US3185087A - Thermographic duplicating process - Google Patents

Thermographic duplicating process Download PDF

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Publication number
US3185087A
US3185087A US223776A US22377662A US3185087A US 3185087 A US3185087 A US 3185087A US 223776 A US223776 A US 223776A US 22377662 A US22377662 A US 22377662A US 3185087 A US3185087 A US 3185087A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
sheet
copy
transfer
layer
master
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US223776A
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English (en)
Inventor
Douglas A Newman
Harold F E Dixon
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Columbia Ribbon and Carbon Manufacturing Co Inc
International Business Machines Corp
Original Assignee
Columbia Ribbon and Carbon Manufacturing Co Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Columbia Ribbon and Carbon Manufacturing Co Inc filed Critical Columbia Ribbon and Carbon Manufacturing Co Inc
Priority to US223776A priority Critical patent/US3185087A/en
Priority to CH1092563A priority patent/CH446406A/de
Priority to DEC30887A priority patent/DE1240531B/de
Priority to GB35934/63A priority patent/GB1041607A/en
Priority to FR947426A priority patent/FR1378923A/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3185087A publication Critical patent/US3185087A/en
Assigned to INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION reassignment INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: GREENE, IRA S., TRUSTEE OF COLUMBIA RIBBON AND CARBON MANUFACTURING CO. INC.
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Assigned to GREENE, IRA S. reassignment GREENE, IRA S. COURT APPOINTMENT (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: COLUMBIA RIBBON AND CARBON MANUFACTURING CO INC
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41M—PRINTING, DUPLICATING, MARKING, OR COPYING PROCESSES; COLOUR PRINTING
    • B41M5/00—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein
    • B41M5/025—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein by transferring ink from the master sheet
    • B41M5/04—Duplicating or marking methods; Sheet materials for use therein by transferring ink from the master sheet using solvent-soluble dyestuffs on the master sheets, e.g. alcohol-soluble

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the method of producing duplicate transferred images on a hectograph master sheet corresponding to original images by means of infrared radiation, and more particularly to the use in such method of hectograph master sheets having extremely level working surfaces.
  • the method generally comprises the steps of superposing original infrared radiation-absorbing images with a transfer sheet having a layer of radiationimrnune heat-transferable coloring composition and a hectograph master sheet.
  • infra-red radiation is directed against the sheets where it is absorbedv by the original images, converted to heat and conducted to the transfer layer which becomes softened and transfers to the master sheet in areas corresponding to the, superposed location of the original images.
  • thermographic imaging process it has been found that conventional hectograph master sheets cannot be used in the thermographic imaging process because they consist of paper stock which tends to absorb some of the infrared radiation and which insulates the heated original images from the layer of heat-transferable hectograph composition.
  • thermographic imaging In the search for suitable master sheets for thermographic imaging, many thin translucent papers have been tested and, although many of .these papers appeared identical in nearly all respects including Bekk and Sheffield smoothness of their working surfaces, it was foundthat some of these papers functioned very well in the thermographic process while other seemingly-identical papers functioned poorly in that the hectograph composition transferred thereto in a spotty and irregular fashion.
  • thermographic process it is the object of this invention to provide hectograph master sheets which may be consistently uniformly and sharply imaged in the thermographic process.
  • FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic cross-section, to an enlarged scale, of a segment of a master sheet according to this invention illustrating the glazed surface thereof.
  • PEG. 2 is a diagrammatic cross-section, to an enlarged scale, of a segment of a conventional master sheetillustrating the relatively rough surface thereof.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic cross-section, to an enlarged scale, of an imaged original sheet, a master sheet and a hectograph transfer sheet superposed under the effects of infrared radiation but separated for purposes of illustration.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the master sheet and the transfer sheet of FIG. 1 after the transfer has taken place.
  • the object of this invention has been accomplished by the discovery that it is not the smoothness of the surface of the master sheet, as the term smoothness is conven- 3,185,337 l atenied May 25, 1965 tionally used in the paper art, but rather the planal levelness of the master sheet surface which is critical.
  • thermographic transfer process depends upon at least two critical features.
  • the transfer layer must have the ability of becoming soft and somewhat tacky when heated to the thermographic temperature.
  • the master sheet must be in perfect surface contact with the transfer layer so that the latter can. adhere thereto completely in areas where tackified. Where the contact is imperfect, the adhesion will be imperfect, adhesion being e'fiected principally in the raised areas of the master surface so that imperfect or spotty images will be stripped from the transfer layer onto the master sheet upon separation of the sheets.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 of the drawing compare the smooth surface of a conventional calendered sheet, shown in FIG. 2, with the level surface of a glazed sheet as used according to the invention.
  • the glazed sheet 1% of .FIG. 1 has a level surface 12 with minutely narrow channels or ripples 11 therein. These channels are a result of steam entrapment during the glazing process whereby substantially the total surface of the sheet is heat glazed and leveled against a heated metal roll while a few minute low channels are formed by small amounts of steam trapped betweenthe roll and the paper.
  • the calendered sheet 19 of FIG. 2 has a relatively smooth surface with numerous low valleys 21 and raised peaks 22 therein.
  • the valleys are sufiiciently deep so that they are non-receptive or poorly receptive to a transfer layer heat softened in contact with the sheet while the raised peaks are receptive of the transfer layer but are so spaced as to receive the same in a spotty, discontinuous manner.
  • the planal levelness of a paper surface or the amount of contact which the surface will have with another surface pressed in contact therewith is determined by the Chapman contact test and measured by means of an Alinco Model 55 tester or the like.
  • the theory of operation of the Chapman test is fully described in an article by S'. M. Chapman appearing in the Pulp Pa r Mag. Cart, vol. 48, No. 3, February 1947, at pages to 148.
  • the test provides an optical measurement of the proportion of the surface of a paper which is in true surface contact with a smooth glass prism. This is detercontact with the prism, the light rays striking the paper will be diffracted in all directions andwill enter the glass prism directly from all directions and angles. In areas where the paper is not in true contact with the prism, there is an amount of air separating the paper surface and the prism and the light reflected back by the paper sheet must pass through this air space before entering the prism. The air refracts the light rays so that all light passing into the glass prism through an air space enters the prism at an angle no greater than 41 from the perpendicular.
  • the Chapman F value is determined as a ratio of the reading of the one phototube over the reading of the other.
  • the glazed surface master papers suitable for use according to this invention are those having an average Chapman P value of at least about 12. The average values are arrived at by taking the average of five readings over various locations on the paper sheet which is im pressed against the glass prism under a pressure of 700 pounds per square inch.
  • the Nekoosa-Edwards 8 lb. stock of the above table was compared with the prior art Eslee-ck. 100% rag white stock in both the Bekk and Shefield testing apparatus.
  • the Bekk smoothness of the Nekoosa-Edwards stock was 9 as compared with 163 for the Esleeck stock, and of course a higher Bekk value indicates a greater period of time required to draw a given amount of air, and thus a greater smoothness.
  • the Sheflield smoothness of the Nekoosa- Edwards stock was 114 as compared with 68 for the Esleeck stock, and a lower Shefi'ield value indicates a smaller amount of air escaping over the paper surface, "and thus a greater smoothness.
  • the Nekoosa-Edwards stock has twice the planal levelness and percent contact that the Esleeck stock has.
  • the master papers of this invention have a glazed working surface and are cast on a highly polished heated metal roll in a manner well known to those skilled in the art of paper manufacture.
  • the working surface of the paper takes on the planal levelness of the polished metal roll except in areas where steam is trapped between the paper and the roll. The steam forces its way around the circumference of the roll in an attempt to escape, and as a result the paper surface is left with a few minutely narrow but comparatively deep channels which have little or no efifect upon the general image-receptivity of the overall sheet.
  • the present master papers are imaged in conventional manner using any suitable thermographic device such as a ThermoFax machine or a flatbed apparatus wherein a light source rich in infrared radiation may be directed
  • the infrared radiationabsorbing images may be present on a separate original sheet or may be present on the oopy-receiving sheet.
  • the sheets are superposed so that the original sheet is on top and the infrared radiation-absorbing images thereon are the original images to become heated and soften corresponding areas of the transfer layer.
  • the softened transfer layer is tacky and adheres to the level surface of the master sheet.
  • the transfer material again hardens and, when the master sheet and transfer sheet are separated, mirror images 35:: remain bonded to the master sheet in areas corresponding to the imaged areas of the original sheet.
  • the thus-imaged master sheet is then used in the spirit duplicating process in conventional manner to produce numerous duplicate hectograph copies of the original subject matter.
  • thermographic method of imaging a copyreceiving sheet comprising the steps of:

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  • Thermal Transfer Or Thermal Recording In General (AREA)
US223776A 1960-09-22 1962-09-14 Thermographic duplicating process Expired - Lifetime US3185087A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US223776A US3185087A (en) 1960-09-22 1962-09-14 Thermographic duplicating process
CH1092563A CH446406A (de) 1960-09-22 1963-09-04 Thermographisches Verfahren zur Bildübertragung und Material zu dessen Durchführung
DEC30887A DE1240531B (de) 1960-09-22 1963-09-12 Thermographisches Kopierverfahren
GB35934/63A GB1041607A (en) 1960-09-22 1963-09-12 Thermographic duplicating set and process of using the same
FR947426A FR1378923A (fr) 1960-09-22 1963-09-13 Procédé de reproduction thermographique et liasse pour sa mise en oeuvre

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US5775660A 1960-09-22 1960-09-22
US223776A US3185087A (en) 1960-09-22 1962-09-14 Thermographic duplicating process

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3185087A true US3185087A (en) 1965-05-25

Family

ID=26736865

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US223776A Expired - Lifetime US3185087A (en) 1960-09-22 1962-09-14 Thermographic duplicating process

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US3185087A (de)
CH (1) CH446406A (de)
DE (1) DE1240531B (de)
FR (1) FR1378923A (de)
GB (1) GB1041607A (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3404995A (en) * 1965-09-20 1968-10-08 Columbia Ribbon Carbon Mfg Hectograph products and processes
US3706276A (en) * 1970-09-18 1972-12-19 Bell & Howell Co Thermal transfer sheet

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2947585A (en) * 1958-04-29 1960-08-02 Patsy J Fazio Elevating tray for automobiles
FR1228426A (fr) * 1958-04-04 1960-08-29 Ditto Procédé de production de copies à partir d'un original
US3048695A (en) * 1959-06-22 1962-08-07 Warren S D Co Copy method and apparatus

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1228426A (fr) * 1958-04-04 1960-08-29 Ditto Procédé de production de copies à partir d'un original
US2947585A (en) * 1958-04-29 1960-08-02 Patsy J Fazio Elevating tray for automobiles
US3048695A (en) * 1959-06-22 1962-08-07 Warren S D Co Copy method and apparatus

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3404995A (en) * 1965-09-20 1968-10-08 Columbia Ribbon Carbon Mfg Hectograph products and processes
US3706276A (en) * 1970-09-18 1972-12-19 Bell & Howell Co Thermal transfer sheet

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR1378923A (fr) 1964-11-20
GB1041607A (en) 1966-09-07
CH446406A (de) 1967-11-15
DE1240531B (de) 1967-05-18

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Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION (IBM C

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:GREENE, IRA S., TRUSTEE OF COLUMBIA RIBBON AND CARBON MANUFACTURING CO. INC.;REEL/FRAME:003933/0208

Effective date: 19811102

AS Assignment

Owner name: GREENE, IRA S 275 MADISON AVE.NEW YORK,N.Y.10016

Free format text: COURT APPOINTMENT;ASSIGNOR:COLUMBIA RIBBON AND CARBON MANUFACTURING CO INC;REEL/FRAME:004035/0217

Effective date: 19820629