US3228841A - Diagnostic reagent composition for determining blood coagulation factors and method of use - Google Patents
Diagnostic reagent composition for determining blood coagulation factors and method of use Download PDFInfo
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- US3228841A US3228841A US463042A US46304265A US3228841A US 3228841 A US3228841 A US 3228841A US 463042 A US463042 A US 463042A US 46304265 A US46304265 A US 46304265A US 3228841 A US3228841 A US 3228841A
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- plasma
- thromboplastin
- tissue
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- blood coagulation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/56—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving blood clotting factors, e.g. involving thrombin, thromboplastin, fibrinogen
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel diagnostic composition and more particularly to a novel lyophilized diagnostic composition useful for the determination of blood clotting factors.
- Anticoagulant therapy is primarily designed to prevent intravascular clotting.
- the indications for the prophylactic and therapeutic uses of anticoagulants such as heparin or bishydroxycoumarin include many medical and surgical conditions, for example, in pulmonary embolism to prevent further embolism which may prove fatal, in thrombophlebitis to forestall further venous thrombosis, and in various cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure, coronary arterial occlusion, arterio-sclerosis and the like to lessen the probability of further attacks.
- the patients plasma is constantly assayed to determine the clotting time so that dosages of anticoagulant drugs administered can be adjusted accordingly.
- the methods and their modifications that are employed in clinical laboratories for determining clotting time are, for example, Quicks onestage method (Quick, A 1., Am. J. Med. Sciences 190:501-11, 1935) and its modifications thereof and prothrombin-proconvertin test (PP method) (Owren et al., Scand. J. Clin. and Lab. Invest. 3:201, 1951) and its modifications thereof.
- the basic procedure in all these methods or their modifications are the samepatients plasma is added to a thromboplastin-calcium mixture and the time elapsed for the formation of fibrin or a clot is measured.
- the thromboplastin is generally obtained from various mammalian tissue. It is essential in these tests that the plasma tested be fresh and all the glassware must be scrupulously clean and free from scratches. If the plasma is not freshly collected or the glassware is scratched the end point is not well defined. Generally speaking, the clotting time obtained with samples which are 24 hours old is longer than the clotting time observed with freshly obtained samples using these known methods. Since the dosages of anticoagulant administered depends very much on the determination of an accurate clotting time, the requirement that fresh blood samples be used and that the glassware be scratch-free poses many serious problems. Thus, for example, patients who live a long distance away from a clinical laboratory are unable to mail in their blood samples.
- a primary object of this invention is to provide a stable diagnostic reagent which is not effected by environmental changes for determining blood clotting factors.
- Another object of this invention is to provide a novel thromboplastin-calcium reagent which can be used in modifications of all known methods for determining clotting time.
- a further object of this invention is to provide a lyophilized reagent containing all the factors not being assayed for in the patients plasma for determining clotting time.
- Yet another object of this invention is to provide a diagnostic reagent for determining clotting time which is not effected by the age of the patients plasma.
- this novel diagnostic composition is obtained by combining tissue thromboplastin having strong activity toward human plasma, a source of calcium ion and plasma containing a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen and free of Factors II, VII, IX and X.
- tissue thromboplastin having strong activity toward human plasma is preferably obtained by combining equal parts by weight of rabbit lung tissue and rabbit brain tissue thromboplastin. These tissue thromboplastin fractions are prepared in the following manner.
- Brain tissue from freshly killed rabbits is dried and then pulverized in the presence of an excess of acetone.
- the brain tissue is combined with an equal weight of ground rabbit lung tissue which has been dried by a freeze-drying technique as described in Biological Applications of Freezing and Drying by R. J. Harris, Academic Press, New York.
- the combined rabbit tissues are extracted with an aqueous solution at 45 50 C.
- the plasma fraction containing a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen is generally obtained from bovine sources.
- bovine plasma is treated with a 10% by weight solution of barium sulfate by gentle agitation of the mixture followed by removal or barium sulfate by centrifugation.
- the treatment of plasma with barium sulfate results in the adsorption of Factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin by barium sulfate thereby giving optimum concentrations of Factor V and fibrinogen.
- the adsorbed bovine plasma and the aqueous extract of rabbit brain and lung thromboplastin fractions are then added to an aqueous solution containing 0.0125 M calcium chloride and 0.075 M sodium chloride.
- the mixture obtained is then buffered with a buffer such as a veronal buffer to give a final pH of 7.2 to 7.6. It is then measured into vials, about 1 to 2 ml. each, and lyophilized according to procedures described in Falosdorf, Freezing-Drying, Reinhold, (1949) and Harris Biological Applications of Freezing and Drying, Academic Press, New York (1954).
- the above-described novel composition may be reconstituted with an aqueous solvent such as deionized water and then incubated with a plasma of unknown coagulation. Reconstitution is effected at a ratio of about --to illustrate the invention.
- EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of reagent 1
- Brain tissue from freshly killed rabbits is dried and pulverized in the presence of excess acetone and combined with an "equal weight of ground rabbit lung tissue which had first *been dried by .a freezing-drying technique.
- the combined rabbit tissue is then extracted with an aqueous solution at 45 -50 C. This aqueous extractco'nstitute's the thromboplastin fraction having strong activity towards human plasma.
- Bovine plasma is treated with a by weight solution of barium sulfate by gentle agitation of the mix- "ture.
- the barium sulfate is removed by centrifugation. This filtrate constitutes that component which is the plasma having a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen.
- aqueous rabbit tissue extract and adsorbed plasma are then added to an aqueous solution of '0.0125 M calcium chloride and 02075 M sodium chloride.
- the mixture is measured into v-ials in a volume of about 1 to 2 ml. and freeze-dried according to the method of Harris referred to above.
- composition A The "composition obtained as described in Example 1 containing tissue thromboplastin of strong activity, calcium ion and adsorbed bovine plasma containing a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen is marked for identification as composition A.
- a commercially available thromboplastin-calcium mixture such as the Owren composition marketed under the trade name of Thrombotest by Nyegaard & Co. (see US. Patent No. 3,179,- 567), which is made up essentially of tissue thromboplastin of weak activity towards human .plasma, calcium ion, Factor V and fibrinogen is marked for identification as composition B.
- These compositions are then used in the determination of clotting factors according to the method of Quick described in the American Journalof Medical Sciences, 501, 1935 and the results obtained for the clotting time observed in each instance is tabulated below:
- Composition A .1.. 18. 3 21. 1 +2. 8 Composition B 51. 5 65.3 +14. 2
- the claimed composition gives a more-accurate and consistent result in the Quick test for determination of coagulation factors than the known compositions and that the claimed composition also compensates for any aging or environmental etfects of the plasma as apparent from the fact that after 72 hours of storage the claimed composition still gives substantially the same clotting time.
- a lyophilized diagnostic composition for use in determining blood coagulation factors comprising a tissue thromboplastin extract of strong activity, said thromboplastin being prepared from rabbit brain tissue which has been previously dried and pulverized in the presence of acetone and combined with about an equal part by weight a freeze-dried rabbit lung tissue, the combined 'tissues'then being extracted with'ah aqueous solvent at 45 to 50 C.
- thromboplastin extract a source of calcium ion at'a concentration of about0l0l25 M; salt at a concentration of about 0.075 'M; and plasma containing a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen, said plasma being prepared by treating plasma with barium sulfate to absorb Factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin, said lyophilized diagnostic composition being bufiered at a pHfrom about 7.2 to 7.6.
- Process for determining blood plasma coagulation factor levels which comprises reconstituting 'the composition defined in claim 1 with an aqueous solvent, mixing the resulting suspension with a plasma of unknown coagulation characteristics in a ratio of about 2 parts of said composition with about 1 part of said plasma and observing the time required for the formation of fibrin.
Description
United States Patent C) DIAGNOSTIC REAGENT COMPOSITION FOR DE- TERMINING BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS AND METHOD OF USE Raphael Cohen, Morristown, and Jane G. Lenahan, Florham Park, N J assignors to Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Company, Morris Plains, N.J., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed June 10, 1965, Ser. No. 463,042
2 Claims. (Cl. 167-84.5)
This is a continuation-in-part application of copending application Serial No. 136,749 filed September 8, 1961, now abandoned.
The present invention relates to a novel diagnostic composition and more particularly to a novel lyophilized diagnostic composition useful for the determination of blood clotting factors.
Anticoagulant therapy is primarily designed to prevent intravascular clotting. The indications for the prophylactic and therapeutic uses of anticoagulants such as heparin or bishydroxycoumarin include many medical and surgical conditions, for example, in pulmonary embolism to prevent further embolism which may prove fatal, in thrombophlebitis to forestall further venous thrombosis, and in various cardiovascular diseases such as congestive heart failure, coronary arterial occlusion, arterio-sclerosis and the like to lessen the probability of further attacks. In order to monitor anticoagulant activity the patients plasma is constantly assayed to determine the clotting time so that dosages of anticoagulant drugs administered can be adjusted accordingly. The methods and their modifications that are employed in clinical laboratories for determining clotting time are, for example, Quicks onestage method (Quick, A 1., Am. J. Med. Sciences 190:501-11, 1935) and its modifications thereof and prothrombin-proconvertin test (PP method) (Owren et al., Scand. J. Clin. and Lab. Invest. 3:201, 1951) and its modifications thereof. The basic procedure in all these methods or their modifications are the samepatients plasma is added to a thromboplastin-calcium mixture and the time elapsed for the formation of fibrin or a clot is measured.
The thromboplastin is generally obtained from various mammalian tissue. It is essential in these tests that the plasma tested be fresh and all the glassware must be scrupulously clean and free from scratches. If the plasma is not freshly collected or the glassware is scratched the end point is not well defined. Generally speaking, the clotting time obtained with samples which are 24 hours old is longer than the clotting time observed with freshly obtained samples using these known methods. Since the dosages of anticoagulant administered depends very much on the determination of an accurate clotting time, the requirement that fresh blood samples be used and that the glassware be scratch-free poses many serious problems. Thus, for example, patients who live a long distance away from a clinical laboratory are unable to mail in their blood samples. This is clearly inconvenient for patients on long term anticoagulant therapy. On the other hand, the laboratory must perform the tests immediately after collection. Of course, the requirement of scratch-free glassware adds another factor to the proper performance of this important diagnostic test. Furthermore, it has been found that commercially available thromboplastin- "ice calcium mixture is generally not stable and this also contributes to the difiiculty in performing these unusually sensitive tests.
Accordingly, a primary object of this invention is to provide a stable diagnostic reagent which is not effected by environmental changes for determining blood clotting factors.
Another object of this invention is to provide a novel thromboplastin-calcium reagent which can be used in modifications of all known methods for determining clotting time.
A further object of this invention is to provide a lyophilized reagent containing all the factors not being assayed for in the patients plasma for determining clotting time.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a diagnostic reagent for determining clotting time which is not effected by the age of the patients plasma.
Other objects and advantages of this invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description.
According to this invention this novel diagnostic composition is obtained by combining tissue thromboplastin having strong activity toward human plasma, a source of calcium ion and plasma containing a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen and free of Factors II, VII, IX and X.
The tissue thromboplastin having strong activity toward human plasma is preferably obtained by combining equal parts by weight of rabbit lung tissue and rabbit brain tissue thromboplastin. These tissue thromboplastin fractions are prepared in the following manner.
Brain tissue from freshly killed rabbits is dried and then pulverized in the presence of an excess of acetone. The brain tissue is combined with an equal weight of ground rabbit lung tissue which has been dried by a freeze-drying technique as described in Biological Applications of Freezing and Drying by R. J. Harris, Academic Press, New York. The combined rabbit tissues are extracted with an aqueous solution at 45 50 C.
The plasma fraction containing a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen is generally obtained from bovine sources. Broadly speaking, bovine plasma is treated with a 10% by weight solution of barium sulfate by gentle agitation of the mixture followed by removal or barium sulfate by centrifugation. The treatment of plasma with barium sulfate results in the adsorption of Factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin by barium sulfate thereby giving optimum concentrations of Factor V and fibrinogen. The adsorbed bovine plasma and the aqueous extract of rabbit brain and lung thromboplastin fractions are then added to an aqueous solution containing 0.0125 M calcium chloride and 0.075 M sodium chloride. The mixture obtained is then buffered with a buffer such as a veronal buffer to give a final pH of 7.2 to 7.6. It is then measured into vials, about 1 to 2 ml. each, and lyophilized according to procedures described in Falosdorf, Freezing-Drying, Reinhold, (1949) and Harris Biological Applications of Freezing and Drying, Academic Press, New York (1954).
In use, the above-described novel composition may be reconstituted with an aqueous solvent such as deionized water and then incubated with a plasma of unknown coagulation. Reconstitution is effected at a ratio of about --to illustrate the invention.
EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of reagent 1) Brain tissue from freshly killed rabbits is dried and pulverized in the presence of excess acetone and combined with an "equal weight of ground rabbit lung tissue which had first *been dried by .a freezing-drying technique. The combined rabbit tissue is then extracted with an aqueous solution at 45 -50 C. This aqueous extractco'nstitute's the thromboplastin fraction having strong activity towards human plasma.
(2:) Bovine plasma is treated with a by weight solution of barium sulfate by gentle agitation of the mix- "ture. The barium sulfate is removed by centrifugation. This filtrate constitutes that component which is the plasma having a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen.
3) Approximately equal volumes of the aqueous rabbit tissue extract and adsorbed plasma are then added to an aqueous solution of '0.0125 M calcium chloride and 02075 M sodium chloride. The mixture is measured into v-ials in a volume of about 1 to 2 ml. and freeze-dried according to the method of Harris referred to above.
EXAMPLE 2 In order to illustrate the stability of the claimed composition indetermining coagulation factors the following test is included. 7 h
The "composition obtained as described in Example 1 containing tissue thromboplastin of strong activity, calcium ion and adsorbed bovine plasma containing a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen is marked for identification as composition A. A commercially available thromboplastin-calcium mixture such as the Owren composition marketed under the trade name of Thrombotest by Nyegaard & Co. (see US. Patent No. 3,179,- 567), which is made up essentially of tissue thromboplastin of weak activity towards human .plasma, calcium ion, Factor V and fibrinogen is marked for identification as composition B. These compositions are then used in the determination of clotting factors according to the method of Quick described in the American Journalof Medical Sciences, 501, 1935 and the results obtained for the clotting time observed in each instance is tabulated below:
Fresh Same patients plasma Change, sec. plasma, sec. 72 hours later, sec.
Composition A .1.. 18. 3 21. 1 +2. 8 Composition B 51. 5 65.3 +14. 2
From the foregoing results it is obvious that the claimed composition gives a more-accurate and consistent result in the Quick test for determination of coagulation factors than the known compositions and that the claimed composition also compensates for any aging or environmental etfects of the plasma as apparent from the fact that after 72 hours of storage the claimed composition still gives substantially the same clotting time.
It is understood that the foregoing detaileddescription is given merely by way of illustration and that many variations may be made therein without departing from the spirit of our invention.
Having described our invention, what we desire to secure by Letters Patent is: I
1. A lyophilized diagnostic composition for use in determining blood coagulation factors comprising a tissue thromboplastin extract of strong activity, said thromboplastin being prepared from rabbit brain tissue which has been previously dried and pulverized in the presence of acetone and combined with about an equal part by weight a freeze-dried rabbit lung tissue, the combined 'tissues'then being extracted with'ah aqueous solvent at 45 to 50 C. to produce said thromboplastin extract; a source of calcium ion at'a concentration of about0l0l25 M; salt at a concentration of about 0.075 'M; and plasma containing a high concentration of Factor V and fibrinogen, said plasma being prepared by treating plasma with barium sulfate to absorb Factors VII, IX, X and prothrombin, said lyophilized diagnostic composition being bufiered at a pHfrom about 7.2 to 7.6.
2. Process for determining blood plasma coagulation factor levels which comprises reconstituting 'the composition defined in claim 1 with an aqueous solvent, mixing the resulting suspension with a plasma of unknown coagulation characteristics in a ratio of about 2 parts of said composition with about 1 part of said plasma and observing the time required for the formation of fibrin.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,179,567 4/1965 Owren 16784.5
JULIAN S. LEVITT, Primary Examiner.
SAM 'ROSEN, Assistant Examiner.
Claims (1)
1. A LYOPHILIZED DIAGNOSTIC COMPOSITION FOR USE IN DETERMINING BLOOD COAGULATION FACTORS COMPRISING A TISSUE THROMBOPLASTIN EXTRACT OF STRONG ACTIVITY, SAID THROMBOPLASTIN BEING PREPARED FROM RABBIT BRAIN TISSUE WHICH HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY DRIED AND PULVERIZED IN THE PRESENCE OF ACETONE AND COMBINED WITH ABOUT AN EQUAL PART BY WEIGHT OF A FREEZE-DRIED RABBIT LUNG TISSUE, THE COMBINED TISSUES THEN BEING EXTRACTED WITH AN AQUEOUS SOLVENT AT 45 TO 50*C. TO PRODUCE SAID THROMBOPLASTIN EXTRACT; A SOURCE OF CALCIUM ION AT A CONCENTRATION OF ABOUT 0.0125 M; SALT AT A CONCENTRATION OF ABOUT 0.075M; AND PLASMA CONTAINING A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF FACTOR V AND FIBRINOGEN, SAID PLASMA BEING PREPARED BY TREATING PLASMA WITH BARIUM SULFATE TO ABSORB FACTORS VII, IX, X AND PROTHROMBIN, SAID LYOPHILIZED DIAGNOSTIC COMPOSITION BEING BUFFERED AT A PH FROM ABOUT 7.2 TO 7.6.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US463042A US3228841A (en) | 1965-06-10 | 1965-06-10 | Diagnostic reagent composition for determining blood coagulation factors and method of use |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US463042A US3228841A (en) | 1965-06-10 | 1965-06-10 | Diagnostic reagent composition for determining blood coagulation factors and method of use |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| US3228841A true US3228841A (en) | 1966-01-11 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| US463042A Expired - Lifetime US3228841A (en) | 1965-06-10 | 1965-06-10 | Diagnostic reagent composition for determining blood coagulation factors and method of use |
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Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3591809A (en) * | 1969-01-27 | 1971-07-06 | Johnson Service Co | Fluidic radiation sensor varying the viscosity of a fluid stream |
| US4416812A (en) * | 1981-12-21 | 1983-11-22 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Method of preparing tissue thromboplastin |
| US4458015A (en) * | 1981-04-02 | 1984-07-03 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Reagent for the optical determination of the blood coagulation |
| US5312745A (en) * | 1987-06-18 | 1994-05-17 | Chromogenix Ab | Determination of components active in proteolysis |
| US20040180320A1 (en) * | 1999-12-24 | 2004-09-16 | Masahiro Okuda | Means for stabilizing compositions and reagents thereof |
| WO2015040441A1 (en) * | 2013-09-19 | 2015-03-26 | Diagon Ltd. | Procedure and measuring system for determining blood coagulation characteristics |
| US11604026B2 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2023-03-14 | Terumo Bct Biotechnologies, Llc | Lyophilization loading tray assembly and system |
| US11634257B2 (en) | 2017-10-09 | 2023-04-25 | Terumo Bct Biotechnologies, Llc | Lyophilization container and method of using same |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3179567A (en) * | 1958-05-16 | 1965-04-20 | Owren Paul Arnor | Reagent and method for determining the coagulability of blood |
-
1965
- 1965-06-10 US US463042A patent/US3228841A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3179567A (en) * | 1958-05-16 | 1965-04-20 | Owren Paul Arnor | Reagent and method for determining the coagulability of blood |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3591809A (en) * | 1969-01-27 | 1971-07-06 | Johnson Service Co | Fluidic radiation sensor varying the viscosity of a fluid stream |
| US4458015A (en) * | 1981-04-02 | 1984-07-03 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Reagent for the optical determination of the blood coagulation |
| US4416812A (en) * | 1981-12-21 | 1983-11-22 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh | Method of preparing tissue thromboplastin |
| US5312745A (en) * | 1987-06-18 | 1994-05-17 | Chromogenix Ab | Determination of components active in proteolysis |
| US20040180320A1 (en) * | 1999-12-24 | 2004-09-16 | Masahiro Okuda | Means for stabilizing compositions and reagents thereof |
| WO2015040441A1 (en) * | 2013-09-19 | 2015-03-26 | Diagon Ltd. | Procedure and measuring system for determining blood coagulation characteristics |
| US11634257B2 (en) | 2017-10-09 | 2023-04-25 | Terumo Bct Biotechnologies, Llc | Lyophilization container and method of using same |
| US11609043B2 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2023-03-21 | Terumo Bct Biotechnologies, Llc | Lyophilization container fill fixture, system and method of use |
| US11609042B2 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2023-03-21 | Terumo Bct Biotechnologies, Llc | Multi-part lyophilization container and method of use |
| US11604026B2 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2023-03-14 | Terumo Bct Biotechnologies, Llc | Lyophilization loading tray assembly and system |
| US11740019B2 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2023-08-29 | Terumo Bct Biotechnologies, Llc | Lyophilization loading tray assembly and system |
| US11747082B2 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2023-09-05 | Terumo Bct Biotechnologies, Llc | Multi-part lyophilization container and method of use |
| US11815311B2 (en) | 2019-03-14 | 2023-11-14 | Terumo Bct Biotechnologies, Llc | Lyophilization container fill fixture, system and method of use |
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