US3215098A - Burner throat - Google Patents

Burner throat Download PDF

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US3215098A
US3215098A US311720A US31172063A US3215098A US 3215098 A US3215098 A US 3215098A US 311720 A US311720 A US 311720A US 31172063 A US31172063 A US 31172063A US 3215098 A US3215098 A US 3215098A
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wall
throat
segments
adjacent
outer side
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US311720A
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Christian E Nelson
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National Beryllia Corp
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National Beryllia Corp
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23M—CASINGS, LININGS, WALLS OR DOORS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, e.g. FIREBRIDGES; DEVICES FOR DEFLECTING AIR, FLAMES OR COMBUSTION PRODUCTS IN COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; SAFETY ARRANGEMENTS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR COMBUSTION APPARATUS; DETAILS OF COMBUSTION CHAMBERS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F23M5/00—Casings; Linings; Walls
    • F23M5/02—Casings; Linings; Walls characterised by the shape of the bricks or blocks used
    • F23M5/025—Casings; Linings; Walls characterised by the shape of the bricks or blocks used specially adapted for burner openings

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a refractory burner throat for boilers, steam generators, heat exchangers or similar combustion devices fired with fossil fuels or waste materials.
  • the device of the invention is particularly suited for roof-fired applications where suspension of refractory materials is a requisite, but is also applicable to other forms of installations in these devices.
  • Among the objects of the invention is to provide a highly refractory burner throat which has an increased useful life-span, and low installation and maintenance costs.
  • Refractory burner throats employed in combustion furnaces are shaped like a venturi tube so as to provide a suction to draw air or other combustion supporting gases into the furnace and are subject to frequent failures which our investigation has shown to be due to a number of causes, such ⁇ as insufficient ancho-rage for the relatively heavy mass, thermal spalling due in part to tensions set up by the anchoring means for the heavy refractory mass, and chemical attack by the fuel oil ash, etc., which results in slag formation.
  • a refractory throat for roof fired boilers which is of relatively light weight and is easy to install.
  • venturi throat having controlled perforations or pores providing a positive ow of cooling air over the hot face thereof to provide hot face temperature control by transpiration cooling.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a venturi throat of hollow construction for high temperature applications so as to provide an internal chamber into which air is piped from an adjacent wind box to provide internal cooling for the device.
  • a burner throat construction in which the refractory material of the throat is placed under compressive stress so as to avoid failure due to unequal tensions such as may be ⁇ set up by thermal gradients.
  • a burner throat which is highly refractory, highly resistant to chemical attack and which has relatively high thermal conductivity.
  • the high thermal conductivity of the throat of the invention reduces the thermal gradient thereof and improves the thermal shock resistance of the body.
  • Preferred materials for constructing the throat of the invention are oxide-metallic systems comprising sintered ceramic oxide particles bonded with the aid of metallic particle or metallic base materials such as metallic base sponge coated on both hot and cold faces with a refractory oxide.
  • the throat sectors preferably comprise an interior refractory metal reinforcement, for example, a sponge or expanded refractory metal, embedded in refractory oxide materials.
  • the internal metal reinforcement are expanded sheets of stainless steels, nickel or nickelcobalt alloys, etc.
  • the refractory oxide coating or embedding materials are the ox- "ice ides of silicates of aluminum, zirconium, thorium, beryllium, etc. the spinels of the formula MO.Al203 where MO is a bivalent metal oxide such as MgO, MnO, CaO, NiO, COO, etc. refractory carbides such as silicon carbide, and mixtures of such compounds.
  • FIG. l is a side cross sectional view of a throat installation made according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view of a single sector.
  • F lG. 3 is a top plan view of the completed throat.
  • FIG. 4 is a detail end view of a joint between two throat members.
  • FIG. 1 shows the roof of a boiler which includes a ring lining ⁇ or supporting member 10, a ring of fire clay with refractory tile lining 12 at the interior surface and the nozzle 13 for supplying the fuel.
  • Said nozzle 13 is centrally located with respect to the throat 20 but there is considerable space therebetween to permit the passage of air into the boiler.
  • Conveniently throats are made to substantially fill the space between the rings formed by fire clay 11 and tile 12.
  • the throat of the present invention is formed of thin ⁇ sections so that, while retaining the venturi shape of the opening, a hollow space 21 is formed between the throat and the ring. A reduction in weight of about is achieved by this thin wall construction.
  • the throat 20 is formed of a plurality of sectors 22 (18 in the one shown) which are fitted together and held within the metal supporting ring 23.
  • the ring 23 includes the interior annular abutment 33, and the inwardly projecting ⁇ annular flange 34 which supports and hold-s the throat pieces from the inlet side of the throat.
  • the inner ends or sides 27 of the throat members contact the Wall 12 to define the hollow region 21.
  • the 18 sectors 22 combined are large enough so that they fit tightly into the ring 23 and are under some compression at room temperature. Since such bodies have a positive index of thermal expansion, the compressive stress increases as the temperature increases during use.
  • the separate sectors 22 are united by any suitable cement as they are assembled to form the complete throat.
  • each sector 22 has a simple grooved edge 25 at one side and a tongue 26 adapted to interfit with the grooved edge 25 of the next sector, at the opposite edge.
  • each sector also includes a number of openings 28 and supporting ring 23 also contains a series of spaced orifices 29.
  • air also passes through orifice 29 into the hollow region 21 and out through orifices 28 which in effect are transpiration cooling orifices.
  • the ring 23 is attached to the rings 10 and 11 by bolts 3i) and nuts 31.
  • the entire throat of 18 sectors 22 and the ring 23 is assembled loutside of the boiler and can then be lowered from the burner opening inthe boiler roof, accurately positioned in the ring 10, 11 and secured thereto by one man.
  • a burner throat constructed of 18 segments 22 made of the stainless steel reinforcement such as Sicoride AM 38 embedded in a sintered mass of alumina, beryllia and zirconium oxide particles has a softening point of about 3700 F. (about 2040 C), a density of about 3.9, a thermal expansion of 8.5 106, relatively high thermal conductivity, compressive strength of 450,000 p.s.i. etc., and with a diameter of about 16" weighs about 45 lbs.
  • This throat is resistant to thermal shock and to spalling and operates very satisfactorily although it weighs only about 10% of that of a solid throat.
  • the venturi throat is internally cooled by passing combustion air through its hollow structure and the same air further cools the hot face through transpiration by way of the pores or holes 28 of the structure.
  • a combustion apparatus including a combustion chamber having one Wall yprovided with a circular inlet opening and a concentrically positioned nozzle extending from the outer side of said wall ⁇ for the injection of fuel through said circular opening, an improved throat construction comprising a plurality of intertting segments united to form a venturi throat extending radially inwardly from the periphery of said circular opening,
  • each of said segments being of relatively thin-walled construction defined by two outer, circumferenceforming edges, sloping inwardly to form the venturi constriction in the assembled throat, one of said circumference-torming edges being adjacent the outer side of said wall and the other of said circumferenceforming edges being adjacent the inner side of said wall,
  • said metal ring having an interior shoulder portion adapted to embrace that circumference-forming edge of the composite segments which is adjacent the outer side of said walls,
  • the circumference-forming edges of the composite segments which are adjacent the inner side of said wall being constructed to Contact said wall at the inner edge of said circular opening whereby the de- 5 tine a hollow region between the surface of the opening in said wall and the outer circumferential surface of the composite intertting segments.
  • each or" said segments has at least one open-ing extending therethrough in the region thereof nearest the inner side of said wall
  • said ring member having at least one opening extending into the hollow region between the throat segments and the circular opening in said wall of the combastion apparatus whereby said openings in said segments and said ring mem-ber constitute transpiration openings for cooling said throat.
  • a combustion apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said wall with the circular opening is the roof of a roof-tired boiler.
  • each of said sectors comprises one side edge portion in the form of a groove and one side edge -port-ion in the form of a tongue intertitting with the side edge groove in the adjacent sector.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)

Description

United States Patent O 3,215,698 BURNER THRQAT Christian E. Nelson, Highland Lakes, NJ., assigner to National Beryllia Corp., Haskell, Nd., a corporation of New `Iersey Filed Sept. 26, 1963, Ser. No. 311,720 4 Claims. (Cl. 110-1) This invention relates to a refractory burner throat for boilers, steam generators, heat exchangers or similar combustion devices fired with fossil fuels or waste materials. The device of the invention is particularly suited for roof-fired applications where suspension of refractory materials is a requisite, but is also applicable to other forms of installations in these devices.
Among the objects of the invention is to provide a highly refractory burner throat which has an increased useful life-span, and low installation and maintenance costs.
Refractory burner throats employed in combustion furnaces are shaped like a venturi tube so as to provide a suction to draw air or other combustion supporting gases into the furnace and are subject to frequent failures which our investigation has shown to be due to a number of causes, such `as insufficient ancho-rage for the relatively heavy mass, thermal spalling due in part to tensions set up by the anchoring means for the heavy refractory mass, and chemical attack by the fuel oil ash, etc., which results in slag formation.
Among other objects of the invention is to provide a refractory throat for roof fired boilers which is of relatively light weight and is easy to install.
Among further objects of the invention is to provide a venturi throat having controlled perforations or pores providing a positive ow of cooling air over the hot face thereof to provide hot face temperature control by transpiration cooling.
Another object of the invention is to provide a venturi throat of hollow construction for high temperature applications so as to provide an internal chamber into which air is piped from an adjacent wind box to provide internal cooling for the device.
Among further objects of the invention is to provide a burner throat construction in which the refractory material of the throat is placed under compressive stress so as to avoid failure due to unequal tensions such as may be `set up by thermal gradients.
Among still further objects of the invention is to provide a burner throat which is highly refractory, highly resistant to chemical attack and which has relatively high thermal conductivity. The high thermal conductivity of the throat of the invention reduces the thermal gradient thereof and improves the thermal shock resistance of the body.
These and other objects of the invention are attained by constructing the throat of a plurality of separate sectors, so constructed that they can be placed under compression when assembled, said sectors being formed with relatively thin walls and shaped to cooperate with the wall to which they are attached to form a hollow chamber between the sectors and the wall.
Preferred materials for constructing the throat of the invention are oxide-metallic systems comprising sintered ceramic oxide particles bonded with the aid of metallic particle or metallic base materials such as metallic base sponge coated on both hot and cold faces with a refractory oxide. Thus the throat sectors preferably comprise an interior refractory metal reinforcement, for example, a sponge or expanded refractory metal, embedded in refractory oxide materials. Examples of the internal metal reinforcement are expanded sheets of stainless steels, nickel or nickelcobalt alloys, etc. Examples of the refractory oxide coating or embedding materials are the ox- "ice ides of silicates of aluminum, zirconium, thorium, beryllium, etc. the spinels of the formula MO.Al203 where MO is a bivalent metal oxide such as MgO, MnO, CaO, NiO, COO, etc. refractory carbides such as silicon carbide, and mixtures of such compounds.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds.
In the accompanying drawing:
FIG. l is a side cross sectional view of a throat installation made according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of a single sector.
F lG. 3 is a top plan view of the completed throat.
FIG. 4 is a detail end view of a joint between two throat members.
FIG. 1 shows the roof of a boiler which includes a ring lining `or supporting member 10, a ring of fire clay with refractory tile lining 12 at the interior surface and the nozzle 13 for supplying the fuel. Said nozzle 13 is centrally located with respect to the throat 20 but there is considerable space therebetween to permit the passage of air into the boiler. Conveniently throats are made to substantially fill the space between the rings formed by fire clay 11 and tile 12. The throat of the present invention is formed of thin `sections so that, while retaining the venturi shape of the opening, a hollow space 21 is formed between the throat and the ring. A reduction in weight of about is achieved by this thin wall construction.
The throat 20 is formed of a plurality of sectors 22 (18 in the one shown) which are fitted together and held within the metal supporting ring 23. The ring 23 includes the interior annular abutment 33, and the inwardly projecting `annular flange 34 which supports and hold-s the throat pieces from the inlet side of the throat. The inner ends or sides 27 of the throat members contact the Wall 12 to define the hollow region 21. The 18 sectors 22 combined are large enough so that they fit tightly into the ring 23 and are under some compression at room temperature. Since such bodies have a positive index of thermal expansion, the compressive stress increases as the temperature increases during use. The separate sectors 22 are united by any suitable cement as they are assembled to form the complete throat. Epoxy resin has been found to be very satisfactory for cementing the rsectors together. As shown in FIGS. 2 and 4, each sector 22 has a simple grooved edge 25 at one side and a tongue 26 adapted to interfit with the grooved edge 25 of the next sector, at the opposite edge.
The forward end 27 of each sector also includes a number of openings 28 and supporting ring 23 also contains a series of spaced orifices 29. Thus air also passes through orifice 29 into the hollow region 21 and out through orifices 28 which in effect are transpiration cooling orifices.
The ring 23 is attached to the rings 10 and 11 by bolts 3i) and nuts 31. The entire throat of 18 sectors 22 and the ring 23 is assembled loutside of the boiler and can then be lowered from the burner opening inthe boiler roof, accurately positioned in the ring 10, 11 and secured thereto by one man.
In an actual example, a burner throat constructed of 18 segments 22 made of the stainless steel reinforcement such as Sicoride AM 38 embedded in a sintered mass of alumina, beryllia and zirconium oxide particles has a softening point of about 3700 F. (about 2040 C), a density of about 3.9, a thermal expansion of 8.5 106, relatively high thermal conductivity, compressive strength of 450,000 p.s.i. etc., and with a diameter of about 16" weighs about 45 lbs. This throat is resistant to thermal shock and to spalling and operates very satisfactorily although it weighs only about 10% of that of a solid throat.
Thus, in the construction shown, the venturi throat is internally cooled by passing combustion air through its hollow structure and the same air further cools the hot face through transpiration by way of the pores or holes 28 of the structure.
The features and principles underlying the invention described above in connection with specific exemplications will suggest t those skilled in the art many other modifications thereof. It is accordingly desired that the appended claims shall not be limited to any specic feature or details thereof.
I claim:
1. In a combustion apparatus including a combustion chamber having one Wall yprovided with a circular inlet opening and a concentrically positioned nozzle extending from the outer side of said wall `for the injection of fuel through said circular opening, an improved throat construction comprising a plurality of intertting segments united to form a venturi throat extending radially inwardly from the periphery of said circular opening,
each of said segments being of relatively thin-walled construction defined by two outer, circumferenceforming edges, sloping inwardly to form the venturi constriction in the assembled throat, one of said circumference-torming edges being adjacent the outer side of said wall and the other of said circumferenceforming edges being adjacent the inner side of said wall,
a metal ring circumferentially held on the outer side of said wall with the interior portion of the ring extending radially within said circular opening,
said metal ring having an interior shoulder portion adapted to embrace that circumference-forming edge of the composite segments which is adjacent the outer side of said walls,
lsaid metal ring also having a flange portion embracing a substantial portion of the outer circumferential surface of the composite segments which is adjacent the outer side of said wall,
the circumference-forming edges of the composite segments which are adjacent the inner side of said wall being constructed to Contact said wall at the inner edge of said circular opening whereby the de- 5 tine a hollow region between the surface of the opening in said wall and the outer circumferential surface of the composite intertting segments.
2. A combustion apparatus as denne-d in claim 1, wherein each or" said segments has at least one open-ing extending therethrough in the region thereof nearest the inner side of said wall,
said ring member having at least one opening extending into the hollow region between the throat segments and the circular opening in said wall of the combastion apparatus whereby said openings in said segments and said ring mem-ber constitute transpiration openings for cooling said throat.
3. A combustion apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein said wall with the circular opening is the roof of a roof-tired boiler.
4. A combustion apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein each of said sectors comprises one side edge portion in the form of a groove and one side edge -port-ion in the form of a tongue intertitting with the side edge groove in the adjacent sector.
References Cited by the Examiner JAMES w. WESTHAVER, Primary Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. IN A COMBUSTION APPARATUS INCLUDING A COMBUSTION CHAMBER HAVING ONE WALL PROVIDED WITH A CIRCULAR INLET OPENING AND A CONCENTRICALLY POSITIONED NOZZLE EXTENDING FROM THE OUTER SIDE OF SAID WALL FOR THE INJECTION OF FUEL THROUGH SAID CIRCULAR OPENING, AN IMPROVED THROAT CONSTRUCTION COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF INTERFITTING SEGMENTS UNITED TO FORM A VENTURI THROAT EXTENDING RADIALLY INWARDLY FROM THE PERIPHERY OF SAID CIRCULAR OPENING, EACH OF SAID SEGMENTS BEIONG OF RELATIVELY THIN-WALLED CONSTRUCTION DEFINED BY TWO OUTER, CIRCUMFERENCEFORMING EDGES, SLOPING INWARDLY TO FORM THE VENTURI CONSTRICTION IN THE ASSEMBLED THROAT, ONE OF SAID CIRCUMFERENCE-FORMING EDGES BEING ADJACENT THE OUTER SIDE OF SAID WALL AND THE OTHER OF SAIAD CIRCUMFERENCEFORMING EDGES BEING ADJACENT THE INNER SIDE OF SAID WALL, A METAL RING CIRCUMFERENTIALLY HELD ON THE OUTER SIDE OF SAID WALL WITH THE INTERIOR PORTION OF THE RING EXTENDING RADIALLY WITHIN SAID CIRCULAR OPENING, SAID METAL RIONG HAVING AN INTERIOR SHOULDER PORTION ADAPTED TO EMBRACE THAT CIRCUMFERENCE-FORMING EDGE OF THE COMPOSITE SEGMENTS WHICH IS ADJACENT THE OUTER SIDE OF SAID WALLS, SAID METAL RING ALSO HAVING A FLANGE PORTION EMBRACING A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF THE OUTER CIRCUMFERENTIAL SURFACE OF THE COMPOSITE SEGMENTS WHICH IS ADJACENT THE OUTER SIDE OF SAID WALLS, THE CIRCUMFERENCE-FORMING EDGES OF THE COMPOSITE SEGMENTS WHICH ARE ADJACENT THE INNER SIDE OF SAID WALL BEING CONSTRUCTED TO CONTACT SAID WALL AT THE INNER EDGE OF SAID CIRCULAR OPENING WHEREBY THE DEFINE A HOLLOW REGION BETWEEN THE SURFACE OF THE OPENING IN SAID WALL AND THE OUTER CIRCUMFERENTIAL SURFACE OF THE COMPOSITE INTERFITTING SEGMENTS.
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0060236A3 (en) * 1981-03-10 1982-11-24 Hb Megaron Apparatus for firing solid fuels
US4445444A (en) * 1982-08-12 1984-05-01 Texaco Inc. Burner for combusting oxygen-coal mixture
US5220786A (en) * 1991-03-08 1993-06-22 General Electric Company Thermally protected venturi for combustor dome
WO2006089496A1 (en) * 2005-02-24 2006-08-31 Diz Bohemia S.R.O Connecting mouth for a combustion burner
US20070207418A1 (en) * 2006-02-09 2007-09-06 Fosbel Intellectual Limited Refractory burner tiles having improved emissivity and combustion apparatus employing the same
US20090081601A1 (en) * 2007-09-25 2009-03-26 United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Flame Holder System

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1393647A (en) * 1920-04-02 1921-10-11 Frank J Spillane Arch for fireboxes
US1532041A (en) * 1922-03-16 1925-03-31 David H Couch Pulverized-fuel burner
US1957098A (en) * 1931-07-13 1934-05-01 Detrick M H Co Furnace construction
US2126417A (en) * 1938-08-09 Burner installation for boilers
US2192682A (en) * 1938-11-16 1940-03-05 Peabody Engineering Corp Refractory burner throat
US2447482A (en) * 1945-04-25 1948-08-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp Turbine apparatus
US2791977A (en) * 1950-08-03 1957-05-14 Bernitz Furnace Appliance Comp Refractory burner rings for furnace walls

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2126417A (en) * 1938-08-09 Burner installation for boilers
US1393647A (en) * 1920-04-02 1921-10-11 Frank J Spillane Arch for fireboxes
US1532041A (en) * 1922-03-16 1925-03-31 David H Couch Pulverized-fuel burner
US1957098A (en) * 1931-07-13 1934-05-01 Detrick M H Co Furnace construction
US2192682A (en) * 1938-11-16 1940-03-05 Peabody Engineering Corp Refractory burner throat
US2447482A (en) * 1945-04-25 1948-08-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp Turbine apparatus
US2791977A (en) * 1950-08-03 1957-05-14 Bernitz Furnace Appliance Comp Refractory burner rings for furnace walls

Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0060236A3 (en) * 1981-03-10 1982-11-24 Hb Megaron Apparatus for firing solid fuels
US4445444A (en) * 1982-08-12 1984-05-01 Texaco Inc. Burner for combusting oxygen-coal mixture
US5220786A (en) * 1991-03-08 1993-06-22 General Electric Company Thermally protected venturi for combustor dome
WO2006089496A1 (en) * 2005-02-24 2006-08-31 Diz Bohemia S.R.O Connecting mouth for a combustion burner
US20070207418A1 (en) * 2006-02-09 2007-09-06 Fosbel Intellectual Limited Refractory burner tiles having improved emissivity and combustion apparatus employing the same
US20090081601A1 (en) * 2007-09-25 2009-03-26 United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Flame Holder System
US8529249B2 (en) * 2007-09-25 2013-09-10 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration Flame holder system
US10072840B2 (en) 2007-09-25 2018-09-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Administator Of Nasa Flame holder system

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