US3176307A - Method of and apparatus for electrostatic recording - Google Patents

Method of and apparatus for electrostatic recording Download PDF

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Publication number
US3176307A
US3176307A US78391A US7839160A US3176307A US 3176307 A US3176307 A US 3176307A US 78391 A US78391 A US 78391A US 7839160 A US7839160 A US 7839160A US 3176307 A US3176307 A US 3176307A
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United States
Prior art keywords
electrode
web
character
electrostatic
recording
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Expired - Lifetime
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US78391A
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert J Dunlavey
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AT&T Teletype Corp
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Teletype Corp
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Publication date
Priority to NL272638D priority Critical patent/NL272638A/xx
Application filed by Teletype Corp filed Critical Teletype Corp
Priority to US78391A priority patent/US3176307A/en
Priority to GB43807/61A priority patent/GB926723A/en
Priority to CH1485261A priority patent/CH403809A/fr
Priority to BE611995A priority patent/BE611995A/fr
Priority to FR883181A priority patent/FR1312195A/fr
Priority to DET21344A priority patent/DE1263365B/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3176307A publication Critical patent/US3176307A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K15/00—Arrangements for producing a permanent visual presentation of the output data, e.g. computer output printers
    • G06K15/02—Arrangements for producing a permanent visual presentation of the output data, e.g. computer output printers using printers
    • G06K15/14—Arrangements for producing a permanent visual presentation of the output data, e.g. computer output printers using printers by electrographic printing, e.g. xerography; by magnetographic printing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/22—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20
    • G03G15/32—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise, e.g. by a thermal head
    • G03G15/321—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern involving the combination of more than one step according to groups G03G13/02 - G03G13/20 in which the charge pattern is formed dotwise, e.g. by a thermal head by charge transfer onto the recording material in accordance with the image
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S101/00—Printing
    • Y10S101/37—Printing employing electrostatic force

Definitions

  • This class of read-out device has developed in a number of different forms, :and generally the choice of which form will be employed is dependent upon the type of output information to be recorded and the rate of speed of transmission desired. The choice also may depend upon the type of input to be employed as well as the type of information to be reproduced at the output point.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of an electrostatic recording system
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an embodiment of electrostatic recording mechanism of a device such as that illustrated in FIG. 1 as well as associated circuits for recording information in the form of alphabetical and numerical symbols;
  • FIG. 3 shows in detail an embodiment of a character of a recording wheel of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a simple cross-sectional view more clearly illustrating the arrangement of elements of the instant invention.
  • FIG. 5 includes schematics and equivalent circuits comparing the instant invention to the conventional system.
  • the electrostatic recording device comprises a suitable framework 23 and may consist of a pair of vertical side plates with rods and support means on which the working parts are mounted.
  • the main components of the working parts are an electrostatic recording mechanism 2t) and a permanent image producing station 21.
  • a spindle 22 at the top of the framework 23 carries a supply roll 24 of recording web material which is fed from the roll as a continuous web 25 and drawn downwardly into recording and image producing stations 20 and 21.
  • a controlled tension is applied to the web by sliding plate 26 which rests on top of roll 24 and whose pressure may be varied by adjusting the longitudinal position of level weight 27.
  • the web after traveling through recording stage 20, goes through development mechanism 28 of image producing station 21 and passes through fuser 3G. The web thereafter goes up and around web advance roller 31 and out between this roller and idler roller 32.
  • triggering voltages derived from digital switching system 38 are applied to suitably shaped electrodes to effect a field discharge causing a charge transfer and forming an electrostatic latent image on the Web.
  • triggering voltages derived from digital switching system 38 are applied to suitably shaped electrodes to effect a field discharge causing a charge transfer and forming an electrostatic latent image on the Web.
  • the web proceeds downward from recording stage 20, it passes through the development mechanism 28 wherein the invisible electrostatic images are rendered visible by depositing thereon finely-divided material such as an ink mist or an electroscopic pigmented powder which adheres to the electrostatically charged image areas.
  • finely-divided material such as an ink mist or an electroscopic pigmented powder which adheres to the electrostatically charged image areas.
  • the particles are preferably charged to a polarity opposite to that of the polarity of the charge pattern by triboelectric charging or other means.
  • a suitable powder development mechanism for example, is shown in Patent 2,761,416, granted September 4, 1956, to Carlson, and other forms are shown and described in Carlson Patent 2,357,809 and in Walkup and Fauser Patent 2,573,881, and suitable mechanism for developing electrostatic images with an ink mist is disclosed in Carlson Patent 2,551,582.
  • the web passes through fuser 30 wherein the resin powder devel oped image or thermoplastic web surface or both are heated in a suitable oven to a temperature suiiicient to fuse the resin.
  • the fuser many serve merely as a heated drier for the ink or may dispensed with entirely.
  • the fuser consist of a chamber filled with air saturated with vapor or solvent for the resin images and not for the web material. Solvent is absorbed by the powder until it becomes tacky or semi-tluid and as the web leaves the fuscr the solvent evaporates leaving a fused and permanent image on the web.
  • the solvent for the plastic may be used, in which case it is possible to use infusible electroscopic powders as they become imbedded in the plastic or wait coating which is softened by heat or solvent as it passes through the fuser.
  • a suitable vapor fuser is disclosed in Carlson Patent 2,776,907.
  • the recording device includes a cylindrical drum 42 rotatably mounted and driven at a constant angular velocity. Circumferentially disposed at equi-spaced points about the drum are several groups of raised characters 53 of conductive material, each group constituting a ring. One ring of characters is provided for each column of recording and the cylinder extends generally across the printed page. The characters in each ring thereof are composed of the symbols A to Z and O to 9 so that both alphabetical and numerical information can be selectively recorded.
  • Web comprising insulating layer '71 overlying resistive layer 76 is arranged to pass with resistive layer 79 in contact with the rotating character drum.
  • Above the web is transversely disposed an array of stationary electrodes 55, one for each ring of characters.
  • the triggering pulse acts to raise the stress above the critical value to produce a field discharge in the area of the character and the web and in the shape of the character, and there is formed a charge pattern having the shape of the selected character on the insulating layer 71 of web 25.
  • a manner of. sequentially selecting the proper character ring and the particular character therein can involve the use of digital computer techniques as illustrated in this figure.
  • a disc 56 mounted on the left hand side of the character drum 52 and rotating therewith is a disc 56 containing a single magnetic mark 51.
  • a magnetic recording head 58 disposed adjacent the disc,
  • the second signal or energized line activates the gate only when the selected character is in line with the selected electrode. This is accomplished as follows: Magnetic marks 62 are imbedded at circumferentially spaced positions on the disc 63 attached to the right side of the drum, there being a magnetic mark for each character in the ring. These marks, which are aligned with the characters, are sensed by a magnetic head 64 disposed below disc'63 and transmitted to a character counter 65. The generation of the counting and shift pulses efiected by discs 56 and 63 may also be accomplished mechanically by toothed disc actuating suitable senor switches or other means known and conventionally used in the art.
  • the number in the character counter is compared in a comparison circuit 66 with the number inserted in a character register 57 by any suitable source of input digits, such as a magnetic tape system. When these two numbers agree, an output pulse is emitted by the comparison circuit es.
  • line 5 for example, is activated by a pulse from comparison circuit as, the gate 61 under line 5 will transmit a pulse through a voltage amplifier 68 to the fifth electrode 55 thus producing a charge pattern corresponding to the selected image.
  • the charge patterns may be developed on the insulating layer 71 and fused, if desired, by Uhe usual method.
  • the character drum in order to print each full line across the web, the character drum must complete as may revolutions as there are columns to be printed. If the angular velocity of the drum is made very high relative to the velocity of the web, the printed line will be substantially straight across. However, to cornpensate for any slanting or skewing which may occur in the printing, the drum may be placed at a slight angle relative to the paper or the rings may be displaced relative to each other. One such skewed arrangement is shown described in US. Patent 2,776,618 to Hartley.
  • character face 53 is shown as a raised type face.
  • the character faces may comprise conductive areas surrounded by insulated areas or lying in the same surface defining the edge of the wheel, or they may comprise areas of low work function material applied to a metal wheel of high work function material so that discharge will take place only from the image areas.
  • the various characters have been referred to as alphanumeric by which is meant a formed type or character comprising an alphabetical symbol or a numeral or the like.
  • the characters maybe of substantially any size, and if the resulting print is of characters of a small size, improved readability can be produced by Xerographic enlargement or photographic enlargement or the images may be optically projected for reading.
  • FIG. 4 shows a recording web '24, comprising insulating layer 71 overlying resistive layer '76 which is positioned in contact with character drum 42 and spaced from electrode or electrodes 55 with the insulating layer '71 facing electrode 55. After image formation at the printing gap between electrode 55' and character drum 42, web 25 is moved to developing mechanism 28 and the charge patterns on the surface of insulating layer 71 of web 25 are developed.
  • FIG. 5-A a schematic of the present invention
  • FIG. 5-B a schematic of conventional electrostatic printing devices.
  • FIG. 5-C the circuit arrangement of FIG.
  • FIG. S-B the conventional arrangement is illustrated wherein character electrode 53 is spaced from web 25 while web 25 is positioned in contact with backing electrode 55.
  • a preferred web material 25 is illustrated in FIG. 5-B and the critical material of this invention is illustrated in FIG. 5-A.
  • This material which is the same in both FIGS. 5-A and 5-B, comprise a layer of paper 70 or the like overcoated with an insulating plastic 71.
  • the paper 70 may be characterized as a resistive material.
  • the insulating coating 71 faces electrode 55 and the resistive backing 7t faces character electrode 53.
  • FIG. S-B insulating coating 71 faces character electrode 53 and resistive layer 70' is in contact with electrode 55.
  • layer 76 has been referred to as resistive or conductive, a critical value of conductivity or resistivity is required in connection with this invention.
  • this layer cannot be a pure conductor so that it acts as a shield which prevents the creation of the desidered field and electrostatic image formation in accordance with the concepts of field discharge involved herein.
  • it must be sufiiciently resistive to act substantially as an insulator during the time of pulsing or during the time of image formation.
  • its relaxation time should be sufficiently great to prevent resistive layer 70 from acting as a shield during image formation.
  • this layer should be sufiiciently conductive to allow dissipation of any spurious charges deposited during the moving contact between web 25 and electrode 53.
  • paper has been used as a medium having these desired characteristics and hence can be characterized as a charge dissipating layer.
  • the paper is treated to have a 3% water content at the time of manufacture and then wrapped in a waterproof container so that at the time of use it still has this content. It is believed that this water content is equivalent to paper allowed to absorb moisture from the air under normal humidity conditions generally above about 40% relative humidity.
  • the necessary resistivity of the paper is dependent on the time constant or width of the pulse applied between the electrodes. As an example of a Working arrangement, when using a 1500 volt pulse it has been found that the paper just described is operable within the scope of this invention using a pulse width between about 2 microseconds to about 1 second.
  • results in this range are nonlinear in that results up to about 400 microseconds seem about the same. Then between about milliseconds to about 100 milliseconds results are poor. They improve between about 215 milliseconds through about 1 second.
  • the electrical circuits in FIG. 5-C and 5-D include a comparison for a point on the coated paper in image areas and a point on the paper in fringe areas. Points 1 and F are such points respectively and are included in FIGS. 5-A, B, C and D. This distinction has been made since improved resolution is characteristic of images formed according to this invention as compared to conventional image formation, and an analysis of the circuit differences suggest a possible reason for the improved results.
  • the elements include C as the capacity of the paper coating, C as the capacity from the surface of the paper directly to the electrode. C is considerably larger than C which is the capacity from the fringe point to the character electrode. R is the resistance directly through the thickness of the paper while R is the much larger resistance from a point in the fringe area to the character electrode.
  • C the capacity of the paper coating
  • C the capacity from the surface of the paper directly to the electrode.
  • C is considerably larger than C which is the capacity from the fringe point to the character electrode.
  • R is the resistance directly through the thickness of the paper while R is the much larger resistance from a point in the fringe area to the character electrode.
  • FIG. 5-C one element is different in the two branches of the circuit and in FIG. 5-D one element is different in the two branches of the circuit.
  • the difference between printed or non-printed edge areas or electrostatic image resolution of the image may be determined by the diiference between R;, and R in the case of this invention, and between C and C in the case of conventional electrostatic printout systems. As should be apparent in both cases, this results in a difference in the electric field strength at the image and fringe points.
  • the resolution depends on the magnitude of the C /C ratio. This ratio is large at small gaps and such gaps are used to form images through electrostatic discharge phenomenon.
  • experience has shown that the best conventional images are made with as small a gap as the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the system permit. However, excessively small gaps hinder electrical discharge and create serious practical mechanical problems. Where the gap is made vary small, it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain the gap uniform.
  • resolution depends on the magnitude of the R /R ratio.
  • This ratio can be made very large simply by employing a thin paper layer, and generally the resistive layer is smaller than the gap of the conventional system.
  • a thin paper layer does not impede electrical discharge and does not call for any higher degree of mechanical perfection in the system.
  • resistive and capacitive ratios may play some part in producing images of better resolution.
  • the drum or" characters rotates at a much higher linear speed than does the web material.
  • the first reaction one has is that the web material would be abraded beyond repair by the rapidly rotating drum.
  • the web material has been wrapped about the drum over an arc of about 70 degrees and has been subjected to drum speeds of 12,000 revolutions per minute with the web material moving extremely slowly or standing stationary. Very slight burnishing occurs in areas of the columns.
  • the paper did not become abraded.
  • Experiments were also conducted using character drums having plastic filling material in order to present a smooth surface. The resalts were substantially the same as those including raised characters.
  • gaps have een included between the backing electrode and the web material. With air in the gap, a gap of about 4 r mils and a pulse amplitude of about 900 volts has been found optimum for highest quality printing. It has also been found that an increase or decrease in gap requires a commensurate increase or decrease in voltage of about 160 volts per mil change. Generally, however, it is preferred to operate above about 3 mils of air gap. Typically, when employing a gap of 3 mils or less, images including halos are formed and partial rather than complete characters frequently form. As the gap increases above about mils, image resolution as well as image contrast decreases in quality rapidly. Thus, the preferred range is generally between about 3 to about 10 mils.
  • the drum has been rotated at'12,(l )i) revolutions per minute and generally a DC. bias voltage is applied to the backing electrode in respect to the character drum.
  • This bias voltage is to apply part of the potential necessary for breakdown but an insufficient amount of potential to break down the gap. This simplifies the pulse equirements for image formation. in effect, if the threshold pointis 660 volts and 550 volts are applied to a bias potential, then only about a SO-volt pulse is necessary to break down the gap. In practice 600 to 900 volts more than the breakdown voltage is used for image formation. Thus, in the example given, a pulse of about 650 volts would be applied to print.
  • the web speed which is generally preferred is about 60 inches per minute, but also it'is preferred that variable speeds be provided for, so
  • the web may be moved, for example, between about 30 to 90 inches per minute.
  • the drum rotating at high rates of speed, ionization and image formation must take place in a very short time to prevent blurring or smearing of the formed charge pattern.
  • a pulse of about 6G0 to 900 volts for about 3 microseconds duration including a bias anywhere from 600 to 1100 volts and a pulse width of between about 2 to microseconds, and preferably between about 2 to 10 microseconds, has produced extremely high quality images.
  • the drum which was used was an aluminum drum with rings of steel characters.
  • T16 terms field discharge as used throughout is intended to mean a field induced silent electric discharge between the character forming elements and the backing electrode including interposed therebetween an insulating layer resulting in the formation of an electrostatic charge pattern on the insulating layer corresponding to the shape of the discharge.
  • This type of discharge is not like a spark discharge, but creates a conductive gap whereby charges how for deposition to the insulating surface.
  • a device for recording electrostatic images which comprises in combination, a conductive electrode, a conductive alphanumeric character face and means to support said character face in closely spaced facing relationship with the surface of said electrode, means to position a sheet material having an insulating surface layer overlying a charge dissipating layer between said character face and said electrode with said charge dissipating layer in contact with said character face and with said insulating layer facing and spaced from said electrode and means to apply an intense electric field between said character face and said electrode to produce a silent field discharge conforming in configuration to said character face to produce an alphanumeric electrostatic latent image on said insulating surface.
  • a device for recording electrostatic images at atm0spheric pressure which comprises, in combination, a conductive electrode, a plurality of conductive alphanumeric character faces and movable support means therefor to bring said character faces into closely spaced relationship with said electrode, means to advance a sheet material having an insulating surface layer overlying a charge dissipating layer between said electrode and said characterfaces with said charge dissipating layer in contact with said character faces and with said insulating layer facing and spaced from said electrode, and means to create an intense electric held between said electrode and said closely spaced character faces to create a field discharge conforming in configuration with said character faces creating on said insulating surface an invisible electrostatic charge pattern conforming to said character faces.
  • a device for rapid recording of electrostatic images which comprise, in combination, a wheel carrying a series of conductive alphanumeric character faces on the periphery thereof, a stationary conductive electrode mounted in closely spaced relationship to a portion of the periphery of said wheel, means to advance a sheet material having an insulating surface layer overlying a charge dissipating layer between said electrode and said wheel with said charge dissipating layer in contact with said wheel and with said insulating layer facing and spaced from said electrode, means to rotate said wheel around its axis, means to apply an intense field discharge generating electric field of short duration between said electrode and a selected character on said wheel at the instant said character is passing a predetermined position in front of said electrode thereby forming on said sheet material an electrostatic latent image conforming in configuration with said selected character, and means to develop the insulatmg layer following image formation thereon.
  • a device to record alphanumeric information on a moving web from a signal source comprising an electrostatic printing station and means to advance a web comprising an insulating layer overlying a charge dissipatmg backing past the printing station, an electrode positioned adjacent to said web across the direction of motion thereofla series of electrostatic printing means in combination with said electrode, each printing means comprising a conductive alphanumeric character face positioned on a movable support means in sequence to bring character faces of the printing means successively into closely spaced relationship with said electrode to form electrode character combinations in timed relationship, means to receive the advancing web of insulating material between saidelectrode character combinations with said charge dissipating portion against said electrostatic printmg means and said insulating layer facing and spaced from said electrode, means to energize said electrode character combinations through said web and successively across the direction of motion of the web, and means 7 sequentially coordinated in time relationwith successive signal voltages of said signal source to activate said character electrode combinationssuccessively to apply silent discharge voltage pulses
  • Electrostatic apparatus for recording information comprising a rotary character drum provided with a pinrality of circumferentially arranged character shaped electrodes, means to move a web comprising an insulating layer overlying a charge dissipating backing in physical contact with and relative to said drum, another electrode mounted to cooperate with said drum and positioned to allow passage of said web between said electrode and said drum with said insulating portion of said web facing and spaced from said other electrode, means to apply an electric potential difference between the character shaped electrodes and said other electrode to produce an electric field between the character faces and said other electrode which is below the threshold potential at which field discharge starts, and means to apply a triggering pulse of potential difference between said other electrode and a selected character on said drum when said character is positioned adjacent to said web, said triggering pulse having an intensity sufficient to effect an electric field discharge whereby an electrostatic latent image of said selected character is formed on said insulating layer of said web.
  • a device for recording at atmospheric pressure comprising an information converter comprising a multiplicity of conductive elements, a conductive electrode, means to move a Web comprising an insulating layer overlying a charge dissipating layer relative to and with said charge dissipating layer in physical contact with said information converter while between said information converter and said conductive electrode and with said insulating layer of said Web facing and spaced from said conductive electrode, said conductive elements of said converter being positioned and adapted to form through electrical field discharge a two-dimensional invisible electrostatic image on said insulating layer, means to create an electric field between said selected elements of said converter and said electrode in accordance with inforfation to be recorded, said field being of sufficient intensity to create a silent discharge in conformity with the information fed to said converter to be recorded producing a two-dimensional electrostatic charge pattern on said insulating layer conforming to said information.
  • a device for recording electrostatic images which comprises, in combination, a rotatable character drum having a bank of like character rings thereon, each ring containing a series of electrically conductive character shaped elements in a circumferential arrangement, the respective characters in the series being representative of different values of incoming information, conductive electrodes positioned adjacent to and facing each character ring of said character drum, means to rotate said drum at a constant velocity, a movable web comprising an insulating layer overlying a charge dissipating backing disposed relative to said drum and with said charge dissipating backing in contact with said drum and said insulating layer facing and spaced from said electrodes, and means responsive to the value of incoming information to apply a voltage pulse to one of said electrodes when the ring element representative of said value is in angular alignment with said electrode to create an intense electric field between said electrode and said ring element to create field discharge forming a latent electrostatic image of the selected character on said insulating layer on said web.
  • Apparatus according to claim 7 including means to sequentially apply voltage pulses to said electrodes and to shift said pulses to the next electrode after each recording operation.
  • Apparatus according to claim 7 including line storage memory means and simultaneous selective pulsing 10 means to produce line at a time electrostatic image formation printing on said insulating layer.
  • Apparatus according to claim 7 in which said character carrying drum is rotated at a speed up to about 12,000 revolutions per minute and in which said web material is moved at a speed of about 30 to inches per minute.
  • Apparatus according to claim 10 in which said bias pulse to produce discharge and image formation is applied for about three microseconds.
  • the method of electrostatic recording in air at atmospheric pressure which comprises bringing a conductive shaped character face on a support therefor into substantially parallel relationship with a facing conductive electrode, positioning a recording web comprising an insulating surface coating on a paper layer between said character face and said electrode with said paper layer in physical contact and facing said character face and with said insulating layer facing and spaced by a gap of between about 3 to 10 mils from said electrode, and producing an electric field between said character face and said electrode suflicient to produce field discharge to form an electrostatic charge pattern corresponding to said character face on said Web.
  • The'method of recording which comprises advancing a recording web comprising an insulating layer overlying a charge dissipating backing parallel to its surface and past a multiplicity of conductive elements, said conductive elements being positioned and adapted relative to said recording web to form through electrical field discharge a two-dimensional invisible electrostatic image on said web as said web moves relative thereto, said web being positioned with said charge dissipating backing in physical contact with said multiplicity of conductive elements, applying a short voltage pulse between selected elements of said multiplicity and an electrode positioned facing said insulating layer of said web in accordance with information to be recorded and of sufiicient intensity to create a sufiicient electric field to create a silent discharge in conformity with the information to be recorded producing a two-dimensional electrostatic charge pattern on said recording web while maintaining the original physical and chemical characteristics of said web.
  • the method of recording images which comprises bringing an electrode having an alphanumeric conductive character face into closely spaced relation with a conductive second electrode, positioning a recording web comprising an insulating coating overlying a charge dissipating backing between said electrodes and with said charge dissipating backing in contact with said character face electrode and with said insulating coating facing and spaced from said second electrode, and applying an intense electric field between said electrodes to produce a cold field discharge between said electrodes resulting in the formation of an electrostatic image conforming to said alphanumeric character face on said recording web.
  • the method of recording which comprises advancing a recording Web comprising an insulating coating overlying a charge dissipating backing parallel to its surface, simultaneously moving a series of shaped conductive characters in a closed path which brings each of said characters successively into closely spaced face-toface relationship with a conductive electrode, moving said recording web between said character-electrode combinations with said charge dissipating backing in physical contact with said conductive characters and said insulating coating facing-said conductive electrode, and applying a short voltage pulse between a selected character and said conductive electrode when said character is in said closely spaced face-to-face relationship with said electrode, said pulse being of sufiicient amplitude to form an electrostatic image corresponding to said character on said recording Web and of a short enough duration relative to the speed of motion of said Web to maintain distinctness in the image on said web while the original physical and chemical characteristics of said recording web are maintained.
  • a device for recording electrostatic images which comprises in combination, a conductive electrode, a conductive alphanumeric character face and means to support said character face in closely spaced facing relationship with the surface of said electrode, means to position a sheet material having an insulating surface layer overlying a charge dissipating layer between said character face and said electrode with said charge dissipating layer facing said character face and with said insulating layer facing and spaced from said electrode and means to apply an intense electric field between said character face and said electrode to produce a silent field discharge conforming in configuration to said character face to produce an alphanumeric electrostatic latent image on said insulating surface.
  • a device for recording at atmospheric pressure comprising an information converter comprising a multiplicity of conductive elements, a conductive electrode, means to move a web comprising an insulating layer overlying a charge dissipating layer relative to and with said charge dissipating layer facing said information converter while between said information converter and said conductive electrode and with said insulating layer of said web facing and spaced from said conductive electrode, said conductive elements of said converter being positioned and adapted to form through electrical field discharge a two-dimensional invisible electrostatic image on said insulating layer, means to create an electric field between said selected elements of said converter and said electrode in accordance with information to be recorded, said field being of sufficient intensity to create a silent discharge in conformity with the information fed to said converter to be recorded producing a two-dimensional electrostatic charge pattern on said insulating layer conforming to said information.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Printers Or Recording Devices Using Electromagnetic And Radiation Means (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Registering, Tensioning, Guiding Webs, And Rollers Therefor (AREA)
US78391A 1960-12-27 1960-12-27 Method of and apparatus for electrostatic recording Expired - Lifetime US3176307A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL272638D NL272638A (ar) 1960-12-27
US78391A US3176307A (en) 1960-12-27 1960-12-27 Method of and apparatus for electrostatic recording
GB43807/61A GB926723A (en) 1960-12-27 1961-12-07 Electrostatic recording
CH1485261A CH403809A (fr) 1960-12-27 1961-12-22 Procédé et dispositif de reproduction par voie électrostatique
BE611995A BE611995A (fr) 1960-12-27 1961-12-27 Enregistrement électrostatique
FR883181A FR1312195A (fr) 1960-12-27 1961-12-27 Procédé d'enregistrement électrostatique
DET21344A DE1263365B (de) 1960-12-27 1961-12-27 Anordnung fuer elektrostatischen Druck

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US78391A US3176307A (en) 1960-12-27 1960-12-27 Method of and apparatus for electrostatic recording

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US3176307A true US3176307A (en) 1965-03-30

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US78391A Expired - Lifetime US3176307A (en) 1960-12-27 1960-12-27 Method of and apparatus for electrostatic recording

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US (1) US3176307A (ar)
BE (1) BE611995A (ar)
CH (1) CH403809A (ar)
DE (1) DE1263365B (ar)
GB (1) GB926723A (ar)
NL (1) NL272638A (ar)

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3314360A (en) * 1965-07-19 1967-04-18 Borg Warner Information transfer system having plural stage memory
US3349702A (en) * 1966-03-17 1967-10-31 Xerox Corp Fuser having heated and unheated portions for print fixing purposes
US3358592A (en) * 1966-03-17 1967-12-19 Xerox Corp Electrographic printing
US3383697A (en) * 1963-12-30 1968-05-14 Stanford Research Inst Nonimpact drum printer with multiple interrelated printing stations
US3389398A (en) * 1963-10-17 1968-06-18 Sperry Rand Corp High speed printing apparatus
US3400656A (en) * 1966-01-26 1968-09-10 Borg Warner Electrostatic duplicator for reproducing an image from electrical charge retaining ink particles fixed in place
US3762324A (en) * 1971-07-29 1973-10-02 Addressograph Multigraph Viscous fluid thickness gauge

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US2919171A (en) * 1957-02-27 1959-12-29 Burroughs Corp Page printing apparatus
US2919967A (en) * 1957-06-06 1960-01-05 Haloid Xerox Inc High-speed electrostatic alphanumerical printer
US2932690A (en) * 1956-09-21 1960-04-12 Addressograph Multigraph Apparatus for image reproduction
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GB734909A (en) * 1952-08-29 1955-08-10 Chester Floyd Carlson Electrostatic recording of images of characters
US2726940A (en) * 1954-11-03 1955-12-13 Ibm Xerographic printer
US2959153A (en) * 1955-12-21 1960-11-08 Ibm Xerographic image developing apparatus
BE556241A (ar) * 1956-03-29
DE1051870B (de) * 1957-08-14 1959-03-05 Siemag Feinmech Werke Gmbh Verfahren und Einrichtung zur Herstellung von Ladungsbildern auf elektrisch nichtleitenden Ladungsbildtraegern aus Papier oder aehnlichem Stoff
FR1213909A (fr) * 1958-11-06 1960-04-05 Rank Xerox Ltd Appareil et procédé de formation d'image

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US2883257A (en) * 1953-05-15 1959-04-21 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Electron beam recording
US2932690A (en) * 1956-09-21 1960-04-12 Addressograph Multigraph Apparatus for image reproduction
US2919171A (en) * 1957-02-27 1959-12-29 Burroughs Corp Page printing apparatus
US2919967A (en) * 1957-06-06 1960-01-05 Haloid Xerox Inc High-speed electrostatic alphanumerical printer
US3060432A (en) * 1960-03-11 1962-10-23 Xerox Corp Electrostatic recording of information

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3389398A (en) * 1963-10-17 1968-06-18 Sperry Rand Corp High speed printing apparatus
US3383697A (en) * 1963-12-30 1968-05-14 Stanford Research Inst Nonimpact drum printer with multiple interrelated printing stations
US3314360A (en) * 1965-07-19 1967-04-18 Borg Warner Information transfer system having plural stage memory
US3400656A (en) * 1966-01-26 1968-09-10 Borg Warner Electrostatic duplicator for reproducing an image from electrical charge retaining ink particles fixed in place
US3349702A (en) * 1966-03-17 1967-10-31 Xerox Corp Fuser having heated and unheated portions for print fixing purposes
US3358592A (en) * 1966-03-17 1967-12-19 Xerox Corp Electrographic printing
US3762324A (en) * 1971-07-29 1973-10-02 Addressograph Multigraph Viscous fluid thickness gauge

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NL272638A (ar)
GB926723A (en) 1963-05-22
DE1263365B (de) 1968-03-14
CH403809A (fr) 1965-12-15
BE611995A (fr) 1962-04-16

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