, which also contain aluminum or equivalent metal, particularly slurried or plastic mixes which are based mainly on inorganic oxidizers such as ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, etc., or combinations thereof.
• the compositions also may include other oxidizing materials such as the perchlorates along with the inorganic nitrate.
• a further -object of the invention is to enhance the power obtained from such combined ingredients by increasing the rate of combustion of the metallic powder materials included therein. As will be explained more fully below, this appears to be accomplished, at least in part, by setting up a system that will produce prodigious numbers of hot spots or explosion initiators.
• this material happens to include a particle of high energy fuel, such as a particle of combustible metal, aluminum for example, in direct contact with a strongly oxidizing material such as ammonium nitrate or other inorganic nitrate at a temperature in excess of say 1000" C., the reaction becomes extremely fast.
• a strongly oxidizing material such as ammonium nitrate or other inorganic nitrate at a temperature in excess of say 1000" C.
• oxidizers such as high energy metal, e.g. aluminum in finely divided form in contact with inorganic nitrates, etc.
• oxidizers such as high energy metal, e.g. aluminum in finely divided form in contact with inorganic nitrates, etc.
• It is designed to provide for an optimum or near optimum number and distribution of hot spots or initiation sites. It is designed to establish great numbers of extremely small gas bubbles in direct contact with the metal and in the presence of the potent nitrate or nitrateperchlorate oxidizer. This is accomplished by taking steps to exclude liquid, particularly water but other polar liquids also, from at least part of the surface of the metallic particles.
• the exclusion of liquid, by surface phenomena, from the metallic particles is preferably and most simply accomplished, according to the present invention, by treating the metal particles with suitable coating materials.
• the applied coatings may be extremely thin, perhaps approaching mono-molecular layers in thickness in some cases, and still be effective.
• the metallic particles e.g. aluminum powders
• the coating materials should prevent the particles from becoming so wet with the slurry liquid as to exclude the needed tiny gas particles or bubbles, e.g. small pockets or bubbles of air. Oil coatings on the metal are not desirable. Although they will prevent wetting with water, they are ineffective because the oil itself wets the metal. This has the effect, apparently, of destroying the desired gas pockets or rendering them ineffective.
• Fine aluminum powders are more effective as sensitizers than coarse powders, other things being equal, but they may increase the composition density so much as to offset or more than offset the sensitizing effect.
• Uncoated aluminum powder of smooth surface character is generally somewhat better, because more lyophobic, than uncoated rough surfaced aluminum.
• An example of the latter is the so-called reclaimed product obtained by burning the paper off paperbacked aluminum foil.
• the smooth surfaced granules appear to be more hydro phobic.
• the reclaimed material is otherwise a good source for particulate aluminum but the burning makes it particularly receptive to wetting with water.
• Virgin aluminum, ground to appropriate particle size is somewhat'effective without coating but not as satisfactory as when coated with a water repellant material.
• aqueous ammonium nitrate slurries containing aluminum stand for a period of time, they appear to lose sensitivity, apparently because more and more of the aluminum surface becomes wet.
• This tendency to progressive surface wetting may be offset, at least to some extent, by including in the mix a thickening or gelling agent such as quar gum, starch or the like to take up the water. Thickened compositions of this type are found to retain higher sensitivity for longer periods of time.
• Various coating agents may be used to impart the desired lyophobic properties to the particulate metal.
• these are normally solid fatty acids such as stearic acid, palmitic acid, etc. and their derivatives such as, for example, calcium stearate, stearamide, etc., gilsonite, high melting point waxes applied dry (but not liquid waxes or oils), asphaltic materials, finely divided polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, etc., which are water repellant to a degree, silicone greases (which are frequently repellant to oils and other liquids as well as water) and the like and mixtures thereof.
• Uncoated aluminum particles in general, tended to quickly settle to the bottom of the beaker, whereas aluminum powder or granules coated even sparsely with most of various agents mentioned above, i.e., stearic acid, powdered waxes of high melting point, powdered gilsonite and the like, showed good hydrophobic properties and did not sink readily.
• An exception was ground virgin aluminum which had high specific gravity and sometimes sank even after coating. This screening test was not conclusive but it generally made it possible to quickly eliminate some coating agents.
• the surface active materials were applied to the aluminum by first dissolving them in a suitable solvent, such as carbon tetrachloride and thereafter mixing the particulate aluminum into the solution. This was followed by drying off the solvent. In this manner gilsonite, various waxes, silicone greases, etc. were applied successfully. Oil coated aluminum particles also remained in flotation on the water but were not successful in actual explosion tests. Finely powdered agents such as gilsonite were also applied dry with good results.
• a suitable solvent such as carbon tetrachloride
• EXAMPLE 1 An aqueous composition was prepared comprising 37.8 parts by weight of ammonium nitrate, 10 parts of sodium nitrate, 7 parts of sodium perchlorate, and parts of water. In general, the water dissolved these salts completely especially when temperature was raised moderately. A small amount of an inhibitor to prevent excessive reaction between finely divided aluminum and Water was included, 0.2 part by weight in this instance. To the solution or slurry described above, its condition de pending somewhat on temperature, a mixture of additional dry ingredients was added. This dry mixture was composed of the following constituents: aluminum, 12 parts by weight, sulfur 6, gilsonite 1.5, and a guar gum thickening agent, 0.5.
• the guar gum in this instance contained a cross-linking agent designed to facilitate its gelling and thickening.
• a cross-linking agent designed to facilitate its gelling and thickening.
• EXFC-SO a cross-linking agent designed to facilitate its gelling and thickening.
• the dry materials just described were mixed into the solution at a temperature of 45 C.
• the original solution was essentially saturated at this temperature and the added materials were suspended in a slurry.
• the resulting slurry was poured into cardboard containers of various sizes, from 2 inches in diameter to 6 inches in diameter, all charges being 6 diameters long.
• the material was then cooled to 25 C. and the charges were detonated while unconfined except for the minor confinement of the cardboard container.
• boosters of Composition B and pentolite were employed. These were usually about one and one-half inches in diameter. 3C boosters were used for charges 3 inches in diameter or greater. For 2 and 2 /2 inch diameters, the boosters were size 2A. For smaller diameters, pentolite was used and was generally satisfactory.
• Example I The composition of Example I was varied by treating the metal with various agents as will be next explained. This was done for improving the -sensitizing effectiveness of the particulate aluminum.
• Example IA Tetrachloro-1,4-butanediol
• Aluminum reclaimed by grinding paper backed foil from which the paper had been burned
• the mixture was stirred well and thereafter the alcohol was allowed to evaporate.
• 12 parts of the coated aluminum were mixed with 6 pairsof sulphur, 1 /2 parts of gilsonite, and /2 part of a thickening agent.
• the latter was a guar gum containing a self cross-linking agent marketed under the trade name EXFC-SO.
• Ten parts of sodium nitrate were also included in the dry mix.
• Example IB Fifty grams of gilsonite, select grade, were dissolved in one liter of carbon tetrachloride and the solution was sprayed on 20 pounds of aluminum recovered from paper back foil as in Example I. Mixing was continued during the spraying until all the solution was exhausted. This coated material was then thoroughly dried and incorporated in a slurry explosive in the same manner as Example I-A. This mixture detonated in a 2 inch diameter charge, using a 2A booster (approximately grams Composition B) and failed in a 2-inch diameter charge with the same booster. Mix density was 1.42 grams per cc. at 25 C.
• Example IC -Reclaimed aluminum similar to that used in Examples I-A and I-B was stirred vigorously in a Waring Blendor with powdered dry gilsonite in a ratio of 4 grams of gilsonite per pound of aluminum. This material was then stirred into a slurry composition in the same fashion as in the above examples at 65 C. The density of the mixture was 1.43 grams per cc. at 25 C. At this temperature a 2 /2 inch diameter charge detonated with a 2A booster but a 2-inch diameter charge failed to detonate.
• Example ID.Example I-C was repeated, substituting dry stearic acid for gilsonite in the same proportion.
• the coated material was then incorporated into a slurry in the same manner as in the preceding examples.
• the final density was again 1.43 grams per cc. at 25 C. and a 2 /2 inch diameter charge at this temperature detonated with a 2A booster while a 2-inch diameter charge failed to detonate.
• wax coating applied in the same general manner as gilsonite was ineffective when slurries were mixed at a temperature above the melting point of the wax. As long as the mixing temperature was held below the wax melting point,for example around 45 C., wax was found to be an effective coating agent. Apparently, the wax must not melt so as to completely cover the aluminum particles as it probably prevents entrapment of gas particles or tiny bubbles to produce the hot spots mentioned above.
• Coated aluminum powders obtained from various sources were tested, including the reclaimed materials named above. Many which were quite unsatisfactory when uncoated were found to be highly effective sensitizers with only a very light coating.
• the data of Table II includes granulated or powdered aluminum from various sources.
• the aluminum indicated at B is of a particular manufacture which has been obtained by comminuting the reclaimed paper backed aluminum foil mentioned above.
• aluminum designated RR39 was obtained by pulverizing a radar chaff in the form of slender aluminum foil strips originally obtained from the US. Government as a surplus war material.
• Uncoated aluminum of the paper backed foil type, reclaimed by burning was particularly susceptible to moisture retention and, when used uncoated, was found to have a marked tendency to depress the sensitivity of compositions containing it. This is, however, an economical source for aluminum.
• the cost of the metal component may be sharply reduced as compared to aluminum from most other sources.
• the coating material if finely powdered may also be applied as a dry coating, i.e., without solvent, in many cases.
• a suitable lyophobic surface condition maybe obtained on the metal. 5 used, as well as their proportions, may be made within This condition is one obtained artificially which is more the spirit and purpose of the invention.
• the proportions lyophobio than the normal untreated metal. Very small of the main ingredients may vary widely, e g. 40 to 90 quantities of the coating agent will suffice in most cases.
• ammonium nitrate preferably at As a rule, it is not necessary that the entire surface of least 50 percent, Oto 20 percent or more of sodium nitrate, the metal be coated. It is adequate, and in some cases 10 5 to 25 percent of water (or other liquid such as ethylene at least probably better, to apply merely enough coating glycol may be substituted for part and perhaps all of the so that the metal particles will establish sites for occluded water), 0.1 to 25 percent, but preferably 0.5 to 20 percent gas, e.-g.
• solved ammonium nitrate and/ or sodium nitrate, per- Preferred coating materials include the normally solid chlorate, etc., forming a very substantial part of the suswaxes, gilsonite, long chain fatty acids and derivatives pended solids, and particulate metal in such quantity as which are solid such as stearic acid, calcium stearate, to render other thickening unnecessary.
• the liquid stearamide, silicones and silicone greases, and mixtures 25 menstruum need not be completely continuous but it is thereof. often desirable to have it. substantially so.
• the surface of the metallic slurry is sufficiently liquid to flow freely by gravity. particles should not be coated or wet with any liquid con- Obviously, other fuels and sensitiZer-s including explostituent of the slurrying agent, whether water, oil, molten sives, such as TNT, cellulose nitrate, smokeless powders, wax, etc., to such an extent as to preclude the entrapment 30 etc., and/or non-explosives such as solid carbohydrates,
• the preferred fuels include solids such as sulfur and coal and other carbonaceous materials finely subdivided, as well as liquid fuels such as the alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines and amides that are liquid at normal temperatures and have fuel value.
• Formamide in particular is a very suitable fuel.
• a slurry explosive composition containing not more than about 25% by weight of a liquid solvent, at least 40 percent by weight, based on the total composition, of an inorganic oxidant and 0.1 to 25 percent of an active metal in finely divided solid state, said metal having an artificially produced lyophobic surface in suffic'ient measure substantially to increase its normal repellancy to the liquid solvent, the quantity of metal and its surface condition being sufficiently effective to substantially increase the detonation sensitivity of the total composition.
• composition according to claim 1 wherein the lyophobic surface is produced by a coating material selected from the group which consists of normally solid waxes, gilsonite, long chain aliphatic carboxylic acids, their metallic and nitrogen based salts, and their esters, silicones and silicone greases, and mixtures thereof.
• composition according to claim 1 wherein the liquid is predominantly water in proportions of 5 to 25 percent by weight of the total composition.
• composition according to claim 1 wherein the metal is aluminum.
• composition according to claim 1 wherein the metal is magnesium.
• composition according to claim 1 wherein the metal is boron.
• a slurry blasting composition which comprises at least 50 percent by weight, based on the total corn-position, of ammonium nitrate, enough water to form a slurried suspension of said ammonium nitrate, but not to entirely dissolve it at normal temperatures, and 0.1 to 25 percent of finely divided metallic aluminum, said aluminum being coated with 0.02 to percent, based on its own weight, of a hydrophobic coating material sufficient to prevent its being wetted entirely by said water.
• composition according to claim 8 cont-aining 5 to 25 percent of water.
• composition according to claim 8 which also contains a thickener.
• composition according to claim 10 wherein the thickener comprises 0.1 to 3 percent by weight, based on the total composition, of guar gum.
• Composition according to claim 8 which also includes ethylene glycol.
• composition which comprises:
• ammonium nitrate 0 to 20 percent of sodium nitrate 5 to 20 percent of water 0 to percent of inorganic perchlorate /2 to 25 percent of finely divided aluminum, said aluminum being coated with a water repellant coating agent in suflicient quantity to prevent substantial wetting of its surface,
• a thickener 0.1 to 3 percent of a thickener and 0 to 15 percent of a fuel selected from the group which consists of sulfur, solid carbonaceous materials, and liquid alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, amines and amides, and mixtures thereof.
• composition according to claim 13 which contains 1 to 10percent of ethylene 'glycol.
• composition according to claim 13 wherein the coating agent comprises stearic acid compounds.
• composition according to claim 13 wherein the coating agent comprises wax applied dry so as not to wet the entire aluminum surface.
• the coating agent is selected from the group which consists of waxes, gilsonite and long chain aliphatic carboxylic acids, their metallic and nitrogen based salts, and their esters, and mixtures thereof.

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Cited By (18)

Citations (5)

• 1964
  • 1964-08-03 US US387237A patent/US3249474A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1965
  • 1965-08-03 OA OA52132A patent/OA01781A/fr unknown

Patent Citations (5)

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