US3203887A - Fluid treatment - Google Patents

Fluid treatment Download PDF

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Publication number
US3203887A
US3203887A US44117A US4411760A US3203887A US 3203887 A US3203887 A US 3203887A US 44117 A US44117 A US 44117A US 4411760 A US4411760 A US 4411760A US 3203887 A US3203887 A US 3203887A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
stack
electrode
acid
fluid
gasket
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US44117A
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English (en)
Inventor
Chen William Kwo-Wei
Mintz Milton Sheldon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AMF Inc
Original Assignee
AMF Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to NL266911D priority Critical patent/NL266911A/xx
Application filed by AMF Inc filed Critical AMF Inc
Priority to US44117A priority patent/US3203887A/en
Priority to GB25802/61A priority patent/GB913403A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3203887A publication Critical patent/US3203887A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
    • B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
    • B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
    • B01D61/52—Accessories; Auxiliary operation

Definitions

  • Another object of this invention is to provide an electrodialysis stack which can be operated for longer periods of time without requiring service due to precipitation within the stack.
  • a further object of this invention is to provide a less costly electrodialysis stack which can operate for longer periods unattended.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an electrodialysis stack
  • FIG. 2 is a vertical longitudinal section through the electrodialysis stack
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a fragment of one end of a gasket and an adjacent membrane
  • FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the elements forming the electrodialysis stack.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 show an assembled electrodialysis stack, generally designated by the numeral 29.
  • the stack 29 is clamped between two end plates 30 and 31, which may be steel or other rigid material, by tightening the bolts 32 and drawing the end plates together.
  • Heavier blocks of electrical insulating material 33 and 34 may be disposed inside the end plates 3,Zh3,83? Patented Aug. 31, 1965 3t? and 31 so that the bolts 32 are disposed beyond the center of the stack 29 and electrically insulated from it.
  • the end plate 3%) and block 33 have the electrode chamber vent pipe 35 fixed into them.
  • the end plate 3th also receives the intake pipes 39 and 4-1).
  • the end plate 31 receives the product and concentrate pipes 41 and 42 and the electrode chamber vent pipe 37.
  • these pipes 35, 37, 39, 40, 41 and 42 lead to fluid flow apertures 64, 74, 61, 62, 70 and 71, respectively, which are formed in the elements comprising the stack 29.
  • These fluid flow apertures in the stack elements form manifold passages within the stack 29.
  • a gasket is an elongated rectangle in its external shape with a central rectangular cutout portion 52. Pairs of fluid flow apertures 45 and 46 at each end of the gasket 54 form manifold passages. Communicating from one of these fluid flow apertures 4-5 or 46 to the cutout chamber 52 are the small passages 47. Thus each end of the gasket 5t? contains small passages 47 communicating with oppositely disposed fluid flow apertures to form hydraulic connections.
  • a membrane 43 lies next to each side of each gasket 56.
  • the membrane 48 contains manifold apertures corresponding to those formed in the gaskets 50. Within the central cutout portion in each gasket it) there may be placed a screen spacer element 57.
  • FIGS. 2 and 4 show the arranged elements of an electrodialysis stack embodying this invention.
  • a steel plate 30 or other reinforcement member, a plastic block 33, and an insulating sheet contain the two fluid intake aperture 61 and 62 and also the electrode chamber vent aperture 64.
  • Below the insulating sheet 65 lies the gasket 66 which is considerably thicker than the cell forming gaskets 5% so that its central opening 63 will provide a large electrode chamber.
  • the electrode chamber 63 contains the electrode 67 which may be of platinum foil or other suitable material.
  • An electrical connection 68 extends from this electrode to be connected to a suitable current source. The connection 68 may also be seen in FIG. 1.
  • a sheet 69 of a porous non-woven material which is suificiently porous to allow either anions or cations to pass while it resists the attack of chlorine or other degradation agents generated at an electrode.
  • This sheet 69 may be made of any porous, relatively inert material.
  • this invention operates in the following manner. Fluid to be treated flows into the stack through pipes 39 and 40 to pass through the fluid flow apertures 61 and 62. That fluid which passes through the fluid flow apertures 61 passes through the central cutout portions 52C of the alternate gaskets 50A. The fluid which passes through the fluid flow apertures 62 would, in a like manner, pass through the central cutout portions 52D of the alternate gaskets 5013.
  • the membranes 48A were anion permeable membranes and the membranes 48K were cation permeable membranes, and if the electrodes 67 and 72 were connected to a direct current source so that the electrode 67 was a cathode and the electrode 72 was an anode, concentrating cells would be formed within the cutout portions 52C and diluting cells would be formed within the cutout portions 5213. Thus a dilute or product stream would flow from the stack through the fluid flow apertures 70 while a concentrate stream flowed from the stack through the fluid flow apertures 71.
  • an anion permeable membrane 48A is placed adjacent to each electrode compartment.
  • the enlarged electrode compartments 63 are each packed with a cake 25 of a solid acid salt, for example, in a stagnant acid filled volume.
  • a solid acid salt which may be used is sodium bisulfate.
  • Organic acids may also be used such as oxalic or citric. Meta phosphoric acid also works.
  • the acid salt or solid acid may be packed into cakes as shown, it may be packed loosely into the electrode cells, or liquid solutions of an acid may be used.
  • the invention includes use of a reserve acid supply, preferably packed into the electrode chamber.
  • the electrode compartments or cells 63 are vented to the atmosphere by the pipes 35 and 37.
  • the upward extensions 20 and 21 of these pipes 35 and 37 terminate in the closures 22.
  • the closures 22 each have a cover 23 held over them by a hinge 24.
  • the covers 23 may be swung aside to introduce fluid into the electrode chambers through a suitable filtering material 26 which is placed within the closures 22.
  • the lids 23 contain the small vent apertures 27 which allow gases generated at the electrodes to escape into the atmosphere.
  • the electrode 67 When the electrode 67 functions as a cathode, fluid within this cathode chamber is a saturated solution of the acid salt with which the cathode compartment is packed. Therefore, any base produced at the cathode is immediately counteracted by the solution. Since an anion permeable membrane 48A is adjacent to each electrode compartment, there is no electroendosmotic water transfer into the cathode compartment. Water transfer by electroendosmosis is directed out of the cathode compartment, but an equilibrium is maintained by normal osmosis which results in water transfer into the cell by virtue of its high acid concentration.
  • this electrodialysis stack could operate over a very long period of time before the available acid salt packed in the cathode compartment was used up counteracting the base produced at the cathode.
  • This construction allows an inexpensive electrodialysis stack to be assembled to operate over a long period of time without the need for expensive acid feeding apparatus.
  • both electrode compartments are packed with a suitable acid salt, there may be periodic electrical reversal of the stack (preferably every half hour).
  • the current source would be reversed so that the electrode 72 functioned as a cathode and the electrode 67 functioned as an anode.
  • the gaskets A would contain diluting cells, while the gaskets 50B contained concentrating cells, and the dilute stream would flow from the stack through the fluid flow apertures 71 while the concentrate stream flowed through the fluid flow apertures 70.
  • the electrode compartment containing the anode would receive water by electroendosmosis but there need be no fluid or acid loss if a standpipe 20 or 21 is provided having a suitable volume to accommodate the water carried into the anode compartment by electroendosmosis for a given period of time before electrical reversal. Upon electrical reversal, the electrode compartment which was functioning as an anode would now function as a cathode and excess water would be transferred back into the body of the stack with no loss of the acid salt in solution through the anion permeable membrane.
  • the stack may be constructed so that a concentrate cell is adjacent to the cathode.
  • the acid may be permitted to diffuse into the adjacent concentrating cell.
  • electrodialysis stack While a given construction of an electrodialysis stack is shown having parallel flow through it, this invention is not limited to any particular stack construction. It may be used in any electrodialysis stack utilizing series flow, parallel flow or any combination thereof. This invention may be used in stacks which are built up as shown in this application, or it may be used in connection with circular or other stack construction.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
US44117A 1960-07-20 1960-07-20 Fluid treatment Expired - Lifetime US3203887A (en)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL266911D NL266911A (pm) 1960-07-20
US44117A US3203887A (en) 1960-07-20 1960-07-20 Fluid treatment
GB25802/61A GB913403A (en) 1960-07-20 1961-07-17 Apparatus for treating liquids electrolytically

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US44117A US3203887A (en) 1960-07-20 1960-07-20 Fluid treatment

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3203887A true US3203887A (en) 1965-08-31

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US44117A Expired - Lifetime US3203887A (en) 1960-07-20 1960-07-20 Fluid treatment

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US (1) US3203887A (pm)
GB (1) GB913403A (pm)
NL (1) NL266911A (pm)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4525259A (en) * 1983-11-10 1985-06-25 Electrochem International, Inc. Method and apparatus for electrodialysis

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2810686A (en) * 1954-11-09 1957-10-22 Rohm & Haas Electrolytic treatment of waste sulfate pickle liquor
US2855280A (en) * 1956-06-15 1958-10-07 Mine Safety Appliances Co Colorimetric determination
US2937126A (en) * 1957-08-13 1960-05-17 Ionics Electrodialysis demineralization
US2995425A (en) * 1957-12-24 1961-08-08 S L F Engineering Company Apparatus for continuously colorimetrically analyzing fluids for chemical components
US3003940A (en) * 1961-01-05 1961-10-10 Ionics Method of preventing fouling of anion selective membranes
US3017338A (en) * 1958-03-03 1962-01-16 Diamond Alkali Co Electrolytic process and apparatus

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2810686A (en) * 1954-11-09 1957-10-22 Rohm & Haas Electrolytic treatment of waste sulfate pickle liquor
US2855280A (en) * 1956-06-15 1958-10-07 Mine Safety Appliances Co Colorimetric determination
US2937126A (en) * 1957-08-13 1960-05-17 Ionics Electrodialysis demineralization
US2995425A (en) * 1957-12-24 1961-08-08 S L F Engineering Company Apparatus for continuously colorimetrically analyzing fluids for chemical components
US3017338A (en) * 1958-03-03 1962-01-16 Diamond Alkali Co Electrolytic process and apparatus
US3003940A (en) * 1961-01-05 1961-10-10 Ionics Method of preventing fouling of anion selective membranes

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4525259A (en) * 1983-11-10 1985-06-25 Electrochem International, Inc. Method and apparatus for electrodialysis

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL266911A (pm)
GB913403A (en) 1962-12-19

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