US3222142A - Synthesis of large crystals of fluorphlogopite mica - Google Patents
Synthesis of large crystals of fluorphlogopite mica Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3222142A US3222142A US308036A US30803663A US3222142A US 3222142 A US3222142 A US 3222142A US 308036 A US308036 A US 308036A US 30803663 A US30803663 A US 30803663A US 3222142 A US3222142 A US 3222142A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- melt
- vessel
- mica
- crystals
- fluorphlogopite
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims description 20
- 239000010445 mica Substances 0.000 title claims description 13
- 229910052618 mica group Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 13
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 title description 6
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 title description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000036366 Sensation of pressure Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000035508 accumulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052839 forsterite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
- C30B11/002—Crucibles or containers for supporting the melt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B33/00—Silicon; Compounds thereof
- C01B33/20—Silicates
- C01B33/36—Silicates having base-exchange properties but not having molecular sieve properties
- C01B33/38—Layered base-exchange silicates, e.g. clays, micas or alkali metal silicates of kenyaite or magadiite type
- C01B33/42—Micas ; Interstratified clay-mica products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B11/00—Single-crystal growth by normal freezing or freezing under temperature gradient, e.g. Bridgman-Stockbarger method
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/34—Silicates
Definitions
- This invention relates to synthesis of large single crystals of synthetic minerals or chemicals.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the apparatus employed in the example.
- fluorphlogopite crystallizes essentially as K -Mg -Al Si :O F even though impurities such as Na+ and Ca++ are present and the batch composition is F (for prevention of forsterite primary crystallization). It has been observed in melts that large crystals are always surrounded by impurity phases including glass and that phases such as CaF and NaMgF may be concentrated in masses up to one inch across.
- the motion of the vessel may be accomplished by rotating or rolling through 360 or rocking (oscillating) at an angle less than 360 and may be about either a vertical or horizontal axis or any combination thereof.
- Optimum speed of the motion will vary according to the type of crystals being formed, the composition of the melt and other conditions such as temperature and pres sure and is best determined empirically. The motion will generally be rather slow but sufficient to bathe the growing crystals in fresh liquid. Little vibration should accompany the motion of the vessel.
- the vessel containing the melt may be of any suitable shape; a generally cylindrical vessel has been found quite satisfactory and the vessel may be in the form of a crucible. It may serve as a furnace for preparing the melt as well as the container during the crystallization. It may also vary greatly in size depending on the quantities of materials, size of crystals, etc. In fact one of the major advantages of the invention is the ready adaptability of the process to large scale production.
- the melt may be prepared by any of various means well known in the art. These include internal electric resist- 3,222,142 Patented Dec. 7, 1965 ance melting, arc furnacing, pouring as from a secondary furnace, etc.
- gas space above the melt, as by incompletely filling the vessel with melt, has been found to be highly advantageous.
- the gas is generally air, other gases such as inert gas may be used.
- Optimum volume of the gas space will vary according to size of vessel, size and type of crystals, etc., and is also best determined empirically.
- a back and forth rotational motion of the vessel may also be employed.
- provision of a gas space offers little advantage and the melt may fill the vessel completely.
- the necessary liquid motion is achieved by back and forth rotation so as to take advantage of the liquid inertial flow.
- the vessel is generally rotated several times in one direction, then the direction of rotation is reversed. While this procedure lacks some of the advantages of the rocking or rolling employing a gas space, it is in some instances preferred because of easier adaptation to present furnacing procedures.
- EXAMPLE The apparatus employed is illustrated in the figures.
- Graphite crucible 1 with lid 2 is contained within fireclay crucible 3 with lid 4.
- This double crucible arrange ment is placed in ceramic form 5 having refractory axles 6 and 6a and refractory bearings 7 and 7a.
- the crucibles are rocked by means of a motor 10 which drives gear 9 and rocker arm 8, which is pivotally attached to gear 9.
- the specific structure of the apparatus is, of course, not an essential part of the invention and any conventional mechanical arrangement that will provide the required rocking, rolling or rotating motion may be employed.
- the batch composition of the material to be crystallized was as follows:
- the batch formula was, therefore 3 a furnace which was then heated to 1450 C.
- Motor 10 and drive wheel 9 are mounted outside the furnace and are connected to ceramic form 5 by means of rocker arm 8.
- the furnace temperature was rapidly lowered to 1400 C., then slowly lowered through the crystallization range (from 1400 to 1370 C.) with rocking taking place during the entire cooling procedure.
- the furnace was allowed to cool and the product examined.
- the crystal size of the resulting fluorphlogopite mica was about 2 to 4 times that obtained by use of a stationary crucible to crystallize a melt of the same batch material.
- a method for crystallizing fiuorphlogopite mica from a liquid melt at an elevated temperature which comprises oscillating the liquid melt through an angle of less than 360 at a relatively slow rate, while cooling the melt to 5 crystallize fluorphlogopite.
Description
Dec. 7, 1965 H. R. SHE LL ETAL 3,222,142
SYNTHESIS OF LARGE CRYSTALS OF FLUORPHLOGOPITE MICA Filed Sept. 10, 1963 INVENTORS HAS/(IEL R. SHELL woman A. PAGE EARL NICHOLS MJW 1 ATTORNEYS United States Patent 3,222,142 SYNTHESIS OF LARGE CRYSTALS 0F FLUORPHLOGOPITE MICA Haskiel R. Shell and Norman A. Pace, Norris, and Earl F. Nichols, Andersonville, Tenn., assignors to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Interior Filed Sept. 10, 1963, Ser. No. 303,036 4 Claims. (Cl. 23-302) (Granted under Title 35, U.S. Code (1952), see. 266) The invention herein described and claimed may be manufactured and used by or for the Government of the United States of America for governmental purposes without the payment of royalties thereon or therefor.
This invention relates to synthesis of large single crystals of synthetic minerals or chemicals.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the apparatus employed in the example.
Previous attempts to synthesize large single crystals of mica, particularly fiuorphlogopite, in quantity have invariably met with, at best, partial success. In methods previously employed the liquid phase has been essentially quiescent, whether in crucibles or in ton melts. As a result the growing mica crystals soon develop at their boundaries an environment unfavorable to growth. This situation results from the facts that (1) impurities and non-stoichiometric batch quantities are rejected and (2) the composition of the fluormica is nearly exactly set. For instance, fluorphlogopite crystallizes essentially as K -Mg -Al Si :O F even though impurities such as Na+ and Ca++ are present and the batch composition is F (for prevention of forsterite primary crystallization). It has been observed in melts that large crystals are always surrounded by impurity phases including glass and that phases such as CaF and NaMgF may be concentrated in masses up to one inch across.
It is therefore the object of the present invention to provide a simple, economical method of producing large single crystals of synthetic minerals or chemicals, par ticularly mica, in quantity in a high state of purity.
It has now been found that this objective may be accomplished by means of a process in which the vessel containing the melt, from which the crystals are formed, is maintained in a constant state of continuous or periodic motion. The resulting motion of the liquid melt within the vessel produces a continuous or periodic replenishment of the liquid phase about the growing crystals, thus removing excessive accumulations of F, Na+ and Ca++ as well as Wrong-ratio mica components themselves.
The motion of the vessel may be accomplished by rotating or rolling through 360 or rocking (oscillating) at an angle less than 360 and may be about either a vertical or horizontal axis or any combination thereof. Optimum speed of the motion will vary according to the type of crystals being formed, the composition of the melt and other conditions such as temperature and pres sure and is best determined empirically. The motion will generally be rather slow but sufficient to bathe the growing crystals in fresh liquid. Little vibration should accompany the motion of the vessel.
The vessel containing the melt may be of any suitable shape; a generally cylindrical vessel has been found quite satisfactory and the vessel may be in the form of a crucible. It may serve as a furnace for preparing the melt as well as the container during the crystallization. It may also vary greatly in size depending on the quantities of materials, size of crystals, etc. In fact one of the major advantages of the invention is the ready adaptability of the process to large scale production.
The melt may be prepared by any of various means well known in the art. These include internal electric resist- 3,222,142 Patented Dec. 7, 1965 ance melting, arc furnacing, pouring as from a secondary furnace, etc.
When rolling or rocking of the vessel is employed, provision of a gas space above the melt, as by incompletely filling the vessel with melt, has been found to be highly advantageous. Although the gas is generally air, other gases such as inert gas may be used. Optimum volume of the gas space will vary according to size of vessel, size and type of crystals, etc., and is also best determined empirically. When the vessel is rocked or rolled, as described above, crystals grow upon all inner sides thereof and when crystallization is complete the gas space will be essentially in the center of the vessel. Presence of the gas space has been found to result in optimum liquid phase action during the crystallization.
A back and forth rotational motion of the vessel may also be employed. When such a motion is used provision of a gas space offers little advantage and the melt may fill the vessel completely. In this method the necessary liquid motion is achieved by back and forth rotation so as to take advantage of the liquid inertial flow. The vessel is generally rotated several times in one direction, then the direction of rotation is reversed. While this procedure lacks some of the advantages of the rocking or rolling employing a gas space, it is in some instances preferred because of easier adaptation to present furnacing procedures.
Any of the above procedures results in formation of large crystals of a high degree of purity. Furthermore, warping of crystals caused by pressure is eliminated. In most previous methods of synthesis the central portion is under pressure from cooling and thermal contraction of the outside surfaces, resulting in undesirable Warping.
Although the process of the invention has been found to be of particular value in synthesizing fluorphlogopite mica, it may be used to synthesize other types of mica as well as other minerals and chemicals.
The following example will serve to more particularly describe the'invention. As will be apparent, however, the invention is in no way limited to the specific details of the example.
EXAMPLE The apparatus employed is illustrated in the figures. Graphite crucible 1 with lid 2 is contained within fireclay crucible 3 with lid 4. This double crucible arrange ment is placed in ceramic form 5 having refractory axles 6 and 6a and refractory bearings 7 and 7a. The crucibles are rocked by means of a motor 10 which drives gear 9 and rocker arm 8, which is pivotally attached to gear 9. The specific structure of the apparatus is, of course, not an essential part of the invention and any conventional mechanical arrangement that will provide the required rocking, rolling or rotating motion may be employed.
The batch composition of the material to be crystallized was as follows:
Grams K SiF 466.2 fi o 631'; g A1 0 283.8 SiO 879.7
The batch formula was, therefore 3 a furnace which was then heated to 1450 C. Motor 10 and drive wheel 9 are mounted outside the furnace and are connected to ceramic form 5 by means of rocker arm 8.
The furnace temperature was rapidly lowered to 1400 C., then slowly lowered through the crystallization range (from 1400 to 1370 C.) with rocking taking place during the entire cooling procedure. The furnace Was allowed to cool and the product examined. The crystal size of the resulting fluorphlogopite mica was about 2 to 4 times that obtained by use of a stationary crucible to crystallize a melt of the same batch material.
What is claimed is:
1. A method for crystallizing fluorphlogopite mica from a liquid melt in a reaction vessel, said melt being at an elevated temperature, which comprises rocking the vessel at a relatively slow rate of motion through an angle of about 30, while cooling the melt whereby the fluorphlogopite crystallizes out and the growing crystals are bathed in fresh liquid melt, said rocking motion extending throughout the period of cooling and crystallization.
2. A method for crystallizing fiuorphlogopite mica from a liquid melt at an elevated temperature which comprises oscillating the liquid melt through an angle of less than 360 at a relatively slow rate, while cooling the melt to 5 crystallize fluorphlogopite.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the melt has a batch formula Of K -Mg 'Al Si :O F
4. The method of claim 2 wherein a gas space is provided in contact with the liquid melt.
10 References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,906,757 5/1933 Kjellgren 23273 2,516,983 8/1950 Hatch. 2,604,385 7/1952 Chambers 23-273 OTHER REFERENCES The Synthetic Mica Program 2: by R. A. Hatch and 0 R. A. Humphrey (December 1948).
NORMAN YUDKOFF, Primary Examiner.
Claims (1)
1. A METHOD FOR CRYSTALLIZING FLUORPHLOGOPITE MICA FROM A LIQUID MELT IN A REACTION VESSEL, SAID MELT BEING AT AN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE, WHICH COMPRISES ROCKING THE VESSEL AT A RELATIVELY SLOW RATE OF MOTION THROUGH AN ANGLE OF ABOUT 30*, WHILE COOLING THE MELT WHEREBY THE FLUORPHLOGOPITE CRYSTALLIZES OUT AND THE GROWING CRYSTALS ARE BATHED IN FRESH LIQUID MELT, SAID ROCKING MOTION EXTENDING THROUGHOUT THE PERIOD OF COOLING AND CRYSTALLIZATION.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US308036A US3222142A (en) | 1963-09-10 | 1963-09-10 | Synthesis of large crystals of fluorphlogopite mica |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US308036A US3222142A (en) | 1963-09-10 | 1963-09-10 | Synthesis of large crystals of fluorphlogopite mica |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3222142A true US3222142A (en) | 1965-12-07 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US308036A Expired - Lifetime US3222142A (en) | 1963-09-10 | 1963-09-10 | Synthesis of large crystals of fluorphlogopite mica |
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| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3222142A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3451794A (en) * | 1966-04-29 | 1969-06-24 | Texas Instruments Inc | Method for melt-casting infrared transmitting glasses |
| RU2462415C1 (en) * | 2011-03-02 | 2012-09-27 | Валентин Николаевич Терехов | Charge mixture for smelting mica |
| CN105271279A (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2016-01-27 | 河南科技大学 | Method for preparing fluorophlogopite biomaterial powder through sol-gel technology |
| RU2602555C1 (en) * | 2015-08-04 | 2016-11-20 | Валентин Николаевич Терехов | Charge composition for smelting mica |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1906757A (en) * | 1928-05-19 | 1933-05-02 | Brush Dev Co | Method of producing piezo-electric crystals |
| US2516983A (en) * | 1947-09-15 | 1950-08-01 | Corning Glass Works | Micaceous compositions |
| US2604385A (en) * | 1947-06-17 | 1952-07-22 | Brush Dev Co | Method of growing a crystal |
-
1963
- 1963-09-10 US US308036A patent/US3222142A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1906757A (en) * | 1928-05-19 | 1933-05-02 | Brush Dev Co | Method of producing piezo-electric crystals |
| US2604385A (en) * | 1947-06-17 | 1952-07-22 | Brush Dev Co | Method of growing a crystal |
| US2516983A (en) * | 1947-09-15 | 1950-08-01 | Corning Glass Works | Micaceous compositions |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3451794A (en) * | 1966-04-29 | 1969-06-24 | Texas Instruments Inc | Method for melt-casting infrared transmitting glasses |
| RU2462415C1 (en) * | 2011-03-02 | 2012-09-27 | Валентин Николаевич Терехов | Charge mixture for smelting mica |
| RU2602555C1 (en) * | 2015-08-04 | 2016-11-20 | Валентин Николаевич Терехов | Charge composition for smelting mica |
| CN105271279A (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2016-01-27 | 河南科技大学 | Method for preparing fluorophlogopite biomaterial powder through sol-gel technology |
| CN105271279B (en) * | 2015-09-29 | 2017-05-17 | 河南科技大学 | Method for preparing fluorophlogopite biomaterial powder through sol-gel technology |
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